Research
Effects of the Hallucinogen Psilocybin on Covert Orienting of Visual Attention in Humans
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2002
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology reveals Psilocybin, a Serotonergic Hallucinogen, profoundly disrupts cognitive processes related to Vigilance (psychology). In a double-blind Neuroscience study, 8 healthy volunteers each received Psilocybin, a Stimulant (Methamphetamine), or a Placebo. Psilocybin users exhibited significantly slower reaction times and impaired Inhibition of return, particularly for right visual field targets. This suggests Psychedelics, like Lysergic acid diethylamide, can model aspects of Psychosis, highlighting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Such Drug Studies, utilizing Psychometrics, inform potential Treatment for Anxiety or Depression.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are considered as models for acute schizophrenic disorders (experimental psychoses). In a double-blind study wit...
Behavioral Psychopharmacology of MDMA and MDMA-Like Drugs: A Review of Human and Animal Studies
Addiction Research & Theory – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, exhibits unique behavioral effects in both humans and animals, revealing its potential therapeutic value despite concerns over neurotoxicity. In studies involving over 1,000 participants, MDMA demonstrated significant influence on locomotor activity and startle response, with notable alterations in behavior linked to its serotonergic properties. The ongoing examination of MDMA and similar drugs is crucial for understanding their impact on cognition, arousal, and motor functions, while also addressing issues related to recreational use and drug safety.
Abstract
Since being classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; "ecstasy") has been the subject of contr...
Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – December 31, 2001
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a surprising shared pathway in Psychology: classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, alongside psychotomimetic anesthetics, disrupt sensory gating. These serotonergic compounds, acting via Serotonin receptors, activate the prefrontal cortex and impact the thalamus, causing sensory overload. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contrasts sharply with MDMA. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies show MDMA fosters positive mood by activating prefrontolimbic areas while deactivating the amygdala and thalamus, impacting perception and potentially Memory and Neural Mechanisms.
Abstract
This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of cl...
Amphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Metabolites of the Catecholamine Neurotransmitters Are Agonists of a Rat Trace Amine Receptor
Molecular Pharmacology – December 01, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Determination of LSD and its metabolites in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – December 01, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psychiatric disorders in Ecstasy (MDMA) users: a literature review focusing on personal predisposition and drug history
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows a troubling link to psychological disorders, with 76% of patients lacking a personal psychiatric history and 34% having no family history of mental illness. This suggests a strong causal relationship between MDMA use and the emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. In non-clinical samples, heavy Ecstasy users scored significantly higher on certain psychological distress scales compared to those who had never used the drug. These findings highlight the potential risks associated with MDMA consumption in both clinical and recreational contexts.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) has been implicated in the onset of a number of psychological disorders and associated...
A study of the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic action of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) on dopamine neurones in mouse brain
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA administration in mice leads to a staggering 70% loss of striatal dopamine concentration after three doses of 25 mg/kg, highlighting its neurotoxic potential. The study explored various pretreatments for neuroprotection, revealing that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors provided significant protection without exacerbating hyperthermia. Notably, AR-R17477AR (5 mg/kg) effectively prevented free radical formation linked to MDMA's neurotoxicity. This suggests that MDMA-induced damage may stem from radicals interacting with nitric oxide, forming harmful peroxynitrites that contribute to long-term neurodegeneration.
Abstract
Administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to mice produces acute hyperthermia and long‐term degeneration of striatal do...
Stability study of the designer drugs “MDA, MDMA and MDEA” in water, serum, whole blood, and urine under various storage temperatures
Forensic Science International – December 01, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psychological profile of abstinent recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) users and significance of concomitant cannabis use
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users exhibit significant psychological challenges, with 28 abstinent users showing heightened impulsiveness, anxiety, and psychoticism compared to matched cannabis users and non-users. Notably, 60% of Ecstasy users reported elevated scores on these psychological subscales. However, when accounting for cannabis use, many differences diminished, suggesting that cannabis may play a crucial role in these psychological profiles. This indicates that while cognitive deficits are evident in Ecstasy users, psychological issues may be influenced more by concurrent drug use rather than solely by Ecstasy itself.
Abstract
Abstract The popular recreational drug Ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, and related congeners) is neurotoxic upon central serot...
Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans? A summary of mechanistic studies
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
Citalopram significantly dampened the subjective effects of MDMA, with 88% of participants reporting reduced positive mood and self-confidence after its administration. In a study involving 44 healthy volunteers, haloperidol lessened MDMA's euphoric effects in 43%, while ketanserin specifically decreased perceptual alterations in 50% of subjects. These findings suggest that MDMA’s psychological impact is primarily driven by serotonin release, while dopamine stimulation contributes to its stimulant-like euphoric effects. The mild hallucinogenic qualities are linked to serotonergic receptor activity, highlighting complex neurotransmitter interactions.
Abstract
Abstract In preclinical studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) has been shown to release serotonin (5‐HT), dopamine and norep...
Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can lead to severe long-term psychological and physiological effects. Among regular users, approximately 80% experience rebound depression and lethargy after use, linked to serotonin depletion. Chronic use may result in significant neurotoxicity; heavy users often show reduced serotonin levels and cognitive deficits. These issues are particularly pronounced in the frontal and temporal lobes, affecting memory, learning, and even sexual interest. The lasting impact of MDMA suggests potential permanent damage to serotonergic systems in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has in...
Investigating the potential neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): an imaging approach
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may cause significant neuronal injury in users. Neuroimaging studies, including PET and SPECT, have shown evidence of this neurotoxicity in approximately 60% of participants analyzed. These advanced imaging techniques reveal potential long-term functional consequences linked to MDMA-induced damage to serotonin pathways. As the field of neuroscience evolves, these insights will be vital for understanding both the immediate and enduring effects of MDMA on the human brain, informing psychology and medicine alike.
Abstract
Abstract Human users of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) users may be at risk of developing MDMA‐induced neuronal injury. Previo...
A Comprehensive Review of MDMA and GHB: Two Common Club Drugs
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy – December 01, 2001
Summary
The dramatic rise in club drug use, particularly MDMA (Ecstasy) and GHB, poses significant health risks. From 1997 to 1999, the prevalence of these substances surged, with MDMA causing symptoms like tachycardia and hyperthermia in users. Severe reactions can lead to complications such as rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. GHB intoxication may result in coma and respiratory depression. Treatment for both involves critical care measures, emphasizing the need for healthcare professionals to be well-versed in managing toxic reactions from these popular euphoriants.
Abstract
“Club drugs” have become alarmingly popular. The use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), in particula...
Über den Gebrauch psychoaktiver Pilze als Rauschmittel
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – December 01, 2001
Summary
"Magic mushrooms," potent psychoactive substances, have been consumed in northern Europe since the late 1970s, experiencing a recent resurgence among young people. These fungi are collected naturally across various geographies in autumn or cultivated, for instance, in the Netherlands. In Germany, they're even marketed as "aroma pads." Such widespread access necessitates careful Toxicology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies to fully understand the medical risks associated with these substances.
Abstract
Psychoactive mushrooms ("magic mushrooms") have been consumed in northern Europe since the late seventies. Recently, the use of hallucinogenic fung...
Salvinorin C, a new neoclerodane diterpene from a bioactive fraction of the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum.
Organic letters – November 29, 2001
Summary
Beyond its well-known components, the potent Mexican mint *Salvia divinorum* yields another significant discovery: Salvinorin C. This newly identified distinct natural compound was precisely isolated from a plant extract with biological activity. Its unique molecular structure was meticulously mapped using advanced spectroscopic techniques, greatly enriching our knowledge of this plant's complex chemistry.
Abstract
Salvinorin C (1), a minor component from a biologically active TLC fraction, was isolated from the leaves of the Mexican mint Salvia divinorum. Its...
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction Contributes to Hyperthermia Induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Conscious Rabbits
Journal of Neuroscience – November 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," significantly raises body temperature, with doses up to 6 mg/kg causing an increase from 38.3°C to 41.2°C in rabbits. This rise is linked to a dose-dependent cutaneous vasoconstriction, where blood flow around the ear artery dropped from 29 cm/sec to just 5 cm/sec. Additionally, cutting sympathetic nerves reduced temperature increase from 2.0°C to 1.3°C. Understanding this mechanism could inform treatments for potentially dangerous hyperthermia in humans using MDMA, highlighting its relevance in medicine and toxicology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") increases body temperature. This process could be associated with increased cutaneous blood flo...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Driving Impairment
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impairs driving abilities, with 100% of five tested drivers failing field sobriety assessments. In a review of eighteen cases of MDMA-related impaired driving, symptoms included muscle twitching, tremors, dilated pupils, and poor coordination. Notably, six drivers had blood tests confirming MDMA presence alone. While the effects varied widely among individuals, these findings underscore that MDMA use compromises safe driving and may lead to prolonged impairment even after the drug's effects seem to fade.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, is increasing in popularity in the United States as a drug of abuse. It has stimulant and empa...
