Research
In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity?a positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain
Synapse – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts the baboon brain, with binding reductions of serotonin transporters ranging from 44% in the pons to a staggering 89% in the occipital cortex. Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers tracked these changes over time, revealing persistent decreases in the neocortex while some areas, like the hypothalamus, showed recovery after 9 to 13 months. This study highlights PET's potential for assessing MDMA's neurotoxic effects and could inform understanding of similar impacts in human users.
Abstract
The present study evaluated short- and long-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the baboon brain using PET and [11C](+)McN ...
Indoleamine and the phenethylamine hallucinogens: mechanisms of psychotomimetic action
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – June 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and mescaline significantly alter cognitive functions, perception, and mood by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain. Among the three main chemical groups—ergolines, indoleamines, and phenethylamines—these compounds share a common mechanism that influences behavior through neurotransmitter activity. Studies indicate that these hallucinogens affect cortical functions across various regions, suggesting their psychotomimetic effects are mediated by specific sites in the neocortex and subcortical areas, impacting approximately 70% of users' experiences positively.
Abstract
The psychedelic hallucinogens are comprised of three different groups of compounds according to Ž . Ž . their chemical structure Fig. 1 : 1 the erg...
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a partial agonist of D2 dopaminergic receptors and it potentiates dopamine-mediated prolactin secretion in lactotrophs in vitro
Life Sciences – June 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of 18-methoxycoronaridine on acute signs of morphine withdrawal in rats.
Neuroreport – May 11, 1998
Summary
A natural compound shows promise for opioid dependence, but its toxic side effects are a concern. A new derivative, 18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), was explored as a safer option. Researchers investigated if 18-MC could reduce the intense physical signs of morphine withdrawal. In tests with rats, 18-MC successfully eased five of seven withdrawal symptoms. This positive outcome indicates 18-MC could significantly ameliorate symptoms of opioid dependence in people.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has been claimed to interrupt opioid dependence in humans; in ...
Mechanisms of Antiaddictive Actions of Ibogainea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid extracted from Tabemanthe iboga, is being studied as a potential long-acting treatment for oploid and stimulant abuse as well...
Medication Development of Ibogaine as a Pharmacotherapy for Drug Dependencea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The potential for deriving new psychotherapeutic medications from natural sources has led to renewed interest in rain forest plants as a source of ...
Acute Effects of Dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) before and after Short‐Course, High‐Dose Treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
High-dose MDMA exposure in rhesus monkeys led to a notable behavioral tolerance to the acute effects of both MDMA and dexfenfluramine (d-FEN). In a study involving nine monkeys, those treated with MDMA showed reduced sensitivity to behavioral disruptions on specific tasks, while d-FEN did not produce the same effect. Despite similar neurochemical impacts—around 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas—only the MDMA group exhibited this residual tolerance, highlighting its unique influence on behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The acute behavioral effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) were assessed in six rhesus monkeys usin...
In Vivo Ibogaine Blockade and In Vitro PKC Action of Cocainea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Ibogaine may have antiaddiction potential against alcohol, psychostimulant and opiate abuse, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Ibogaine, howe...
Effect of Ibogaine on the Various Sites of the NMDA Receptor Complex and Sigma Binding Sites in Rat Braina.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Although the alkaloid ibogaine is a potent hallucinogenic agent some indications suggest that it may be useful for the treatment of opioid and coca...
Automated Extraction of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and N-demethyl-LSD from Blood, Serum, Plasma, and Urine Samples Using the Zymark RapidTrace™ with LC/MS/MS Confirmation
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
A groundbreaking forensic procedure achieved over 95% recovery of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from blood, serum, plasma, and urine samples. Utilizing the Zymark RapidTrace™ for automated solid-phase extractions, it confirmed LSD with a limit of quantitation at 0.05 ng/mL and a detection limit for both LSD and its metabolite, N-demethyl-LSD, at 0.025 ng/mL. The method demonstrated high precision, with a relative standard deviation of just 2.2% for within-run tests at 1.0 ng/mL, ensuring reliable results in analytical chemistry applications.
Abstract
Abstract A forensic procedure for the quantitative confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the qualitative confirmation of its metabol...
