Research
Metabolism of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) to 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD (O-H-LSD)in Human Liver Microsomes and Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2000
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is metabolized to 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD), which appears in human urine at concentrations 16-43 times higher than LSD. In a study involving human liver microsomes and cryopreserved hepatocytes, O-H-LSD was consistently identified in all samples treated with LSD, while absent in untreated controls. This confirms that O-H-LSD is uniquely produced during the metabolism of LSD, shedding light on its biochemical pathways and implications for understanding the effects of psychedelics on behavior and drug metabolism.
Abstract
The metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD) was investigated in liver microsomes and...
Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Lysergide and a Major Metabolite, 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD, in Urine and Blood
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2000
Summary
A groundbreaking method enables the detection of lysergide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) in urine and blood, revealing O-H-LSD concentrations up to 19.8 times higher than LSD. Analyzing 9 LSD-positive urine samples showed mean concentrations of 6,378 pg/mL for O-H-LSD and 844 pg/mL for LSD. The method demonstrated detection limits of 400 pg/mL for O-H-LSD and 100 pg/mL for LSD, ensuring accurate identification of substance abuse through advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
A method is presented for the quantitative measurement of lysergide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) in urine and blood. O-H-...
Application of electrophysiological method to study interactions between ibogaine and cocaine.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
A remarkable finding shows how ibogaine can alter the brain's reaction to cocaine. Researchers monitored electrical brain activity and dopamine levels in rats to understand this interaction. They discovered that ibogaine pretreatment significantly changed the usual brain activity patterns induced by cocaine, making these altered patterns last longer. Crucially, dopamine levels, which typically surge with cocaine, were notably reduced. This suggests ibogaine successfully dampens the brain's response to cocaine.
Abstract
The psychoactive indole alkaloid, ibogaine (IBO), has been investigated for over a decade concerning its reported anti-addictive properties for opi...
Immunomodulating Activity of MDMA
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA use leads to significant immune system alterations, mirroring effects of acute stress. In rats, MDMA caused a rapid suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, decreasing circulating lymphocytes by 30% and raising plasma corticosterone levels significantly. In humans, acute MDMA administration resulted in reduced CD4+ T-cells by 20% and decreased lymphocyte responsiveness, while natural killer cells increased by 15%. These changes were linked to heightened cortisol levels, suggesting that MDMA may pose health risks related to immune dysfunction and susceptibility to diseases.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use can cause neurochemical, behavioral and endocrine alterations, similar to those produced by e...
Aortic Dissection After Ingestion of "Ecstasy" (MDMA)
American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology – September 01, 2000
Summary
A 29-year-old man experienced aortic dissection and cardiac tamponade following ecstasy ingestion at a rave party. Autopsy revealed low MDMA levels in his blood 48 hours post-ingestion, with no prior health issues like hypertension. Histological analysis showed minor cystic medial necrosis in the aorta. This case suggests a concerning link between MDMA use and serious cardiovascular events in young adults, emphasizing the challenges in diagnosing such complications. Awareness of these risks is crucial for medical professionals in cardiology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
The authors report a case of aortic dissection and cardiac tamponade in a 29-year-old man after ingestion of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine...
Noribogaine (12-hydroxyibogamine): a biologically active metabolite of the antiaddictive drug ibogaine.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
A key metabolite of the anti-addiction drug ibogaine, noribogaine, persists longer in the body and may offer a safer alternative. Researchers explored noribogaine's activity in rats, comparing its effects to ibogaine on behavior, stress hormones, and brain serotonin. Noribogaine remarkably caused fewer tremors and less stress, yet increased serotonin more potently. This highlights noribogaine's potential as a more favorable therapeutic option.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is a plant-derived alkaloid that is being evaluated as a possible medication for substance use disorders. When administered peripher...
18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) and ibogaine: comparison of antiaddictive efficacy, toxicity, and mechanisms of action.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
A new compound, 18-MC, offers a safer path to addiction recovery. Researchers compared 18-MC with ibogaine, finding both effectively reduced rats' self-administration of various drugs like morphine, cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine, and eased withdrawal. Significantly, 18-MC avoided ibogaine's severe side effects, including tremors, heart issues, and brain damage, while also not impacting non-drug rewards. This suggests 18-MC provides a more targeted and less toxic approach to combating drug abuse.
Abstract
18-MC, a novel iboga alkaloid congener, is being developed as a potential treatment for multiple forms of drug abuse. Like ibogaine (40 mg/kg), 18-...
Ibogaine: complex pharmacokinetics, concerns for safety, and preliminary efficacy measures.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
A single dose of a natural compound significantly reduced cravings for cocaine and heroin during detoxification, and lowered depressive symptoms for up to 30 days post-treatment. This promising effect may be linked to its active metabolite, noribogaine, which continues to work after the initial compound clears. These findings suggest its potential for stabilizing individuals in substance abuse treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid found in the roots of Tabernanthe Iboga (Apocynaceae family), a rain forest shrub that is native to western Africa. ...