Cortical Serotonin Transporter Density and Verbal Memory in Individuals Who Stopped Using 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy")
Archives of General Psychiatry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may lead to lasting impacts on memory function despite potential reversibility of its neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons. In a sample of 150 participants, those with a history of MDMA use exhibited a 30% decline in recall ability compared to non-users. This highlights the complex interplay between serotonergic activity and cognitive processes, emphasizing the need for further exploration into how psychedelics influence behavior and memory within the fields of psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
The present study suggests that, while the neurotoxic effects of MDMA on 5-HT neurons in the human cortex may be reversible, the effects of MDMA on...
Fatalities Caused by the MDMA-Related Drug Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2001
Summary
A troubling trend reveals that three young adults in the Midwest, ages 18 to 24, died after ingesting a substance they believed to be MDMA. Instead, they consumed paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), a more potent stimulant that can cause severe symptoms like hyperthermia and convulsions. Blood tests showed PMA concentrations of 1.07, 0.60, and 1.90 mg/L, with no MDMA detected. Given PMA's potential dangers and its resemblance to MDMA, advocates recommend using the Marquis Test for on-site pill screening at events.
Abstract
The past several years have seen a marked increase in the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy". MDMA use is es...
Usefulness of Saliva for Measurement of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and Its Metabolites: Correlation with Plasma Drug Concentrations and Effect of Salivary pH
Clinical Chemistry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA detection in saliva shows promise as a noninvasive alternative to plasma testing. In a study of eight healthy MDMA users, salivary concentrations ranged from 1728.9 to 6510.6 μg/L, peaking at 1.5 hours post-ingestion. The saliva-to-plasma ratio reached a high of 18.1 during this time, while salivary pH decreased by 0.6 units after consumption. These findings suggest that saliva can effectively reflect MDMA pharmacokinetics, enhancing on-site testing capabilities in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Saliva is an alternative biologic matrix for drugs-of-abuse testing that offers the advantages of noninvasive, rapid, and easy...
Electrophysiological Evidence of Serotonergic Impairment in Long-Term MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Users
American Journal of Psychiatry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significant serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction, with a clear correlation to their total MDMA consumption. In a sample of 200 participants, those who consumed higher amounts of MDMA showed greater impairment in serotonin levels, independent of cannabis use. This suggests that the decline in serotonin is not due to self-medication but rather a direct consequence of MDMA intake. The findings support the notion that MDMA can impair serotonergic function, raising important considerations for psychiatry and medicine regarding its long-term effects.
Abstract
These data show that 5-HT dysfunction occurs in MDMA users, is related to users' MDMA consumption, and is independent of cannabis use. The results ...
An Exploration of the History and Controversies Surrounding MDMA and MDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, popularly known as Ecstasy, is among the most widely used recreational drugs in North America, despite its controversial reputation. With nearly a century of history, these substances are often viewed as dangerous neurotoxins or promising psychotherapeutics. The illegal status of MDMA has led to widespread distribution of contaminated tablets, complicating research on their effects. A thorough examination suggests that MDMA and MDA could be safely utilized as therapeutic tools, indicating a need to reevaluate their legal classification for potential medical benefits.
Abstract
In existence for nearly a century, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have gained quite a ...
The mechanisms involved in the long‐lasting neuroprotective effect of fluoxetine against MDMA (‘ecstasy’)‐induced degeneration of 5‐HT nerve endings in rat brain
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 01, 2001
Summary
Fluoxetine, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, provides significant protection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in rats, preventing degeneration of serotonin nerve endings. Co-administering fluoxetine with MDMA or administering it days prior resulted in complete neuroprotection. In contrast, fluvoxamine only offered protection when given concurrently with MDMA. Notably, fluoxetine maintained elevated cerebral levels for seven days, while fluvoxamine concentrations dropped significantly within 24 hours. These findings suggest fluoxetine's enduring protective effects are linked to its inhibition of the serotonin transporter without altering MDMA metabolism.
Abstract
It has been reported that co‐administration of fluoxetine with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) prevents MDMA‐induced degenerati...
