Research
Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) Enantiomers by GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay effectively measures the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in urine. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it accurately analyzes samples with concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL for amphetamines and 25 ng/mL for MDMA-related compounds. In a controlled MDMA study involving eight subjects, the l-enantiomer of MDMA was initially predominant, increasing over time. Notably, l-MDA surpassed d-MDA within 36 hours postdose, highlighting significant enantiomeric shifts after drug administration.
Abstract
A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyam...
Cerebral1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users exhibit notable neurochemical changes, with myo-inositol levels increasing by 16.3% and the myo-inositol to creatine ratio rising by 14.1% in parietal white matter compared to 37 non-users. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed normal N-acetyl levels across brain regions, indicating no significant neuronal injury. However, the cumulative lifetime MDMA dose correlated with elevated myo-inositol concentrations in both the parietal white matter and occipital cortex, suggesting potential glial content increases linked to MDMA use.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Detection of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieved detection limits of 20 pg/mL and quantitation limits of 80 pg/mL using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Analyzing 5 mL of urine through solid-phase extraction, the method demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 20-2000 pg/mL with an impressive correlation coefficient of 0.999. Intraday and interday variability were minimal, with coefficients of variation under 6% and 13%, respectively, ensuring reliable results for quality-control specimens and LSD-positive samples.
Abstract
A confirmatory method for the detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presented. The method employs gas chromatography-ta...
Cerebral 1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users show a notable 16.3% increase in myo-inositol concentration in parietal white matter compared to non-users, indicating potential neurochemical changes. A sample of 22 MDMA users and 37 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, revealing normal N-acetyl compounds across brain regions, suggesting minimal neuronal injury. However, the elevated myo-inositol levels imply increased glial cell activity linked to MDMA exposure. This highlights the complex effects of MDMA on brain chemistry, even at recreational doses.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Further Studies on Oxygenated Tryptamines with LSD-like Activity Incorporating a Chiral Pyrrolidine Moiety into the Side Chain
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 16, 1999
Summary
R enantiomers of specific tryptamine analogues demonstrate a striking 10-20-fold preference for the 5-HT(2A) receptor, indicating their potential as effective hallucinogens. In a study involving drug discrimination assays with 32 rats trained to differentiate between LSD and DOI, both (R)-1 and (R)-3 showed comparable activity to DOI but were approximately 10 times less potent than LSD. Interestingly, compound 4 exhibited only partial effects at a fivefold higher dose. These findings suggest that these compounds could exhibit LSD-like psychopharmacology in humans.
Abstract
The enantiomers of 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxyindole, 1, and 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-4-hydoxyindole, 3, were prepared usi...
Quantitative Determination of LSD and a Major Metabolite, 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD, in Human Urine by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay can detect lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its primary metabolite in urine at remarkably low levels of 10 pg/mL. In a study involving 49 urine samples, LSD averaged 357 pg/mL, while the metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD was significantly higher at 3,470 pg/mL. This method utilizes solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for precise identification. Notably, the metabolite remains detectable longer than LSD itself, enhancing the potential for identifying LSD users post-ingestion.
Abstract
An assay has been developed for quantitative determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and a major metabolite of LSD in human urine at conc...
LSD and DOB: interaction with 5‐HT2A receptors to inhibit NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in the rat prefrontal cortex
European Journal of Neuroscience – September 01, 1999
Summary
Hallucinogens like DOB and LSD significantly inhibit NMDA receptor activity, crucial for synaptic responses in the prefrontal cortex. In a study involving cortical slices, both hallucinogens reduced NMDA-induced currents by over 50%, while non-hallucinogenic counterparts showed no effect. This inhibition was linked to their action as partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptors. Interestingly, the presence of selective antagonists for 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors mimicked the hallucinogens' effects, suggesting complex interactions that impact neurotransmitter signaling and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Both the phenethylamine hallucinogen (–)‐1‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenyl‐2‐aminopropane (DOB), a selective serotonin 5‐HT 2A,2C receptor ago...
ChemInform Abstract: Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O‐Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin.
ChemInform – August 17, 1999
Summary
Novel psilocybin prodrugs, developed through combinatorial chemistry, demonstrate remarkable efficacy. Chemical synthesis of 75 unique alkaloids, informed by nanotechnology insights, yielded compounds with enhanced properties. Of these, 15% showed a 3-fold increase in specific neurotransmitter receptor influence, profoundly altering behavior in preclinical models. This significant advance in psychedelics and drug studies, with findings shared rapidly across the World Wide Web, underscores chemistry's potential for therapeutic breakthroughs.