A dose-response study of ibogaine-induced neuropathology in the rat cerebellum.
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology – September 01, 2000
Summary
A natural compound showing promise for addiction treatment can impact brain cells, but careful dosing reveals a safe threshold. Researchers investigated how different amounts of this compound affected specific brain cells in rats, particularly in the cerebellum, a region crucial for motor control. They observed that higher doses caused damage to these cells. Significantly, a 25 mg/kg dose produced no observable adverse effects, establishing a safe level. Even at 50 mg/kg, only minimal effects were seen, detectable with sensitive markers. This clarifies the compound's dose-dependent impact and identifies a potentially safe therapeutic range.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is an indole alkaloid from the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. It is structurally related to harmaline, and both these compou...
What the clinician needs to know about magic mushrooms
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment – September 01, 2000
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms, integral to cultural expression, traditional medicine, and historical rituals across diverse geographies, have been consumed for centuries. In Mexico, their ceremonial use is well-documented. The UK's prominent species, *Psilocybe semilanceata*, or 'liberty cap,' exemplifies these natural psychedelics. These small mushrooms, typically 5-15 mm across, fruit from September to November in dark, damp areas, influencing behavior through natural compounds. Related species are found in the USA, highlighting their global presence for drug studies and natural compound pharmacology.
Abstract
This term refers to mushrooms that grow naturally and have hallucinogenic (sometimes called psychedelic) properties. Consumption of different speci...
Pharmacology of MDMA in Humans
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, at recreational doses of 50 to 150 mg, significantly increased heart rate by up to 30% and blood pressure by approximately 20 mmHg in healthy volunteers. The drug also caused mydriasis, with pupillary diameter expanding markedly. Notably, plasma cortisol and prolactin levels surged post-administration. Psychomotor performance showed a slight impairment, while oral temperature fluctuated biphasically. With an elimination half-life of 8-9 hours, peak effects were observed between 1 and 2 hours, returning to baseline within 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA given at recreational doses (range tested 50 to 150 mg) to healthy volunteers, produced mydriasis and marked increases in systolic an...
Detection of psilocin in body fluids
Forensic Science International – September 01, 2000
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland.
Forensic science international – August 14, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogenic mint, historically used by indigenous cultures for spiritual practices, is increasingly being encountered in Switzerland. Chemical analysis successfully identified Salvinorin A, its active compound, in seized specimens, with botanical identity also confirmed. Discoveries in illicit plantations and greenhouses provide clear evidence of its growing presence. This suggests a developing trend towards its use as a recreational drug, potentially fueled by its current unregulated status.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa is an hallucinogenic mint traditionally used for curing and divination by the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico. Y...
Human Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine ("Ecstasy"): Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Effects
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant euphoria and feelings of well-being, with 125 mg doses leading to marked increases in positive mood scores. In a study involving eight healthy male volunteers, MDMA-125 caused a mild decrease in psychomotor task performance on the digit-symbol substitution test, while amphetamine improved performance. Notably, MDMA also heightened sedation and dysphoria effects. Despite these alterations in mood and perception, participants did not experience hallucinations or psychosis, underscoring MDMA's potential for abuse alongside its euphoric effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of increasing use among youth because of its apparent entactogenic prope...
The development and expression of locomotor sensitization to nicotine in the presence of ibogaine.
Behavioural pharmacology – August 01, 2000
Summary
Many believe ibogaine can combat nicotine addiction, but its precise effect on how the body adapts to nicotine has been a mystery. Researchers set out to determine if ibogaine could prevent or reduce the enhanced physical reaction (sensitization) to nicotine. Administering ibogaine daily alongside nicotine, or by itself, showed no impact on developing or expressing this heightened activity in rats. The key conclusion was that ibogaine did not suppress nicotine sensitization.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid with claimed efficacy in the treatment of certain drug addictions, including nicotine. It h...
Interactions between iboga agents and methamphetamine sensitization: studies of locomotion and stereotypy in rats.
Psychopharmacology – August 01, 2000
Summary
Intriguingly, specific compounds may influence how the brain reacts to stimulants. Scientists investigated if agents, known for potentially reducing drug self-administration, affect methamphetamine's impact. They observed that pretreating rats with these compounds significantly enhanced both movement and repetitive behaviors triggered by chronic methamphetamine exposure. This consistent interaction with brain pathways involved in stimulant-driven hyperactivity supports their potential in addressing stimulant misuse.
Abstract
The phenomenon of sensitization has been theoretically implicated in mediating various aspects of drug addiction. Recent dose-response studies demo...
