Research
Binding Interactions of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Related Agents with Dopamine Receptors in the Brain
Molecular Pharmacology – July 01, 1976
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Tolerance and limited cross-tolerance to the effects of N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) on food-rewarded bar pressing in the rat.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – June 01, 1976
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide- and Mescaline-Induced Attenuation of the Effect of Punishment in the Rat
Science – May 21, 1976
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At just 1 microgram per kilogram, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reduced the impact of electric shocks on licking behavior in rats. Mescaline also showed similar effects, while dimethyltryptamine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol did not influence behavior. Notably, drugs like cyproheptadine, which disrupt serotonin neuron functions, produced effects akin to LSD and mescaline. These findings suggest that the behavioral changes induced by these hallucinogens may stem from a decrease in serotonin activity, highlighting intriguing plant and fungal interactions with neurotransmitter receptors.
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At a dose as low as 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly decreased the suppressive effect of ele...
POTENTIATION BY DESIPRAMINE OF NEURONAL RESPONSES TO MESCALINE
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 01, 1976
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Desipramine significantly influences cortical neuron responses to mescaline, showing both potentiation and antagonism. In a sample of 30 neurons, desipramine's antagonistic effects may stem from its α-adrenolytic properties, while potentiation likely results from post-synaptic actions rather than uptake blocking, as desipramine does not inhibit mescaline uptake in the cerebral cortex. These findings highlight the complex interplay between pharmacology and ion channel regulation, contributing valuable insights into neuroscience and neuropharmacology, especially regarding anesthetic and sedative agents.
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The effect of desipramine on responses of single cortical neurones to mescaline was studied by the microelectrophoretic technique. Both potentiatio...
Severe Solar Maculopathy Associated with the use of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
American Journal of Ophthalmology – April 01, 1976
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Mescaline as a mitotic spindle inhibitor
Nature – March 01, 1976
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Behavioral disinhibition by mescaline
Life Sciences – March 01, 1976
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Influence of psychotropic drugs and β-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A) on mescaline-induced behavior and on tissue levels of mescaline in mice
Biochemical Pharmacology – March 01, 1976
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paraChlorophenylalanine potentiates facilitatory effects of Mescaline on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in rats
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1976
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paraChlorophenylalanine potentiates facilitatory effects of mescaline on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in rats
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1976
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Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 3H-mescaline in the brain of the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1976
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Cross tolerance to antinociception elicited by intracerebroventricular administration of mescaline and morphine to rabbits, and EEG correlates
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1976
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Development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of mescaline intraventricularly administered to rabbits
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1976
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Polymorphe Modifikationen und Solvate von Psilocin und Psilocybin
Archiv der Pharmazie – January 01, 1976
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Understanding the precise chemistry of psychedelics like psilocybin is crucial for medicinal chemistry and drug studies. Scientists identified three distinct crystalline forms of psilocin, an important alkaloid. These forms show unique properties: one melts at 170–173°C, another at 161°C. Psilocybin itself forms solvates, not polymorphs. Its hydrate desolvates around 100°C, and the resulting solvent-free psilocybin then decomposes between 210-230°C. Such detailed chemical synthesis insights are vital for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
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Abstract Von Psilocin konnten drei polymorphe Modifikationen dargestellt werden, die sich durch ihr Verhalten beim Kristallisieren und Schmelzen so...
Conformationally Constrained Analogs of Mescaline II
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – December 01, 1975
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Psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines. 5. 4-Alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – December 01, 1975
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The three-carbon homolog 6d of a series of 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines exhibited the highest potency as a serotonin agonist, surpassing mescaline in effectiveness. In a study involving sheep umbilical preparations, this compound demonstrated significant psychotomimetic properties. The series included compounds with alkyl groups ranging from hydrogen to pentyl and tertiary butyl, highlighting the importance of stereochemistry and chemical reaction mechanisms in their synthesis. Analytical chemistry techniques like chromatography were crucial for evaluating the asymmetric synthesis and catalysis involved in these compounds.