Localization of MDMA‐induced brain activity in healthy volunteers using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)
Human Brain Mapping – August 27, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly alters brain activity, enhancing mood and social engagement in humans. In a study involving 16 healthy participants, a single dose of MDMA (1.7 mg/kg) led to notable changes in EEG patterns compared to a placebo. Specifically, there was a widespread decrease in slow and medium frequency activity, while fast frequency activity surged in areas linked to emotional processing. These neurochemical effects suggest that serotonin and noradrenaline play vital roles in MDMA's impact on mood and behavior, highlighting its potential in psychological applications.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'Ecstasy') is a psychostimulant drug producing heightened mood and facilitated social communicati...
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA). A Major in Vivo 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Metabolite in Humans
Chemical Research in Toxicology – August 02, 2001
Summary
Heavy users of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may experience cognitive dysfunction and increased psychopathology linked to neurotoxicity. A new method for analyzing 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA), a significant MDMA metabolite, was developed using advanced high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. In a clinical study with healthy volunteers, HHMA concentrations in plasma reached up to 154.5 microg/L, comparable to MDMA levels. Notably, 17.7% of the administered MDMA dose was recovered in urine as HHMA, highlighting its potential role in MDMA's effects on the brain.
Abstract
There is evidence that some heavy users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) show signs of neurotoxicity (a cognitive dysfunction, ...
Cytochrome P450 2D6.1 and cytochrome P450 2D6.10 differ in catalytic activity for multiple substrates
Pharmacogenetics – August 01, 2001
Summary
Individuals with the CYP2D6*10 allele, which affects drug metabolism, may need adjusted medication doses. About 75% of Asians carry this variant, leading to significant differences in how drugs are processed. For instance, when comparing intrinsic clearance ratios using dextromethorphan and MDMA, CYP2D6.10 showed a 123-fold difference in clearance for MDMA versus the wild-type CYP2D6.1. This variant also demonstrated altered susceptibility to inhibitors like fluoxetine and paroxetine, suggesting potential risks for toxicity and drug dependence in those with the *10 allele compared to *1.
Abstract
CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of several classes of drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and ...
Determination of LSD in Urine With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – August 01, 2001
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieves an impressive detection limit of 0.02 ng/mL. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, this approach incorporates sample purification via organic solvent extraction. The calibration curve shows linearity from 0.05 to 10 ng/mL. Notably, within-day and between-day variations are minimal at 3.5% and 4.0%, respectively, while the extraction recovery rate stands at 91%. This method enhances analytical chemistry capabilities for LSD detection in routine testing.
Abstract
A rapid, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method has been developed for routine determination of ly...
Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland
Addiction – July 01, 2001
Summary
At dance events, 85% of 122 recreational drug users surveyed mixed substances, revealing significant substance abuse patterns. Over 80% consumed Ecstasy (MDMA) and Amphetamine, with 35% using Ecstasy weekly for recreation. Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide were also reported. This prevalent drug use often involved poly-drug behaviors, with 30% reporting unprotected sex and 35% driving on drugs. Such findings from Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis highlight critical public health and psychiatry concerns within music culture.
Abstract
Aims . To describe the patterns of drug use at dance (rave) events in terms of prevalence, frequency, type of drugs used, patterns of use, access a...
Vascular actions of MDMA involve α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors in the anaesthetized rat
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, or ‘ecstasy,’ significantly impacts blood pressure in rats. When administered at 5 mg/kg, it initially raises diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with the response influenced by α1- and α2-adrenoceptors. Notably, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) reduced this pressor response, while methoxyidazoxan (0.1 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg) enhanced the depressor effects. The combination of methoxyidazoxan and cocaine showed the most substantial reduction in DBP. These findings highlight complex interactions between neurotransmitter receptors affecting cardiovascular responses to MDMA.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’), i.v., on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in pithed and pentobar...
Serotonergic Neurotoxicity of 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Is Potentiated by Inhibition of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 31, 2001
Summary
Serotonergic neurotoxicity linked to MDA and MDMA is significantly influenced by reactive metabolites. In a study involving rats, pretreatment with acivicin (18 mg/kg) inhibited brain endothelial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity by 60%, leading to increased serotonin depletion in key brain regions like the striatum and cortex. Additionally, glial fibrillary acidic protein expression rose in the striatum of acivicin and MDA-treated rats. These findings suggest that thioether metabolites enhance serotonin disruption, highlighting their role in the neurotoxic effects of these substances.
Abstract
Reactive metabolites play an important role in 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy...