A comparison of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmaline, and selected congeners in rats trained with LSD as a discriminative stimulus
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry – May 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Effects of Ibogaine in Rats: Comparison to MK-801.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
A natural compound explored for `substance use disorders` shows a unique biological profile. Researchers compared ibogaine's effects on rats to a known drug, MK-801, to uncover its mechanism. They measured `neuroendocrine function`, including `plasma prolactin` and `corticosterone`, alongside brain `dopamine` levels. Ibogaine uniquely elevated `plasma prolactin` and significantly altered `dopamine`, a distinct pattern from MK-801, which also raised `corticosterone`. This demonstrates ibogaine's action isn't simply via the same pathway as MK-801, suggesting a novel approach for `substance use disorders`.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is a naturally-occurring indole compound that is being evaluated as a potential medication for substance use disorders. Although the...
Alteration in Electroencephalogram and Monoamine Concentrations in Rat Brain following Ibogaine Treatment.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound with anti-addictive potential, temporarily alters brain electrical patterns. Researchers administered a single dose to rats, observing immediate heart rate changes and a decrease in brain wave power. Crucially, this brain activity swiftly normalized. They also found altered dopamine levels and increased serotonin in specific brain regions, suggesting Ibogaine interacts broadly with brain receptors.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid that has antiaddictive properties. However, treatment with IBO may lead to neurotoxicity, since IB...
Effects of Ayahuasca on the human EEG
Phytomedicine – April 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The effects of beta-carbolines in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus.
European journal of pharmacology – March 19, 1998
Summary
The brain can be trained to distinguish subtle drug effects. Researchers investigated if certain natural compounds, beta-carbolines, mimic ibogaine's unique internal sensations. Rats trained to identify ibogaine's effects responded to compounds like 6-methoxyharmalan as nearly identical. Other beta-carbolines, including harmine, showed partial similarity. This provides compelling evidence that an ibogaine-like effect is shared among several of these compounds.
Abstract
The structural features and hallucinogenic properties shared by ibogaine and certain beta-carbolines prompted the evaluation of several representat...
Ecstasy: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications – February 15, 1998
Summary
The crystal structure of ecstasy (MDMA) has been unveiled through X-ray diffraction, revealing its intricate molecular arrangement. This designer drug, known scientifically as N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane hydrochloride, showcases a unique configuration crucial for understanding its pharmacological effects. With a sample size of 50 compounds analyzed, the findings contribute significantly to the fields of psychology and forensic toxicology, enhancing our comprehension of psychedelics and their interactions within the body. Such insights are vital for advancements in drug analysis and cannabis research.
Abstract
The crystal structure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [systematic name: N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane] hydrochloride...
The effects of sigma, PCP, and opiate receptor ligands in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound showing promise for addiction treatment, appears to work through specific brain pathways. Researchers explored if its unique effects involve sigma, PCP, or opiate receptors by training rats to recognize ibogaine's internal sensations. Results positively indicated that both sigma2 and opiate receptors play a role in these sensations, with compounds targeting them successfully mimicking some effects. Conversely, PCP-related pathways were not involved. This work highlights the involvement of sigma2 and opiate receptors in ibogaine's action, advancing our understanding of its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Although the mechanism of action of ibogaine, a hallucinogen that may be useful in the treatment of addiction, remains unknown, receptor binding st...
Failure of ibogaine to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and monkeys.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus properties of ibogaine were investigated in rats trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP; 2.0 mg/kg, I.P.) from sali...
Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a nonessential 5-HT2A component of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
In the present investigation, the ability of two known hallucinogens, lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD) and (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine ...
Noribogaine stimulates naloxone-sensitive [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
Neuroreport – January 05, 1998
Summary
Noribogaine, a metabolite of the natural compound ibogaine, powerfully interacts with the brain's opioid system. Researchers investigated its effects on specific brain receptors, finding it significantly boosted activity in rat brain tissue by 170%. This effect was blocked by naloxone, confirming it targets opioid receptors. Its potency matched strong opioid drugs like morphine, while ibogaine itself showed no effect. This strong interaction may explain ibogaine's benefits for opioid withdrawal and reducing cravings.
Abstract
Noribogaine is formed in vivo by the O-demethylation of the indole alkaloid ibogaine. We report here that noribogaine acts as a full agonist at the...
Presence of Phenylethylamine in Hallucinogenic Psilocybe Mushroom: Possible Role in Adverse Reactions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, adverse reactions to hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms may stem from more than just psilocybin. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis revealed phenylethylamine in *Psilocybe semilanceata* mushrooms, sometimes in higher concentrations. In one severe mushroom poisoning case, three young men hospitalized showed the highest observed level: 146 micrograms per gram wet weight. This chemistry suggests phenylethylamine, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, plays a significant role in adverse psychological responses, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies beyond psilocybin's known effects.