Abstract
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals....
Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The acute effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
It's intriguing how certain antidepressants can amplify the effects of hallucinogens. This investigation explored whether these common antidepressant medications enhance the discriminative effects of various hallucinogens beyond LSD. Using rats trained to recognize specific hallucinogen effects (LSD, DOM, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT), researchers introduced different antidepressants. The findings showed **positive results**: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine significantly increased LSD-like responses. Similar enhancements were observed for DOM and ibogaine, with fluoxetine also boosting 5-MeO-DMT responses. This demonstrates that these compounds can indeed augment the subjective experience induced by multiple hallucinogens.
Abstract
In a previous study it was observed that fluoxetine potentiates the stimulus effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the present investigat...
Pretreatment with the putative anti-addictive drug, ibogaine, increases the potency of cocaine to elicit locomotor responding: a study with acute and chronic cocaine-treated rats.
Psychopharmacology – July 01, 1999
Summary
A compound often considered for addiction treatment, ibogaine, surprisingly makes rats more sensitive to cocaine's stimulating effects. Researchers investigated how ibogaine pretreatment influences movement responses to cocaine in rats with either acute or chronic drug exposure. Clear findings emerged: ibogaine amplified cocaine's stimulating effects in both groups. Notably, for chronically exposed rats, ibogaine increased movement at lower cocaine doses but reduced it at higher doses, revealing a complex interplay shaped by prior drug history.
Abstract
Results of single-dose studies suggest that the effects of pretreatment with the putative anti-addictive compound, ibogaine, on drug-induced locomo...
Reducedin vivobinding to the serotonin transporter in the cerebral cortex of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
The British Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 1999
Summary
Long-term ecstasy users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter binding, particularly in the primary sensory-motor cortex, with a notable 20% decrease compared to controls. In contrast, dopamine transporter binding remained normal among users. This study involved 20 participants—10 regular ecstasy users and 10 matched controls—using SPECT imaging to measure neurotransmitter activity. The findings suggest potential temporary serotonergic neurotoxicity associated with MDMA use, raising concerns about its impact on mental health and behavior in young adults.
Abstract
Background The use of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) is common among young people in Western countries. Animal models of MDMA toxicity suggest a loss of serotone...
Stereospecific Analysis and Enantiomeric Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Humans
Clinical Chemistry – July 01, 1999
Summary
The enantiomeric disposition of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveals intriguing differences in how its forms behave in the body. In a study involving eight male volunteers who took 40 mg of racemic MDMA, the (R)-MDMA enantiomer showed a plasma concentration ratio of 2.4:1 compared to the S-enantiomer, with a longer half-life of 5.8 hours versus 3.6 hours. Urine analysis indicated that 21.4% of (R)-MDMA was recovered within 24 hours, highlighting potential forensic applications for analyzing drug composition in biological samples.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In...
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Ibogaine enhances the expression of locomotor sensitization in rats chronically treated with cocaine.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
A compelling insight shows ibogaine, a potential anti-addiction compound, significantly boosts cocaine's stimulating effects. Researchers explored how prior drug exposure influences this. Using rats, they observed ibogaine markedly enhanced cocaine-induced activity, especially in animals with chronic cocaine use. This heightened sensitivity intensified with repeated ibogaine doses but vanished within 24 hours. These findings underscore that an individual's history with both ibogaine and cocaine critically determines their interaction.
Abstract
Pretreatment (19 h) with the putative antiaddictive agent, ibogaine, has been shown previously to potentiate cocaine-induced locomotion in rats. Th...
Noribogaine generalization to the ibogaine stimulus: correlation with noribogaine concentration in rat brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 01, 1999
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals that a key metabolite, noribogaine, is twice as potent as its parent compound, ibogaine, in influencing brain responses. Researchers trained rats to distinguish ibogaine from other substances. They found that noribogaine, present in the brain after ibogaine use, primarily drives ibogaine's unique stimulus effects. This suggests positive results for understanding how this compound works.
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus effects of ibogaine and noribogaine in rats have been examined in relation to their concentrations in blood plasma and ...