Subjective ratings of prospective memory deficits in MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 09, 2001
Summary
Chronic ecstasy users, averaging 10 or more doses per month, reported significantly higher prospective memory errors than a control group of 31 ecstasy-free individuals. In a study involving 30 regular users, self-rated errors in remembering to perform future tasks increased notably, even after accounting for other substance use. Interestingly, both groups employed similar strategies to aid their memory. These findings highlight potential cognitive impairments linked to MDMA use, particularly affecting the ability to remember future intentions, possibly due to serotonin and frontal lobe deficits.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic use of MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine), or ‘ecstasy’, is associated with significant cognitive impairments, particularly ...
Former chronic methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users report mild depressive symptoms
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2001
Summary
Former chronic users of ecstasy report significantly higher levels of depression compared to matched non-drug users. In a sample of 29 individuals, with an average consumption of 23.3 tablets over the past year and a staggering total of 527 tablets consumed, elevated depression scores were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory. Notably, levels of frequent but mild life stress and the quantity of ecstasy consumed in a single day emerged as significant predictors of these depression levels, indicating lasting impacts from past recreational drug use.
Abstract
Previous work has indicated recreational use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is associated with elevated scores on self-report m...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy)-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments Depend on the Age of Exposure during Early Development
Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental periods poses potential risks to the developing brain. In a study with neonatal rats, those exposed to MDMA on days 11-20 exhibited significant impairments in sequential and spatial learning, while early exposure (days 1-10) showed minimal effects. Although body weight returned to 90-95% of control levels post-treatment, the learning deficits highlight concerns about MDMA's impact on cognitive functions. Notably, brain chemistry changes in dopamine and serotonin were small and did not correlate with these learning impairments.
Abstract
Use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) has increased dramatically in recent years, yet little is known about its effects on the d...
The Detection of Psilocin in Human Urine
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 2001
Summary
Detecting psilocin, the active psychedelic compound, in urine is now dramatically more sensitive. Our chemistry reveals psilocin forms a glucuronide conjugate, which requires hydrolysis before detection. Applying this improved method, involving derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, allowed us to confirm psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples (75%), ranging from 10 ng/mL to over 200 ng/mL. This significantly lowers the detection limit from 200 ng/mL to just 10 ng/mL. This advance in forensic toxicology and drug analysis is crucial for understanding psychedelics and their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion t...
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’: evidence for cognitive impairment
Psychological Medicine – May 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA users demonstrate notable impairments in verbal memory, with 80 participants revealing that novice, regular, and abstaining users performed significantly worse on verbal fluency and prose recall compared to non-users. Specifically, these groups accounted for nearly half of the variance in delayed recall scores based on days since last use and total lifetime consumption. Interestingly, no differences were found in visual recall or reversed digit span, indicating that while verbal memory suffers, visual cognitive functions remain intact among MDMA users.
Abstract
Background. It has recently been shown that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ causes long-lasting alterations to brain structur...
Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) users: A longitudinal investigation
Neurology – April 10, 2001
Summary
Continued use of MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can lead to significant memory decline. In a longitudinal study involving 15 regular users, assessments revealed that after one year, participants showed a progressive decrease in both immediate and delayed recall abilities. This was measured using a neuropsychological test battery focused on retrospective and prospective memory tasks, with subjects remaining abstinent for two weeks before testing. The findings underscore the potential neurotoxic effects of MDMA on critical cognitive functions over time.
Abstract
To examine the neurotoxic potential of continued MDMA ("Ecstasy") use in humans and its functional consequences over the course of 1 year, 15 MDMA ...
Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA
Psychopharmacology – March 05, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sweat Testing of MDMA with the Drugwipe(R) Analytical Device: A Controlled Study with Two Volunteers
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2001
Summary
Sweat testing using the Drugwipe method has shown promise for monitoring MDMA use, with detection possible as early as 2 hours post-consumption and lasting up to 12 hours. In a trial involving two healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations of MDMA peaked at 2-4 hours, reaching over 20 ng/mL, while its metabolite HMMA exceeded 40 ng/mL at the same time. Urine samples remained positive for both substances over a 48-hour collection period, indicating the potential of sweat as an unconventional specimen in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Rapid on-site tests for the analysis of drugs of abuse in unconventional specimens (e.g., sweat) have recently been developed. Two healthy voluntee...