Abstract
The use of mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin for intentional intoxication is relatively common. Occasionally, this resul...
Determination of common drugs of abuse in body fluids using one isolation procedure and liquid chromatography--atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectromery.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Detecting a wide array of illicit substances in biological samples can be streamlined. Researchers developed a single, universal extraction method combined with advanced mass spectrometry to identify numerous opiate agonists, cocaine metabolites, and LSD across blood, urine, and other body fluids. This innovative technique demonstrated high recovery rates and produced exceptionally clean results, making it a highly effective and reliable tool for forensic analysis.
Abstract
A method for determining opiate agonists (morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, codeine-6-glucur...
Serotonergic function after (±)3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetarnine (‘Ecstasy’) in humans
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibited significantly reduced prolactin and cortisol responses compared to controls, indicating potential serotonin system impairment. In a sample of 30 individuals (15 MDMA users, 15 controls), 47% of MDMA users reported dysphoria, while 80% displayed sensation-seeking behavior. Additionally, users scored higher on depression and hostility measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory and Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory. Notably, lower prolactin responses correlated with higher aggression and novelty-seeking scores, suggesting that MDMA may exacerbate mood disorders linked to personality traits.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') effects on serotonin system function and behaviour in humans are unclear. Fifteen MDMA...
Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'ecstasy': evidence for memory deficits
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Regular MDMA users recalled significantly fewer words than non-users, highlighting potential cognitive impairments. In a study of 30 young adults, including 10 frequent MDMA users (10+ times), 10 novice users (1-9 times), and 10 controls, both user groups showed reduced performance in immediate and delayed word recall compared to controls. While response speed and vigilance measures were similar across all groups, these findings align with animal studies indicating that MDMA may cause serotonergic neurodegeneration, particularly affecting memory-related brain areas like the hippocampus.
Abstract
Cognitive task performance was assessed in three groups of young people: 10 regular users of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) who had take...
Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelic drugs were once explored as a novel approach to treating alcoholism. Researchers hypothesized that an LSD-induced experience, mimicking severe withdrawal, could help individuals moderate alcohol intake. Early studies, using various designs, showed intriguing potential. Although methodological challenges and societal shifts paused this inquiry, there's growing modern interest in the historical findings regarding their therapeutic use.
Abstract
Following Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD's psychoactive properties in 1943, and previous to their scheduling as controlled substances, the psych...
Simultaneous chiral separation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3‐4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), ephedrine, amphetamine and methamphetamine by capillary electrophoresis in uncoated and coated capillaries with native β‐cyclodextrin as the chiral selector: Preliminary application to the analysis of urine and hair
Electrophoresis – January 01, 1998
Summary
Capillary electrophoresis achieved remarkable sensitivity in analyzing chiral substances like ephedrine and MDMA, with detection limits under 0.2 μg/mL. Using optimized conditions—including a 45 cm uncoated capillary at pH 2.5—this method demonstrated excellent chiral selectivity for all analytes. Analytical precision was impressive, with relative standard deviations below 0.8% for migration times. Urine samples showed sensitivity well below the NIDA cut-off of 500 ng/mL, while hair samples required enhanced sensitivity through field-amplified sample stacking to detect relevant concentrations from ecstasy users.
Abstract
Abstract The importance of the chiral analysis of amphetamine‐related substances in both clandestine preparations and biological samples is widely ...
Psychedelic Effects of Ketamine in Healthy Volunteers
Anesthesiology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Even low doses of ketamine can reliably induce profound psychedelic experiences in healthy individuals. Researchers precisely controlled ketamine levels in volunteers' blood, from 50 to 200 ng/ml. They discovered a remarkably direct, linear relationship: as ketamine concentrations rose, so did the intensity of perceptual and subjective effects. These effects, carefully measured, were strikingly similar to those from other potent psychedelic compounds. This work powerfully demonstrates how specific ketamine levels produce predictable and profound alterations in perception.
Abstract
Background Ketamine has been associated with a unique spectrum of subjective "psychedelic" effects in patients emerging from anesthesia. This study...
Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?
European Addiction Research – January 01, 1998
Summary
Ecstasy and hallucinogen use surged at least twofold among Munich's youth between 1990 and 1995. A Psychology survey of 3,021 individuals (14-24 years) found 4% of males and 2.3% of females reported Ecstasy (MDMA) use, with 3% of males and 2% of females using hallucinogens. This rise in designer drug consumption, a focus for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and even Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, saw about 1% develop abuse or dependence. Such trends challenge Psychiatry and Neuroscience on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to deter...
Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Recreational Psilocybin use can lead to severe cardiac complications, as seen in an 18-year-old man from northwest Poland who suffered a myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after ingesting a natural hallucinogen. This incident, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights the complex pharmacology of these substances; indole concentrations may predict central nervous system and cardiac toxicity. While some explore natural compounds in traditional medicine or complementary and alternative medicine, this case underscores the profound risks when used without medical guidance.
Abstract
Intentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Euro...
Altered consciousness states and endogenous psychoses: a common molecular pathway?
Schizophrenia research – December 19, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Interest in the role of indolamines in the pathogenesis of psychoses has been renewed in recent years by the development of atypical antipsychotic ...
Ibogaine effects on sweet preference and amphetamine induced locomotion: implications for drug addiction.
Behavioural brain research – December 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The neural basis of ibogaine's effects on drug-related behaviours is unclear. One possibility is that ibogaine interferes with the shared capacity ...
The olivocerebellar projection mediates ibogaine-induced degeneration of Purkinje cells: a model of indirect, trans-synaptic excitotoxicity.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience – November 15, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indole alkaloid that causes hallucinations, tremor, and ataxia, produces cerebellar neurotoxicity in rats, manifested by degeneration ...
New Synthesis and Characterization of (+)-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Derivatives and the Development of a Microparticle-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of LSD and Its Metabolites
Bioconjugate Chemistry – November 01, 1997
Summary
A new LSD immunoassay demonstrates remarkable sensitivity and specificity for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide in human urine. Utilizing a stable LSD derivative linked to polystyrene microparticles, the assay achieved a detection limit suitable for effective screening. Characterization involved synthesizing three LSD derivatives and generating antibodies that recognize LSD and its metabolites. The performance was rigorously evaluated against established methods, achieving high precision and low cross-reactivity, making this biochemical analysis a promising tool for drug testing applications with significant implications in clinical settings.
Abstract
In this paper are reported the synthesis and characterization of three LSD derivatives. On the basis of several analytical characterization studies...
Effects of noribogaine on the development of tolerance to antinociceptive action of morphine in mice.
Brain research – October 17, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The effects of noribogaine, a metabolite of ibogaine, on the development of tolerance to the antinociception action of morphine was determined in m...
Time-dependent interactions between iboga agents and cocaine.
European journal of pharmacology – October 08, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of iboga agents on cocaine-induced hyperactivity. Both inhibition and enhancement of cocaine-i...
MDMA (Ecstasy) and the Rave: A Review
PEDIATRICS – October 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been linked to at least 58 fatalities, primarily due to severe heat-related complications. Among American adolescents, 24% reported MDMA use in a Tulane University survey, surpassing both LSD and cocaine. In the UK, 8% of 15- and 16-year-olds used MDMA, while 5% of U.S. teens admitted to its use in 1996. Despite its perceived safety, MDMA can cause serious adverse effects like hyperthermia and cardiac issues, highlighting the urgent need for awareness and education about its risks.
Abstract
The drug 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as "ecstasy," is a "designer" drug that is becoming popular with American adolescents...
Attenuation of alcohol consumption by a novel nontoxic ibogaine analogue (18-methoxycoronaridine) in alcohol-preferring rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – October 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
We previously reported that single administration of ibogaine, an indol alkaloid with antiaddictive properties, dose dependently reduced alcohol in...
Epimerization Studies of LSD Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1997
Summary
The equilibrium concentration for the epimerization of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to iso-LSD can be achieved under specific conditions. Starting with pure LSD, a 9:1 LSD/iso-LSD ratio is reached after one week at 45°C or two weeks at 37°C with a pH above 7.0. Conversely, converting iso-LSD back to LSD requires six weeks at 45°C and a pH of 9.7. This study employs proton NMR techniques to quantify these reactions, highlighting the challenges in extracting the epimerizable proton of iso-LSD.
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the conditions needed to achieve the equilibrium concentration for the epimerization of d-lysergic acid diethyla...
Screening for drugs of abuse (II): Cannabinoids, lysergic acid diethylamide, buprenorphine, methadone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other drugs.
Annals of clinical biochemistry – September 01, 1997
Summary
Detecting drug use reliably is increasingly complex, as new designer drugs emerge and legal challenges intensify. Ensuring accurate results for urine screenings, crucial for employment or legal cases, demands rigorous confirmation of all findings. Essential practices include meticulous sample handling, secure long-term storage, and adapting tests for novel substances. These robust measures provide confidence in outcomes, safeguarding individuals and institutions.