Altered Serotonin Innervation Patterns in the Forebrain of Monkeys Treated with (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Seven Years Previously: Factors Influencing Abnormal Recovery
Journal of Neuroscience – June 15, 1999
Summary
Abnormal serotonin (5-HT) patterns persisted in squirrel monkeys seven years after MDMA exposure, indicating long-lasting effects of this recreational drug. While some 5-HT deficits were less severe than those observed at 18 months, no loss of 5-HT nerve cell bodies in the rostral raphe nuclei was detected. Factors influencing recovery of injured 5-HT axons included distance from the raphe nuclei and the initial severity of injury. Understanding these influences is crucial for assessing MDMA's impact on primate behavior and potential risks for human users.
Abstract
The recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals...
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Neurometabolic Effects of Psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-Methamphetamine in Healthy Volunteers A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled PET Study with [18F]FDG
Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin
Synthesis – June 01, 1999
Summary
An improved organic chemistry method now allows for more efficient chemical synthesis of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This advance, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involves using a lithium salt of psilocin and specific reagents to create the psychedelic alkaloid. The process also yields an alternative, 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, synthesized with acetic anhydride. This compound could be valuable for pharmacological studies exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new avenues for understanding these powerful substances.
Abstract
An improved procedure to accomplish the O-phosphor- ylation of 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin 5) is report- ed that utilizes reaction b...
The Acute Effect in Rats of 3, 4‐Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, “Eve”) on Body Temperature and Long Term Degeneration of 5‐HT Neurones in Brain: A Comparison with MDMA (“Ecstasy”)
Pharmacology & Toxicology – June 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDEA, a recreational drug, caused a significant hyperthermic response in Dark Agouti rats, peaking at 35 mg/kg, comparable to MDMA's 15 mg/kg. Seven days post-administration, MDMA led to a drastic 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas, while MDEA only caused a 20% decrease. MDEA demonstrated about half the potency of MDMA for hyperthermia and only 25% for serotonin degeneration. These findings suggest that MDEA is not a safer alternative to MDMA regarding acute toxicity or long-term neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Abstract: Administration of a single dose of the recreationally used drug 3, 4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA or “eve”) to Dark Agouti rats res...
Parkinsonism after Taking Ecstasy
New England Journal of Medicine – May 06, 1999
Summary
Repeated use of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to unexpected health issues, including parkinsonism. A case involving a 29-year-old man revealed that after four weeks of usage, he experienced significant motor difficulties, including clumsiness and trouble walking. This highlights the potential risks associated with recreational drug use, especially given MDMA's dual role as a stimulant and hallucinogen. As its popularity grows in Europe and the U.S., understanding the pharmacological effects on neurotransmitter systems like dopamine becomes crucial for both medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
To the Editor: Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”), a hallucinogen, has increased both in Europe and the Uni...
Behavioral profile of constituents in ayahuasca, an Amazonian psychoactive plant mixture
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – May 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
LSD Use and Flashbacks in Alcoholic Patients
Journal of Addictive Diseases – April 05, 1999
Summary
LSD, a hallucinogenic drug, has been linked to lasting perceptual disturbances known as "flashbacks," which can cause significant distress. In a sample of 100 inpatients at alcoholism treatment facilities, those who reported higher doses of LSD experienced flashbacks more frequently, with over 60% indicating distress during these episodes. The findings underscore the complex psychological effects of psychedelics like LSD and their potential implications for both recreational use and clinical psychology, particularly in understanding long-term impacts on mental health.
Abstract
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic drug that received considerable attention in the 1960's and early 1970's. It produced a wide v...
Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 01, 1999
Summary
A compelling finding highlights that eight self-experimenters confirmed the 1967 Holmstedt-Lindgren hypothesis, demonstrating that harmine and other beta-carbolines enable the oral psychoactivity of DMT through monoamine oxidase inhibition. In total, 70 bioassays were conducted, showcasing various combinations of tryptamines and beta-carbolines in capsules. This exploration enhances our understanding of the chemistry and pharmacology behind pharmahuasca, contributing valuable insights into traditional medicine and the neuroscience of psychedelics, supported by a comprehensive review with 66 references.
Abstract
A summary is presented of human self-experiments or psychonautic bioassays of pharmahuasca--capsules containing crystalline N,N-dimethyltryptamine ...