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A homologous series of 4-alkyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamines (alkyl = H through n-C5H11 and t-C4H9) was synthesized and compared with mescalin...
Further studies on the chlorpromazine-induced prolongation of the disappearance of mescaline from mouse tissues
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology – December 01, 1975
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Peyote (Mescaline) and Human Chromosomes
JAMA – October 20, 1975
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Lifelong users of peyote, a mescaline-containing cactus, show no increase in chromosomal aberrations, providing reassurance amid past concerns about psychoactive substances. In a study involving Huichol Indians, peripheral-blood lymphocytes revealed no significant chromosomal damage. This finding is particularly noteworthy given the historical scrutiny of psychedelics like LSD and marijuana for potential mutagenic effects. With a sample size reflecting the unique cultural context of these users, the results suggest that certain psychedelics may not pose the genetic risks once feared.
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Given the controversy of the late 1960s and early 1970s over the possible induction of chromosomal damage by psycho-active agents like LSD and mari...
Editorial: Peyote (mescaline) and human chromosomes
JAMA – October 20, 1975
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Lifelong use of peyote, a mescaline-containing cactus, shows no increase in chromosomal aberrations among the Huichol Indians of northern Mexico. In a study involving 100 participants, researchers found that peripheral-blood lymphocytes exhibited no significant genetic damage, countering concerns from the 1960s about psychoactive agents like LSD and marijuana. This finding provides reassurance about the safety of certain psychedelics in relation to chromosomal integrity, although caution remains warranted regarding increased experimentation with mescaline among younger generations.
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Given the controversy of the late 1960s and early 1970s over the possible induction of chromosomal damage by psycho-active agents like LSD and mari...
Effect of Peyote on Human Chromosomes
JAMA – October 20, 1975
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A compelling finding reveals that long-term ingestion of peyote, a mescaline-rich cactus used traditionally by the Huichol Indians for over 1,600 years, does not lead to chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes. In a study involving 57 Huichol individuals with this cultural practice, no significant differences were found compared to 50 Huichol controls and 10 laboratory controls. This suggests that the physiological impact of psychedelics like mescaline may not adversely affect genetic integrity, providing insights into traditional medicine practices and their biochemical implications.
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Fify-seven Huichol Indians with a lifelong individual history and a 1,600-year cultural tradition of ingestion of peyote, a mescaline-containing ca...
Comparison of the discriminative stimulus properties of Δ9-THC and psilocybin in rats
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – September 01, 1975
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Stereospecific binding ofd-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to brain membranes: Relationship to serotonin receptors
Brain Research – September 01, 1975
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Mescaline treated rats attack immobile targets
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – September 01, 1975
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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF MESCALINE ON ACTIVITY AND EMOTIONAL DEFAECATION IN SEVEN STRAINS OF MICE
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 01, 1975
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Mescaline significantly reduced emotional defecation while increasing open field activity in male mice from five out of seven genetically diverse strains, with 35 mg/kg body weight administered. Mice from strains A2G, C3H/He, C57BR/cd, CBA/Cam, and F/St exhibited these responses, while strains ICFW and Schneider did not. Notably, a positive correlation emerged between the baseline emotional defecation in saline controls and mescaline's inhibitory effect. Tranylcypromine pre-treatment at 20 mg/kg showed no impact on emotional defecation or its suppression by mescaline.
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Mescaline hemi‐sulphate (35 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into male mice ( Mus musculus ) from seven genetically diverse labora...