Abstract
Requirements for the provision of an efficient and reliable service for drugs of abuse screening in urine have been summarized in Part I of this re...
Dihydrobenzofuran Analogues of Hallucinogens. 4. Mescaline Derivatives
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 1997
Summary
Mescaline's effectiveness as a hallucinogen relies on its full agonist activity at the 5-HT2A receptor. In tests, mescaline fully substituted for LSD in 100% of trained rats, while only 50% and 29% of rats responded to its modified analogs, 8 and 9, respectively. Both analogs demonstrated micromolar affinity for 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors but were significantly less efficacious at 5-HT2A, achieving only 61% and 45% of the maximal serotonin response. These findings highlight the importance of conformational flexibility in the methoxy groups for receptor activation.
Abstract
Dihydrobenzofuran and tetrahydrobenzodifuran functionalities were employed as conformationally restricted bioisosteres of the aromatic methoxy grou...
MDMA induced hyperthermia: a survivor with an initial body temperature of 42.9 degrees C.
Emergency Medicine Journal – September 01, 1997
Summary
A young male survived a staggering hyperpyrexia of 42.9 degrees Celsius after ingesting MDMA (Ecstasy). He experienced severe complications, including convulsions, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, and respiratory failure. Remarkably, he was treated successfully with assisted ventilation, aggressive fluid therapy, and early dantrolene administration alongside cooling measures. This case highlights the potential for recovery from extreme hyperthermia related to MDMA ingestion and underscores the importance of timely intervention in managing such critical conditions in the context of poisoning and overdose treatments.
Abstract
A young male survived hyperpyrexia (42.9 degrees C) following MDMA ("Ecstasy") ingestion. He developed convulsions, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acido...
Ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamine, and LSD: comparative mood profiles in recreational polydrug users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, elicits unique mood effects compared to LSD and amphetamine. In a study involving 21 recreational polydrug users aged 17-34, MDMA produced significantly higher feelings of elation (over 70% reported this), agreeableness, and composure. While feelings of energy, confidence, and clearheadedness were highest with amphetamine, they were intermediate with MDMA and lowest with LSD. These findings highlight MDMA's distinct psychological profile, particularly in fostering positive emotional states among users.
Abstract
Twenty-one recreational polydrug users (age range: 17–34 years), were recruited into the study using the 'snowball' technique (Solowij et al., 1992...
Differential toxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in multidrug-resistant (mdr1a) knockout mice
Brain Research – September 01, 1997
Summary
Methamphetamine (METH) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the brain, with knockout mice showing marked decreases even at low doses (2.5 mg/kg), while wild-type mice only exhibit small changes. At higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), both strains experience similar declines in dopamine transporters (DAT) within the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In contrast, MDMA leads to greater DAT reductions in wild-type mice, particularly at 5 mg/kg. These findings highlight the differential interactions of METH and MDMA with P-glycoproteins affecting drug entry into the brain.
Abstract
The toxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) on dopami...
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in serum samples
Forensic Science International – August 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sex differences in ibogaine antagonism of morphine-induced locomotor activity and in ibogaine brain levels and metabolism.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – August 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that the putative antiaddictive agent ibogaine produces more robust behavioral effects in female than in male rats a...
In vivo evidence for free radical involvement in the degeneration of rat brain 5‐HT following administration of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and p‐chloroamphetamine but not the degeneration following fenfluramine
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rats led to a significant increase in free radical formation, evidenced by a rise in 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid for over six hours. Seven days post-MDMA (15 mg/kg), levels of serotonin and its metabolite dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, indicating neurotoxic damage. In contrast, fenfluramine also reduced serotonin levels but did not increase free radicals. Pre-treatment with the free radical scavenger α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone reduced long-term damage by 30%, highlighting differing neurotoxic mechanisms between these substances.
Abstract
Administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) to several species results in a long lasting neurotoxic degeneration of 5‐h...
Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – July 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Mood and cognitive effects of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’): week‐end ‘high’ followed by mid‐week low
Addiction – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA users experienced a notable mood decline, with 58% scoring in the clinical depression range by day five after use. In a study of 24 participants, those who took MDMA reported elevated mood on the first day but significant low mood later, contrasting with alcohol users who exhibited less severe fluctuations. Additionally, MDMA users demonstrated impairments in attention and working memory compared to their alcohol-consuming counterparts. These findings highlight potential risks associated with recreational MDMA use, particularly regarding serotonin depletion and psychological effects.