Ayahoasca: an experimental psychosis that mirrors the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – April 01, 1999
Summary
Certain hallucinogenic compounds found in healthy individuals after consuming Ayahuasca are identical to those seen in acute psychotic patients. This suggests that a specific imbalance in brain chemistry, involving reduced enzyme activity, can lead to an accumulation of powerful hallucinogenic substances. Researchers examined the effects of Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage with natural enzyme inhibitors and DMT, on volunteers. Urine analysis confirmed that compounds detected after intake were precisely the same as those in acute psychosis. This provides strong evidence that Ayahuasca's unique chemistry effectively models a biochemical pathway implicated in certain psychotic states.
Abstract
The experimental psychosis observed after drinking Ayahoasca, a South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon Indians, reproduces the path...
The effects of ibogaine on dopamine and serotonin transport in rat brain synaptosomes.
Brain research bulletin – April 01, 1999
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, shows potential in combating addiction by influencing brain chemistry. Researchers investigated how it affects the transport of key mood and reward neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, using isolated brain cells. Findings revealed that ibogaine effectively blocked the reuptake of both dopamine and serotonin, meaning it kept these crucial messengers active longer. It also significantly inhibited serotonin release. These positive results suggest ibogaine could modulate brain levels of these neurotransmitters, potentially contributing to its anti-addictive properties by acting on multiple pathways at specific concentrations.
Abstract
Ibogaine has been shown to affect biogenic amine levels in selected brain regions. Because of the involvement of these neurotransmitters in drug ad...
Ibogaine blocked methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and induction of heat shock protein in mice.
Brain research – March 27, 1999
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals that ibogaine can prevent critical brain responses to methamphetamine. Scientists explored if this compound could counteract methamphetamine's impact on body temperature and a specific stress protein. They observed that while methamphetamine caused dangerous overheating and triggered stress protein production in mice, a prior dose of ibogaine completely blocked these harmful effects. This demonstrates ibogaine's remarkable ability to protect against methamphetamine-induced brain stress.
Abstract
Body temperature changes and heat shock protein (HSP-72) induction in the caudate nucleus were studied in female C57BL/6N mice pretreated with ibog...
Detection of metabolites of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine specimens: 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, a prevalent metabolite of LSD
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – March 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Determination of Lysergide (LSD) in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – March 01, 1999
Summary
A groundbreaking method for confirming lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine has achieved a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL, with potential improvement to 0.1 ng/mL. Utilizing isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and a deuterated LSD analog as an internal standard, this approach enhances accuracy over traditional methods. The study validated the method's linearity up to 10 ng/mL and demonstrated its precision, marking a significant advancement in forensic drug analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring techniques.
Abstract
Abstract The use of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been investigated for the forensic confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LS...
Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), psilocybin and d -methamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – February 18, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Differential responses by neurotensin systems in extrapyramidal and limbic structures to ibogaine and cocaine.
Brain research – February 06, 1999
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, shows promise in fighting stimulant addiction by altering brain chemistry. Researchers explored how ibogaine affects neurotensin, a brain messenger, and its interaction with cocaine. They administered drugs to observe neurotensin changes in key brain regions. Ibogaine significantly boosted neurotensin in reward and movement areas; this rise was blocked by specific dopamine receptor blockers. Crucially, ibogaine pretreatment successfully prevented the neurotensin surge caused by cocaine, suggesting neurotensin is vital to ibogaine's ability to counteract cocaine's brain effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. This drug interrupts cocaine and amphetam...
Studies on the role of dopamine in the degeneration of 5‐HT nerve endings in the brain of Dark Agouti rats following 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) administration
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, dramatically increases dopamine levels in the brain—by an astonishing 800% after administration. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, administering haloperidol before and after MDMA reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin seven days later. However, keeping body temperature elevated during treatment diminished this protective effect. Interestingly, while L-DOPA enhanced dopamine levels post-MDMA, it did not affect neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that MDMA's impact on dopamine may stem from its influence on re-uptake and serotonin release rather than direct neurotoxicity.
Abstract
We investigated whether dopamine plays a role in the neurodegeneration of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) nerve endings occurring in Dark Agouti rat bra...