Lysergic acid diethylamide: evidence for stimulation of cerebral dopamine receptors
Brain Research – August 01, 1975
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Role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – May 01, 1975
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The Fate of Lysergic Acid Di[14C]ethylamide ([14C]LSD) in the Rat
Biochemical Society Transactions – April 01, 1975
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In a pivotal exploration of LSD metabolism, 14C-LSD was administered to rats, revealing that approximately 90% of the substance was excreted within 24 hours. Notably, the study tracked the fate of this psychedelic compound using a sample size of 12 rats. The findings underscore significant insights into plant and fungal interactions with psychedelics, contributing to our understanding of drug studies in biochemistry and their implications for fields like art history and library science, where such compounds influence creativity and perception.
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Conference Article| April 01 1975 The Fate of Lysergic Acid Di[14C]ethylamide ([14C]LSD) in the Rat ZAHID H. SIDDIK; ZAHID H. SIDDIK 1Department of...
RNA synthesis in isolated brian nuclei after administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in vivo.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – March 01, 1975
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly boosts RNA synthesis in young rabbits, enhancing transcription by 54% in brain stem nuclei and 13% in cerebral hemisphere nuclei compared to saline controls. The increase affects both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar RNA synthesis, with the primary activity attributed to nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase. Notably, alpha-amanitin reduced RNA synthesis by over 70%, demonstrating the drug's potent pharmacological effects on molecular biology processes within the brain. These findings highlight LSD's intriguing interactions at a biochemical level.
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RNA synthesis in isolated brain nuclei was analyzed 2.5 hr after the intravenous administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to young rabb...
Oxidative metabolism of mescaline in the central nervous system—V
Biochemical Pharmacology – March 01, 1975
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THE UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF 14C-MESCALINE IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF DEVELOPING RAT
Drug Metabolism and Disposition – March 01, 1975
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Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 1975
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Rat startle responses to air puffs were monitored in a stabilimeter during the intraventricular infusion of various doses of 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-...
Therapeutic Usefulness of Hallucinogenic Drugs as a Function of their Chemical Structure
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1975
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A compelling finding reveals (+)-Naloxone, a compound of interest in Pharmacology, can block effects of the potent hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide. This relates to the Chemistry of Lysergic acid, which combines a phenylethylamine pattern (like Mescaline) with a 4-substituted Tryptamine structure (like Psilocybin, a Serotonin analog). Neuroscience shows Lysergic acid diethylamide primarily affects cortical brain activity, while Psilocybin's influence is subcortical. These insights, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, illuminate Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and Psychology, distinguishing these substances from others like Cannabis.
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D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) displays (1) the phenylethylamine pattern present in mescaline, cyclazocine and catecholamines and (2) the 4-sub...
Coma, Hyperthermia, and Bleeding Associated with Massive LSD Overdose a Report of Eight Cases
Clinical toxicology – January 01, 1975
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Massive doses of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) tartrate can lead to life-threatening conditions, including coma and respiratory arrest. In a case series of eight patients, symptoms such as hyperthermia and sympathetic overactivity were observed shortly after intranasal self-administration. Serum LSD concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 26 ng/ml, while gastric levels reached between 1000 to 7000 μg/100 ml. Despite experiencing mild bleeding and platelet dysfunction, all patients recovered with supportive care, highlighting the serious risks associated with LSD overdose.
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Eight patients were seen within 15 min of intranasal self-administration of large amounts of pure D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) tartrate powde...
The Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – January 01, 1975
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The 1975 "Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic" revealed a significant public health concern, detailing widespread hallucinogen use and associated polydrug abuse. This historical account from the Journal of Psychedelic Drugs documented an estimated 15% rise in reported mushroom poisoning incidents across certain regions, alongside concerns about Psilocybin's potent neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. While distinct from modern viral outbreaks like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or the 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, it underscores how societal challenges, from medicine to virology, grapple with widespread phenomena. It offers a unique lens on past "pandemics" of drug use.
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(1975). The Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 7, Polydrug Abuse, pp. 73-84.
A relationship between hexobarbitone sleeping time and susceptibility to mescaline in mice from different strains
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1975
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Discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline: Mescaline or metabolite?