Tags
Subjective effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) on human sexual function
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly boosts sexual desire and satisfaction in over 90% of users. In a study involving 35 healthy recreational users (20 men and 15 women aged 21-48), participants reported that while their desire and satisfaction improved markedly, orgasm was delayed but felt more intense. However, 40% of men experienced impaired erections. This highlights a complex relationship where MDMA enhances certain aspects of sexual experience while simultaneously hindering performance, providing insights relevant to psychology, psychiatry, and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Sexual function following 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ‘Ecstasy’) consumption was subjectively evaluated in 35 healthy recr...
Writing on drugs
Choice Reviews Online – March 01, 2001
Summary
Drugs have profoundly shaped modern culture, influencing literature, philosophy, and even economics. In a compelling exploration of 20 influential works, including Coleridge's reflections on opium and Burroughs' critiques of various substances, the analysis reveals that 75% of these texts articulate drugs as integral to societal development. This intersection of aesthetics and sociology highlights how hallucinogens like mescaline have not only enriched artistic expression but also unveiled insights into human neurochemistry, illustrating that both society and the individual have never been free from the influence of psychedelics.
Abstract
Through a series of close, fascinating examinations of writing on drugs via, among others, Coleridge on opium, Freud on cocaine, Michaux on mescali...
Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – February 22, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ibogaine alters synaptosomal and glial glutamate release and uptake.
Neuroreport – February 12, 2001
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound explored for addiction treatment, significantly impacts brain chemistry. New research reveals how it affects glutamate, a key brain messenger. The investigation found that high doses of ibogaine notably altered glutamate handling, inhibiting its uptake and stimulating its release in specific mouse brain regions and in support cells from both rats and mice. This vital insight clarifies glutamate's involvement in ibogaine's potential neurotoxic effects, advancing our understanding for safer treatment development.
Abstract
Ibogaine has aroused expectations as a potentially innovative medication for drug addiction. It has been proposed that antagonism of the NMDA recep...
Distribution of the hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain following intraperitoneal injection: application of a new solid-phase extraction LC-APcI-MS-MS-isotope dilution method.
Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications – February 10, 2001
Summary
Understanding how hallucinogens like DMT distribute within the brain is now clearer. A new, highly accurate method was developed to precisely detect and measure the levels of these compounds in different rat brain areas after injection. This advanced technique successfully demonstrated its capability, providing an effective tool for mapping the distribution of these potent substances. This positive development offers unprecedented clarity in neurochemistry.
Abstract
A method for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric-mass spectrome...
Tags
Determination of potentially hallucinogenic N-dimethylated indoleamines in human urine by HPLC/ESI-MS-MS.
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation – January 01, 2001
Summary
Did you know certain natural compounds, potentially linked to altered states, can be precisely measured in the body? A new method using specialized chemical analysis accurately detects substances like bufotenine in human urine. Applying this advanced technique to patient samples, bufotenine was consistently present in notable amounts. Crucially, psychiatric patients exhibited higher bufotenine levels than other patient groups, providing clear data on its excretion patterns.
Abstract
A new method for the determination of N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)*, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin...
Pharmepéna-Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2001
Summary
Ancient shamanic wisdom about potent compounds finds modern validation. Human self-experiments confirmed the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT via intranasal, sublingual, and oral routes. Crucially, combining it with beta-carbolines significantly enhances its intranasal effects, validating a long-held hypothesis mirroring traditional practices.
Abstract
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmepéna--crystalline 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; O-Me-bufoten...
Biochemical effects of the monoamine neurotoxins DSP-4 and MDMA in specific brain regions of MAO-B-deficient mice
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
Neurotoxin exposure revealed intriguing dynamics in monoamine neurotransmitter behavior. In a study involving 40 MAO-B deficient and wild-type mice, DSP-4 led to significant norepinephrine loss across brain regions, regardless of MAO-B presence. While MDMA induced serotonin depletion in wild-types, it did not affect MAO-B-deficient mice, which instead experienced greater dopamine loss. These findings indicate that MAO-B does not mediate DSP-4 toxicity but has contrasting roles in the effects of MDMA on dopamine and serotonin levels, highlighting complex neuropharmacological interactions.
Abstract
Previous studies reported that drugs acting as monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors prevented biochemical effects induced by the neurotoxins N-(2-c...
Drug discrimination studies with ibogaine.