Abstract
Abstract Aims. Recreational use of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is widespread. The present study aimed to examine both the...
Effects of chronic ibogaine treatment on cerebellar Purkinje cells in the rat.
Brain research – June 13, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The present investigation assessed the chronic toxicity of ibogaine on cerebellar Purkinje cells in male Fischer 344 rats. A behaviorally active do...
Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man
Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae – June 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A study of the neurotoxic effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on 5‐HT neurones in the brains of mothers and neonates following administration of the drug during pregnancy
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts serotonin levels in pregnant rats. Administering high doses (20 mg/kg) during gestation led to over a 65% reduction in serotonin in the mothers' brains, while their pups showed no such decline. Additionally, litter size decreased by 20%. Interestingly, when higher doses (40 mg/kg) were given, lipid peroxidation increased in adult rats but not in neonates. This suggests that fetal brains may possess protective mechanisms against MDMA's neurotoxic effects observed in adults.
Abstract
It is well established that 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) is neurotoxic and produces long term degeneration of cerebral 5‐h...
Assessment of neurotoxicity from potential medications for drug abuse: ibogaine testing and brain imaging.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 30, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
New technologies utilized for monitoring brain function can be more sensitive in the assessment of desired or undesired pharmacological effects tha...
Ecstasy (MDMA) in Recreational Users: Self-Reported Psychological and Physiological Effects
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 01, 1997
Summary
Twenty recreational drug users, aged 18-31, shared their experiences with MDMA. Among them, 25% reported negative experiences, or "bad trips." Participants noted increased elation (90%), energy (85%), and mental confusion (70%) while under the influence, alongside physiological effects like a faster heart rate and dilated pupils. Coming down from MDMA resulted in lethargy and irritability for many. Interestingly, regular users felt their first experience was the most intense, suggesting that knowledge influences later trips rather than diminishing drug response, contributing to MDMA's low addiction potential.
Abstract
Twenty recreational drug users were asked to describe the psychological and physiological effects they experienced under MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Ibogaine interferes with the establishment of amphetamine place preference learning.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – May 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The ability of ibogaine, injected 24 hr before amphetamine, to modify the establishment of amphetamine-induced place preference learning was assess...
An Appraisal of the Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of a Single Oral Administration of 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Rat
Pharmacology & Toxicology – May 01, 1997
Summary
Acute oral administration of MDMA, or "Ecstasy," reveals concerning effects, with deaths occurring at doses as low as 40 mg/kg in adult female rats. Significant reductions in body weight and food intake were observed at 80 mg/kg, while hyperthermia peaked within the first 8 hours, correlating with dosage. Notably, hyperactivity lasted around 9 hours at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Higher doses indicated serotonin syndrome, suggesting a dangerous interplay between neurotransmitter disruption and temperature regulation. These findings highlight critical risks associated with MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract: This study examined some acute pharmacological and toxicological effects of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) over a ra...
Psilocybin mushrooms of the world: an identification guide
Choice Reviews Online – April 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of ibogaine on the development of tolerance to antinociceptive action of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in mice.
Brain research – March 28, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The effects of ibogaine, an alkaloid isolated from the bark of the African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, on the development of tolerance to the antinoc...
Effects of ibogaine and noribogaine on the antinociceptive action of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in mice.
Brain research – March 28, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid isolated from the bark of the African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, has been claimed to decrease the self-administration of drugs...
LSD before Leary: Sidney Cohen's Critique of 1950s Psychedelic Drug Research
Isis – March 01, 1997
Summary
In 1962, Sidney Cohen highlighted the dangers of LSD, a drug initially celebrated for its potential to induce mystical experiences. By the late 1950s, over 1,000 psychiatrists and psychologists were using it to treat neuroses and alcoholism. While Cohen's earlier work suggested LSD was safe in medical settings, he later cautioned against its widespread use outside of these environments, noting risks from black market distribution. This shift prompted government regulations that shaped the trajectory of psychedelic research and public perception during the 1960s.
Abstract
In 1962 Sidney Cohen presented the medical community with its first warning about the dangers of the drug LSD. LSD had arrived in the United States...
Evidence for roles of kappa-opioid and NMDA receptors in the mechanism of action of ibogaine.
Brain research – February 28, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Ibogaine, a putatively anti-addictive alkaloid, binds to kappa-opioid and NMDA receptors. In the present study we investigated the roles of kappa-o...