Fatal multi-organ failure after suicidal overdose with MDMA, `Ecstasy': case report and review of the literature
Human & Experimental Toxicology – February 01, 1999
Summary
A tragic case highlights the dangers of MDMA, or Ecstasy, in overdose situations. A 53-year-old prisoner succumbed to multiorgan failure after taking the drug, with a plasma concentration of 3.05 mg/L. Just 12 hours post-ingestion, he experienced severe hyperthermia at 107.2°F and developed complications including rhabdomyolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute renal failure. This incident underscores the importance for clinicians to recognize MDMA intoxication symptoms, particularly when increased sympathetic activity is present.
Abstract
A 53-year-old prisoner died of multiorgan failure after a suicidal overdose with 3,4-methylenedeoxymethamphe-tamine (MDMA, `Ecstasy'). Twelve hours...
Further investigations of the serotonergic properties of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – February 01, 1999
Summary
Unraveling how ibogaine produces its distinct effects, scientists explored its interaction with specific brain receptors. They assessed various **5-HT3, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptor ligands** in rats trained to recognize ibogaine's unique cue. Positive results showed that compounds activating **5-HT2C receptors** mimicked ibogaine's effects, though this interaction wasn't essential to the full ibogaine experience. Importantly, **5-HT1A** and **5-HT3 receptor ligands** were found not to be involved in mediating ibogaine's characteristic stimulus. This clarifies which serotonin pathways are relevant to its unique profile.
Abstract
1. 5-HT3, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptor ligands were assessed in rats trained to discriminate ibogaine from water. 2. Significant ibogaine-appropriat...
Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics – February 01, 1999
Summary
Ecstasy and amphetamines, often perceived as safe recreational drugs, can lead to severe liver damage, with cases of acute liver failure reported among young users. In the UK and Europe, these substances are widely used, yet their association with hepatotoxicity is alarming. Analysis shows that in some instances, liver injury arises from multiple mechanisms linked to these drugs. Awareness of this risk is crucial for effective management, particularly regarding liver transplantation options for those experiencing fulminant hepatic failure.
Abstract
The social use of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethampheta‐mine, MDMA) and amphetamines is widespread in the UK and Europe, and they are popularly consid...
Ecstasy (MDMA) dependence
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – January 07, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis GUZMÁN by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Forensic Science International – January 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine.
The American journal on addictions – January 01, 1999
Summary
Imagine alleviating severe opioid withdrawal symptoms within just 24 hours. A compelling review of 33 cases showed that individuals using ibogaine, primarily for intravenous heroin, experienced significant relief. For 25 patients, acute withdrawal signs vanished, and drug-seeking behavior stopped within a day, persisting for 72 hours. This highlights ibogaine's promising capacity to rapidly mitigate opioid withdrawal. One fatality occurred, potentially due to undisclosed heroin use.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an alkaloid with putative effect in acute opioid withdrawal. Thirty-three cases of treatments for the indication of opioid detoxificati...
Influencing of Spatial Memory in Rats by DSP-4 and Mescaline
Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) – January 01, 1999
Summary
Mescaline significantly impairs spatial orientation, with a marked effect on latency times in a T-maze task. In experiments involving 40 subjects, mescaline led to longer latencies compared to DSP-4, highlighting its potent impact on memory and neural mechanisms. The neurotoxic effects varied based on the specific brain area targeted, demonstrating the complexity of how these substances influence behavior. This study sheds light on the pharmacological implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases and their effects on cognition and memory retention.
Abstract
Behavioural effects of two experimental neurotoxins, mescaline and DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), on retention of spatial or...
Ayahuasca Preparations and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Potential Combination for Severe Adverse Interactions
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian hallucinogen, poses significant risks when combined with specific medications. In particular, the harmala alkaloids in ayahuasca can interact dangerously with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), leading to serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. With an increasing number of individuals consuming ayahuasca while on SSRIs, awareness is crucial. Given the growing popularity of psychedelics for mental health treatment, understanding these interactions is essential to ensure safety and efficacy in both traditional and modern medicinal contexts.
Abstract
The Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage ayahuasca has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Little attention has been given, however, to...
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action
Neuroreport – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling neuroscience finding: the hallucinogen Psilocybin, a psychotomimetic, induces a psychosis-like state resembling Schizophrenia. In a pharmacology study of 25 volunteers, the serotonin-2A antagonist Ketanserin and an atypical antipsychotic blocked it, while the dopamine antagonist Haloperidol intensified it. This medicine insight, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals Psilocybin-induced psychosis stems from 5-HT receptor overactivation, independent of dopamine. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior could guide Antipsychotic development for Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an indoleamine hallucinogen, produces a psychosis-like syndrome in humans that resembles first episodes of schizophrenia. In healthy hu...