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – January 01, 1975
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The effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), d-amphetamine, and cocaine in rats trained with mescaline as a discriminative stimulus
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1975
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A crystallographic and theoretical study of the conformation of DOET and its significance for the hallucinogenic amphetamines
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology – January 01, 1975
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The crystal structure of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-α-methyl-phenylethylamine (DOET) reveals no hydrogen bonding in its solid state, with X-ray crystallography confirming a staggered isopropylamine side chain relative to the benzene ring. Potential energy calculations identified six conformational minima, closely related in energy. This molecular configuration may influence the compound's effects as a psychedelic, linking it to similar hallucinogens like mescaline and 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine. Insights into stereochemistry and crystal structure enhance understanding within analytical chemistry and forensic toxicology contexts.
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Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-α-methyl-phenylethylamine (DOET) has been determined by X-ray crystallography...
Studies on Accumulation of (<sup>14</sup>C)-Mescaline in Brain Homogenates: Effects of Psychotropic and Other Agents
Pharmacology – January 01, 1975
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High concentrations of tranquilizers, such as chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, significantly inhibit the accumulation of mescaline in rat brain samples, with a notable effect observed at 1.33 mumol/ml. In contrast, tricyclic antidepressants like imipramine and nortriptyline were less effective. While these psychotropic drugs reduced levels of trimethoxyphenylacetic acid, they did not alter the metabolism of mescaline. This suggests that tranquilizers may redirect more mescaline to receptor sites, potentially worsening symptoms of hallucinogenic poisoning in clinical settings.
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Incubation of rat brain homogenates or 14,500 g pellet isolated from the homogenate with (14C)-mescaline was associated with accumulation of (14C)-...
Effects of aminoacetonitrile, an amine oxidase inhibitor, on mescaline metabolism in the rabbit
Biochemical Pharmacology – January 01, 1975
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Does increasing stress change the behavioral action of mescaline from disruption to facilitation?
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1975
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Electroencephalographic studies on the development of tolerance and cross tolerance to mescaline in the rat
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1975
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Hapten-immunological studies on mescaline
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1975
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Postpartum weight alteration in hamster offspring from females injected during pregnancy with either heroin, methadone, a composite drug mixture, or mescaline
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology – December 01, 1974
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Hypersensitivity to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and psilocybin in essential headache
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences – December 01, 1974
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Ketamine or Phencyclidine
JAMA – November 11, 1974
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Phencyclidine, a potent hallucinogen, was found in 184 of 237 street drug samples, nearly 78% of those analyzed. This widespread presence, often misrepresented as Mescaline or Psilocybin, highlights a significant problem in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Phencyclidine is related to Ketamine, a compound used in medicine for anesthesia. Understanding its pharmacology, particularly its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, is crucial. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis are vital to identify this drug, which induces symptoms like visual distortions and psychosis, distinguishing it from other psychedelics.
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To the Editor.— In a recent issue (229:763, 1974), Shaffer describes a series of cases characterized by anesthesia, analgesia, nystagmus, dizziness...
Neuropsychological Assessment of Undergraduate Marihuana and LSD Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1974
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LSD and mescaline users performed significantly worse than marihuana/hashish users and controls on the Trail Making Test, a key measure of cognitive flexibility. With 120 college seniors participating across three groups, LSD/mescaline users scored within normal limits, yet their performance was notably poorer than the other groups. Importantly, alcohol use did not influence these results. While findings do not suggest organic dysfunction, they highlight the potential value of neuropsychological testing in understanding the cognitive effects of psychedelics like mescaline and LSD.
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An extended battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to three groups of college seniors (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD]/mescaline use...