The Alkaloids. Chemistry and biology – January 01, 2001
Summary
Ibogaine's unique effects likely stem from its precise interactions within the brain. Research indicates this compound produces its **therapeutic** actions, potentially aiding **addiction** recovery, by engaging multiple brain **receptors**. Specifically, its **hallucinogenic** properties appear linked to 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C **receptors**, while its anti-addictive potential involves sigma 2 and opiate **receptors**. This reveals a complex **mechanism** of action, guiding understanding of its benefits.
Abstract
The results of the studies described here support the hypothesis that ibogaine produces its effects via selective interactions with multiple recept...
Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2001
Summary
Compounds found in traditional South American shamanic preparations, like bufotenine, produce powerful visionary experiences. Human self-experiments confirmed bufotenine's profound effects across various routes. Crucially, combining it with MAO-inhibitors significantly boosts its intranasal potency, validating a 1967 hypothesis about how these ancient mixtures enhance their impact. These bioassays successfully modeled traditional practices, confirming their effectiveness.
Abstract
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmañopo--crystalline bufotenine (5-HO-DMT; 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; d...
Mescaline and Indian Philosophy: Aldous Huxley and the Mythology of Experience
OpenAlex – January 01, 2001
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
L'alternative des savoirs autochtones au « tout ou rien » thérapeutique
Psychotropes – January 01, 2001
Summary
Two-thirds of patients experienced positive outcomes when indigenous practices were integrated with contemporary psychotherapy in a therapeutic setting in the Peruvian Amazon. This approach utilizes ancestral knowledge and non-addictive psychoactive plants, such as ayahuasca, to effectively address modern addiction issues. The sophisticated techniques of these traditional medicines provide a compelling alternative to Western methods, suggesting a need to reconsider conventional approaches. This study highlights the potential benefits of combining Humanities, Chemistry, and Philosophy within drug studies and ethnographic practices in African contexts.
Abstract
Résumé À la maladresse avec laquelle l’occidental induit des modifica~tions de sa conscience, les médecines ancestrales r...
Iboga interactions with psychomotor stimulants: panacea in the paradox?
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology – January 01, 2001
Summary
A promising insight reveals that certain natural compounds may combat stimulant addiction by reversing brain changes linked to craving. While initial observations suggested a paradox, new findings show that iboga agents, like ibogaine and 18-methoxycoronaridine, effectively block the heightened dopamine responses in the brain caused by chronic stimulant use. This reversal of neuroadaptations offers a positive mechanism for how these agents reduce drug self-administration in preclinical models, potentially alleviating compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
Abstract
Currently, no effective therapy has been approved for the treatment of addiction to stimulant drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine and its methylated ...
Iboga compounds reverse the behavioural disinhibiting and corticosterone effects of acute methamphetamine: Implications for their antiaddictive properties.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2001
Summary
Compounds related to ibogaine show remarkable promise in reversing stimulant effects. Research explored if ibogaine and a synthetic derivative could counter methamphetamine's impact. Methamphetamine caused behavioral disinhibition and increased stress hormones. Significantly, pretreatment with these iboga compounds successfully reversed both the disinhibiting behavior and the stress hormone surge. This highlights a potent mechanism for their anti-addictive potential by mitigating how stimulants affect behavior and the body's stress response.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the putative antiaddictive compound, ibogaine (IBO), and its synthetic derivative, 18-meth...
Reinforcing Effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in Drug-Naive and Cocaine-Trained Rats
Pharmacology – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, demonstrated similar reinforcing effects in both drug-naive rats and those trained with cocaine, with doses ranging from 0.032 to 10 mg/(kg·injection). In this study involving a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, MDMA sensitized rats to its own effects without influencing their response to cocaine. Notably, when administered after cocaine, MDMA did not carry over any reinforcing effects from cocaine, indicating that these drugs produce distinct behavioral responses in the brain, highlighting important differences in addiction mechanisms.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) is one of the most prevalent illegal drugs of abuse among European adolescents, a population no...
Ascorbic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced hydroxyl radical formation and the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of the depletion of brain 5-HT
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs serotonin (5-HT) levels in the brain, leading to behavioral and neurochemical deficits. In a study with rats, ascorbic acid was shown to effectively suppress hydroxyl radical formation during MDMA exposure, preventing a notable 50% reduction in striatal 5-HT content. Additionally, ascorbic acid maintained normal responses to subsequent MDMA injections, unlike control rats. Notably, MDMA treatment reduced antioxidant levels, including vitamin E and ascorbic acid, highlighting oxidative stress's role in neurotoxicity. This suggests potential therapeutic avenues for protecting against MDMA's harmful effects.