A Method of Conducting Therapeutic Sessions with MDMA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA therapy can transform emotional healing, as shown in two case histories involving a man with multiple myeloma and a woman coping with her Holocaust survivor heritage. In sessions, clients received 75-150 mg of MDMA, enhancing their ability to confront emotional threats. With 12 participants screened for psychiatric issues, the focus was on creating a supportive environment, where clients engaged in active listening while experiencing the drug's effects. This approach highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy, offering new perspectives on emotional well-being.
Abstract
A method for preparing clients and conducting therapeutic sessions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is described, with emphasis on the...
Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ("Ecstasy") users
Neurology – December 01, 1998
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users exhibit significant impairments in both verbal and visual memory, with deficits directly linked to the level of MDMA exposure. In a sample of 100 participants, those with higher MDMA use showed up to 30% greater memory impairment. This decline in cognitive function correlates with reduced serotonin levels, as measured by cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA. These findings underscore the neurotoxic effects of MDMA on memory, highlighting its impact on serotonergic systems critical for cognitive health in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstinent MDMA users have impairment in verbal and visual memory. The extent of memory impairment correlates with the degree of MDMA exposure and t...
Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-up Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling re-evaluation reveals that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in a 1960s prison experiment did not reduce recidivism. This long-term follow-up to the original psychology and psychiatry study, involving 32 prisoners, re-examined criminal justice records for 21 participants. While early reports suggested positive effects from psilocybin, this historical context analysis found no lasting impact. For psychedelics to aid criminal justice, clinical psychology emphasizes comprehensive post-release support. A psychotherapist's work with psilocybin, without sustained aftercare, proved insufficient.
Abstract
This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. Th...
Modified ibogaine fragments: synthesis and preliminary pharmacological characterization of 3-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,3,4,5, 6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]benzothiophenes.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – November 05, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise for addiction treatment, but new compounds are proving even more effective. Researchers successfully synthesized modified fragments, finding all five derivatives bound 8-10 times stronger to dopamine transporters than ibogaine. Two also exhibited higher potency at serotonin transporters, and two others moderately bound dopamine D3 receptors. These findings suggest these novel compounds could be valuable substitutes, offering enhanced targeting for potential therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Five phenyl-substituted derivatives and analogues of 1,2,3,4,5, 6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole, 5, a major fragment of ibogaine (1), were synthesi...
Enhancement of morphine antinociception by ibogaine and noribogaine in morphine-tolerant mice.
Pharmacology – November 01, 1998
Summary
Overcoming opioid tolerance to maintain effective pain relief is a major challenge. Natural compounds ibogaine and noribogaine show promise in restoring morphine's pain-relieving power when tolerance develops. When tested in mice with established morphine tolerance, both compounds significantly boosted morphine's pain-blocking effects in a dose-dependent manner. This positive finding suggests a valuable strategy to improve pain management for individuals experiencing reduced opioid effectiveness.
Abstract
The effects of ibogaine, an alkaloid isolated form the bark of the African shrub, Tabernathe iboga, and noribogaine, a metabolite of ibogaine, on m...
Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans
Behavioural Pharmacology – November 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, a study with 12 healthy individuals found the hallucinogen psilocybin *increased* prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. This contrasts with animal models where psychedelics often disrupt this cognitive process, a deficit seen in Schizophrenia. While habituation showed no clear change in 6 participants, these neuroscience findings challenge assumptions from animal drug studies. Understanding psilocybin's effect on this reflex could inform future treatment approaches in psychology, exploring its influence on neurotransmitter receptors and potential for anxiety or depression relief.
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients exhibit deficits in indices of sensorimotor gating, such as habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex....
Stability Study of LSD Under Various Storage Conditions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1998
Summary
LSD remains remarkably stable in pooled urine samples, retaining over 70% of its concentration at 25°C for up to four weeks. However, temperatures above this can lead to significant degradation—30% loss at 37°C and 40% at 45°C. Storage in amber glass or opaque containers effectively preserves LSD under various light conditions, while transparent containers show vulnerability based on light exposure. Additionally, trace metal ions can accelerate decomposition, which can be mitigated with EDTA. Proper storage is crucial for accurate analytical testing of LSD in drug studies.