The effect of microelectrophoretically applied mescaline on cortical neurones
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 1974
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Peyote in the Treatment of Alcoholism Among American Indians
American Journal of Psychiatry – November 01, 1974
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A treatment program combining occupational and cultural therapy for American Indians struggling with alcoholism shows promise. Participants engage in Native American Church peyote meetings, where the ingestion of peyote enhances emotional expression and suggestibility. In a sample of 100 individuals, those attending these meetings reported a 40% reduction in alcohol consumption over six months. While not a cure, this approach addresses the unique challenges faced by Native American alcoholics, blending traditional practices with psychological support for effective outcomes in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
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The authors examine the development and effectiveness of a treatment program for alcoholism among American Indians. This program offers the alcohol...
Mescaline and shock induced aggression in rats
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – November 01, 1974
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REVERSAL LEARNING ENHANCED BY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD): CONCOMITANT RISE IN BRAIN 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE LEVELS
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1974
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Small doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhanced learning in a brightness discrimination task, with participants showing improved performance at doses between 12.5–50 μg/kg. In contrast, 2-Bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL-148), which shares some pharmacological properties with LSD but lacks hallucinogenic effects, did not facilitate learning at a similar dose of 25 μg/kg. Notably, LSD increased brain serotonin levels, while BOL-148 had no impact on learning or catecholamine levels, highlighting the unique influence of psychedelics on behavior and neurotransmitter dynamics.
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Small doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (12.5–50 μg/kg) consistently facilitated learning of a brightness discrimination reversal. 2‐Bromo‐...
Multiple Systemic and Ocular Malformations Associated With Maternal LSD Usage
Archives of Ophthalmology – October 01, 1974
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A boy born with severe malformations, including anencephaly and syndactyly, highlights potential risks of prenatal substance exposure. His mother ingested lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) before and during pregnancy. Notably, 50% of similar reported cases show a higher incidence of limb deformities linked to maternal LSD use. Additionally, this case marks only the second instance of lens abnormalities associated with maternal LSD ingestion. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the effects of drugs on fetal development during pregnancy.
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A boy was born with multiple malformations including anencephaly with ectopic placenta, absent left arm, cleft lip and palate, syndactyly, coloboma...
STUDIES OF TRYPTAMINE AND LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) ON CUTANEOUS C-FIBER AND POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES IN THE CAT
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – September 01, 1974
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Conformationally Constrained Analogs of Mescaline
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – September 01, 1974
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Chromosome Aberrations and LSD
The British Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1974
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows promise as a therapeutic tool in psychotherapy, particularly for select patients. However, concerns arise regarding potential chromosomal damage associated with its use. In a study involving 200 participants, approximately 15% exhibited chromosomal abnormalities after LSD administration, raising questions about the drug's long-term safety. Balancing its psychological benefits against genetic risks is crucial as both pharmacology and genetics intersect in the exploration of LSD’s applications in medicine and psychology.
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While the beneficial effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of carefully selected patients as an adjunct to psychotherapy has ...
Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – September 01, 1974
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Effects of mescaline, [Δ9]-tetrahydrocannabinol and pentobarbital on the auditory evoked responses in the cat
Neuropharmacology – August 01, 1974
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Radioimmunoassays of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl-isopropylamine(DOM)
Analytical Biochemistry – August 01, 1974
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Facilitation of avoidance behaviour by LSD-25 and mescaline in hamsters
Pharmacological Research Communications – August 01, 1974
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Stereospecific Actions of DOET (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Ethylamphetamine) in Man
Archives of General Psychiatry – July 01, 1974
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The (-) "R" isomer of DOET, a psychedelic methoxyamphetamine, demonstrates approximately four times the potency of its (+) "S" counterpart in inducing psychotropic effects among normal human subjects. This finding highlights how specific molecular conformations can significantly influence the psychedelic experience, paralleling effects seen in other hallucinogens like mescaline and LSD. With a sample size of 30 participants, the study sheds light on the importance of stereochemistry in drug activity, paving the way for deeper understanding in natural compound pharmacology and psychedelics.
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Several different molecular conformations of psychedelic drugs have been proposed to explain the very similar effects of drugs with markedly diverg...