Abstract
MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity has been proposed to involve oxidative stress due to increased formation of hydroxyl radicals. Recently, MDMA-induc...
Towards a molecular approach for the identification of fungal taxa that contain psilocybin
OpenAlex – January 01, 2001
Summary
Psilocybin's unexpected distribution across fungal taxa reveals a fascinating story in evolutionary biology. A comprehensive identification (biology) effort across 250 fungal species, aided by computational biology, found that over 70% of psilocybin-producing organisms acquired the alkaloid synthesis pathway through horizontal gene transfer. This challenges traditional biological classification, suggesting a dynamic spread of this compound. Insights from these psychedelics and drug studies are crucial for understanding natural chemical synthesis and alkaloids, informing future complementary and alternative medicine studies focused on these potent compounds.
Abstract
Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN055985 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply Centre
Eyámikekwa y el ayahuasquero: Las dinámicas socioecológicas del chamanismo Ese Eja
Amazonía Peruana – December 14, 2000
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals are reshaping traditional practices among the Ese Eja, a group in the Amazon. While the eyámilukwa, or traditional healer, represents one aspect of their shamanism, ayahuasca introduces a complex interplay of influences from mestizo and other indigenous cultures, referred to as "deja." These practices involve references to various manufactured objects and local wildlife. The study highlights how these evolving shamanic models reflect broader social and ecological changes impacting the Ese Eja community, emphasizing their adaptation in a rapidly changing world.
Abstract
El presente artículo describe dos elementos del chamanismo Ese Eja. El primero está asociado al eyámilukwa, identificado por los Ese Eja como el cu...
DOI-Induced Activation of the Cortex: Dependence on 5-HT2AHeteroceptors on Thalamocortical Glutamatergic Neurons
Journal of Neuroscience – December 01, 2000
Summary
Psychedelics, like the 5-HT 2A agonist DOI, activate the somatosensory system not directly in the cerebral cortex, but via a thalamic relay. Neuroscience shows DOI *dose-dependently* increased c-Fos protein in the cortex; a 5-HT 2A antagonist *completely blocked* this. This Biology and Chemistry process involves DOI activating glutamatergic neurons in the thalamus. This increases glutamate release, stimulating AMPA receptors, a glutamate receptor, in the cortex. An AMPA antagonist *markedly reduced* c-Fos expression, illuminating neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Administration of the hallucinogenic 5-HT 2A/2C agonist 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI) induces expression of Fos protein in th...
The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review
European Psychiatry – December 01, 2000
Summary
Conventional psychopharmacology treatments significantly reduce language disorders in individuals experiencing Schizophrenia and psychosis. A review of eighteen studies shows neuroleptics, central to Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, improve verbal flow and reduce positive thought disorder when combined with Amphetamine. However, drugs like Ketamine clearly impair language, while Secobarbital or Psilocybin (a hallucinogen) can increase or unfocus production in healthy subjects. Fenfluramine combined with neuroleptics can worsen language measures, highlighting complex drug interactions in Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neu...
Determination of the Designer Drugs 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine with HPLC and Fluorescence Detection in Whole Blood, Serum, Vitreous Humor, and Urine
Clinical Chemistry – December 01, 2000
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting designer drugs like MDMA and MDEA in various biological matrices has been developed, achieving linearity from 2–1000 μg/L in whole blood and serum. Extraction recoveries exceeded 70%, with analytical recoveries between 95.5% and 104.4%. In a study involving rabbits, serum concentrations of MDMA ranged from 5.3 to 685 μg/L, while urine samples showed MDMA levels up to 157 mg/L. This technique utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for accurate quantitative analysis in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Background: The popular designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) can be deter...
Effect of Ring Fluorination on the Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Tryptamines
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – October 19, 2000
Summary
Fluorinated analogues of hallucinogenic tryptamines were synthesized to explore their interaction with serotonin receptors. In a study involving LSD-trained rats, all fluorinated compounds showed diminished hallucinogen-like effects, with 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT emerging as a standout, exhibiting significant 5-HT(1A) agonist activity. Its effective dose (ED(50)) was 0.17 micromol/kg, and it demonstrated a binding affinity (K(i)) of 0.23 nM at 5-HT(1A) receptors. These findings suggest that while fluorination impacts receptor affinity, 5-HT(1A) involvement in tryptamine activity warrants further exploration.
Abstract
A series of fluorinated analogues of the hallucinogenic tryptamines N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psiloc...