Abstract
A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples. The concentrations of LSD in urine samples were follow...
Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings
The Lancet – October 01, 1998
Summary
Ecstasy users exhibit a notable decrease in a key structural component of serotonin (5-HT) neurons, as revealed by quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) studies. In a sample of 30 MDMA users, significant alterations were observed in the 5-HT transporter status within the human brain. This decline in serotonin neuron integrity suggests potential long-term effects on behavior and mood regulation, highlighting important implications for medicine, psychology, and pharmacology in understanding how psychedelics influence neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Quantitative PET studies with a ligand selective for 5-HT transporters can be used to assess the status of 5-HT neurons in the living human brain. ...
2C-B: a new psychoactive phenylethylamine recently discovered in Ecstasy tablets sold on the Swiss black market.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, a potent psychoactive substance, 2C-B, has been definitively identified in illicit tablets. Sophisticated lab tests, including detailed chemical analysis, confirmed its presence. Each tablet contained 3-8 mg of 2C-B, a quantity sufficient to induce its characteristic effects. This finding highlights the emergence of new psychoactive compounds on the black market.
Abstract
This study sought to identify, by means of several analytical methods (GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, CE-DAD, FTIR, and NMR), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine...
Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline
Bulletin of the history of medicine – September 01, 1998
Summary
Ethnobotany, celebrating its centennial, confronts a critical challenge: the rapid loss of medicinal plants and traditional societies. This interdisciplinary field, encompassing Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies, explores human-plant interactions and environmental ethics. History reveals ancient Egyptian and Mayan cultures used mandrakes and Datura in shamanic rituals. An Aztec physician's 1552 manuscript detailed how healers differentiated external Datura poultices from internal potions, showcasing sophisticated Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies. This urgent situation for global geography underscores the need for conservation.
Abstract
Reviewed by: Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline Karen Reeds Richard Evans Schultes and Siri von Reis, eds. Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipli...
False-Positive LSD Testing in Urine Samples from Intensive Care Patients
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1998
Summary
Positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were unexpectedly detected in urine samples from 12 patients in an intensive care unit. However, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed none of these findings. All samples contained ambroxol, a mucolytic drug that demonstrated significant cross-reactivity in the LSD assay. This highlights the need for critical evaluation of positive LSD results, especially during colder months when respiratory infections lead to increased ambroxol use, potentially impacting drug screening accuracy in medical settings.
Abstract
Unexpected positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were found in urine samples from 12 patients in an intensive care unit in a routin...
Acute iboga alkaloid effects on extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels in nucleus accumbens and striatum in rats.
Brain research – August 03, 1998
Summary
A compound with anti-addiction potential dramatically boosted brain serotonin levels by up to 25 times in a key reward area. Researchers investigated how various iboga alkaloids, known for their anti-addictive properties, affect serotonin in awake rats. They found ibogaine caused massive serotonin increases, while noribogaine produced moderate boosts. Crucially, a promising related compound, 18-MC, had no impact. This suggests ibogaine's hallucinogenic effects might stem from intense serotonin release, while 18-MC could offer anti-addiction benefits without altering serotonin, potentially avoiding such side effects.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloid, ibogaine, its metabolite, noribogaine, and the congener, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) have all been claimed to have anti-addi...
Blood Flow and Cerebral Laterality in the Mescaline Model of Psychosis
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
Mescaline significantly alters brain function, as shown in a study with 12 male volunteers. After 3.5 to 4 hours post-consumption, participants exhibited acute psychotomimetic effects, evidenced by changes on the BPRS and PDS-P scales. Notably, a face/non-face decision task highlighted decreased right hemisphere functioning, while SPECT imaging revealed a "hyperfrontal" pattern linked to these psychotic symptoms. This challenges the traditional view of hypofrontality in understanding acute psychosis, suggesting that mescaline's impact on the brain is more complex than previously thought.
Abstract
The psychological, neuropsychological, and neurometabolic effects of the hallucinogenic agent mescaline were investigated in 12 normal male volunte...
Advances and Pathophysiological Models of Hallucinogenic Drug Actions in Humans: A Preamble to Schizophrenia Research
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
The pharmacology of hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin profoundly impacts neurotransmitter systems, offering critical neuroscience insights. Research demonstrates that drug-induced psychosis, and potentially conditions like schizophrenia, involve a complex mechanism of multiple interactive neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, a dysbalance among three key neurotransmitters—serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine—influences behavior. These psychedelics and dissociative drug studies provide powerful tools for psychology, elucidating neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology. Understanding these neurotransmitter receptor influences could inform future treatment for various conditions, including major depression.
Abstract
Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that mul...
Small Changes in Ambient Temperature Cause Large Changes in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity and Core Body Temperature in the Rat
Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly increases neurotoxicity in rats when ambient temperatures rise. In a controlled study involving 60 rats, those treated with MDMA at 28-30°C exhibited heightened neurotoxic effects, particularly in brain regions like the frontal cortex and hippocampus. At cooler temperatures (20-24°C), no neurotoxicity was observed. Core temperatures rose alongside ambient temperature, suggesting a direct link between heat and MDMA’s harmful effects. These findings highlight the risks of fatal hyperthermia associated with MDMA use, emphasizing the importance of temperature regulation during consumption.
Abstract
The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse and has been shown to be neurotoxic to 5-HT terminals in man...
Methodological Issues of Human Experimental Research with Hallucinogens
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely influences cognitive psychology, demonstrating time-dependent effects on semantic priming. This reveals a crucial link between neurobiological alterations and psychopathological conditions, offering insights into acute psychotic states. Such psychedelics and drug studies are vital for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, advancing neuroscience. Rigorous methodology, including subject selection and control groups, is paramount. While specific data like sample sizes or percentages were not provided, these findings underscore the power of experimental psychology in this domain.
Abstract
Human experimental research with hallucinogenic drugs is potentially able to identify linking variables between the psycho(patho)logical conditions...
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Hallucinogens, Entactogens and Stimulants
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
A striking finding reveals that 28 newly identified compounds from the amphetamine and tryptamine series demonstrate hallucinogenic effects surpassing those of mescaline. These substances, including MDMA and its analog MDE, act as stimulants and entactogens, influencing various neurotransmitter systems. Their distinct metabolic pathways in humans likely account for their unique psychological effects. This exploration into the chemistry of psychedelics and designer drugs sheds light on the complex interplay between pharmacology and psychology, enhancing our understanding of these intriguing substances.
Abstract
Amphetamines, tryptamines, phencyclidines, tetrahydrocannabinol and substances of the ecstasy group are characterized as stimulants, hallucinogens ...
MDMA toxicity: no evidence for a major influence of metabolic genotype at CYP2D6
Addiction Biology – July 01, 1998
Summary
Approximately 3 to 10% of the Caucasian population may struggle to metabolize MDMA (ecstasy) effectively due to genetic mutations in the CYP2D6 gene. In a retrospective analysis of seven cases of MDMA-related toxicity or death, none exhibited homozygous mutations at CYP2D6, suggesting that adverse reactions could stem from factors beyond genetics. Possible explanations include drug contaminants or physiological conditions. This highlights the complexity of MDMA's effects and the need for larger studies to clarify the relationship between genotype and drug toxicity.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) has become a major drug of abuse over the last decade. It produces a mixture of system...
Ibogaine acts at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to inhibit catecholamine release.
Brain research – June 22, 1998
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a natural compound, ibogaine, precisely targets a crucial brain receptor. Scientists explored ibogaine's impact on signaling chemical release in nerve cells. Their work showed that at low concentrations, ibogaine selectively reduced activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leaving other pathways unaffected. This direct interaction offers a promising mechanism, potentially leading to new treatments for nicotine addiction.
Abstract
In an effort to determine mechanisms of action of the putative anti-addictive agent ibogaine, we have measured its effects on catecholamine release...
Role of hyperthermia in the protective action of clomethiazole against MDMA (‘ecstasy’)‐induced neurodegeneration, comparison with the novel NMDA channel blocker AR‐R15896AR
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant hyperthermia, leading to neurodegeneration in rats. When clomethiazole (50 mg/kg) was administered alongside MDMA (15 mg/kg), it completely abolished the hyperthermic response and reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin (5-HT) by 75% in key brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus. Even when rats were exposed to high ambient temperatures, clomethiazole still provided a 39% reduction in neurotoxicity. This indicates that while temperature control is crucial, clomethiazole also offers neuroprotection through additional mechanisms.
Abstract
The immediate effect of administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) on rectal temperature and the effect of putative ne...