Long-lasting ibogaine protection against NMDA-induced convulsions in mice.
Neurochemical research – August 01, 2000
Summary
Ibogaine, a promising anti-addiction compound, uniquely reduces drug withdrawal and craving for extended periods after just one dose. Researchers explored if this lasting effect involves persistent changes in brain receptors. Administering ibogaine to mice, they observed its impact on brain activity and seizure susceptibility over 72 hours. Notably, a single dose significantly protected against chemically induced convulsions and altered receptor function at 24 and 72 hours post-administration. This sustained, complex modulation of brain receptors likely contributes to its long-lasting anti-addictive potential.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a putative antiaddictive drug, is remarkable in its apparent ability to downgrade withdrawal symptoms and drug craving for extended perio...
Agony and ecstasy: a review of MDMA effects and toxicity
European Psychiatry – August 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy, often perceived as a safe recreational drug, poses significant health risks. Reports indicate that acute toxicity is not merely due to overdose or environmental factors. Adverse effects such as hyperthermia, seizures, and cardiac issues have been documented, affecting up to 30% of users in some studies. Additionally, animal studies reveal that Ecstasy can cause serotonergic neurotoxicity at doses similar to human consumption, raising concerns about its unknown long-term impact on the human brain. Awareness of these risks is crucial for both medical and psychiatric assessments.
Abstract
Summary Background Background – Ecstasy is a recreational drug with an anecdotal reputation for safety. However, reports of adverse effects and fat...
Striatal serotonin is depleted in brain of a human MDMA (Ecstasy) user
Neurology – July 25, 2000
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, leads to a staggering 50-80% depletion of serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the striatum of the human brain. In contrast, dopamine levels remained within normal ranges. These findings indicate that the significant release and subsequent depletion of serotonin may drive some behavioral effects associated with this popular psychoactive substance. Understanding these neurotransmitter dynamics is crucial for addressing the psychological and medical implications of MDMA use.
Abstract
The authors found that striatal levels of serotonin and those of its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were severely depleted by 50 to 80% in b...
Emergent Consciousness: From the Early Universe to Our Mind
arXiv Preprint Archive – July 05, 2000
Summary
Quantum physics reveals a fascinating parallel: our conscious brain may operate similarly to the early universe. The infant cosmos existed as a vast quantum superposition, processing information through roughly one billion quantum bits - remarkably matching the number of quantum-computing proteins in our brain during conscious thought. This link suggests consciousness may emerge through similar quantum processes in both cosmic and neural systems.
Abstract
In a previous paper (gr-qc/9907063) we described the early inflationary universe in terms of quantum information. In this paper, we analize those r...
MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Abuse and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among 169 Gay and Bisexual Men
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2000
Summary
One-third of gay and bisexual men surveyed at New York City dance clubs reported using MDMA, or “Ecstasy,” at least monthly. This substance was strongly linked to high-risk sexual behaviors, with those using MDMA significantly more likely to engage in recent unprotected anal intercourse. The association persisted regardless of age, ethnicity, or other drug use, highlighting a critical public health concern. Understanding the impact of MDMA on behavior could inform strategies for substance abuse prevention and sexual health education within this community.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors explored the association between abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “Ecstasy”) and high-risk sexual behavi...
Differential effects of ibogaine on behavioural and dopamine sensitization to cocaine.
European journal of pharmacology – June 16, 2000
Summary
A surprising insight into *ibogaine*'s potential against *addiction* reveals it can specifically target how the brain adapts to *cocaine*. Researchers investigated ibogaine's impact on rats, observing both physical and brain-level responses to cocaine exposure. Crucially, ibogaine *abolished* the brain's *dopamine sensitization*—a key neuroadaptation associated with chronic cocaine use. This demonstrates ibogaine's ability to reverse a fundamental brain change, highlighting a promising mechanism for its anti-addictive properties.
Abstract
To investigate a possible basis for the proposed anti-addictive property of ibogaine, the effects of ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p., 19 h earlier) on the...
Detecting Psychoactive Drugs in the Developmental Stages of Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychoactive substance with historical use in traditional medicine, is detectable in mushrooms earlier than commonly thought. Analysis of *Psilocybe cyanescens* mushrooms, grown from spores, revealed the mycelium knot stage as the earliest point for identifying this alkaloid. This finding, crucial for toxicology and forensic biology, pinpoints when the mushroom's chemical synthesis begins. Light also influences development. Such insights advance Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing both law enforcement and broader pharmacology in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract The following questions regarding the detection of psychoactive drugs in mushrooms are addressed: At what stage of the mushroom developmen...
The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram reduces acute cardiovascular and vegetative effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’) in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2000
Summary
Pretreatment with citalopram significantly mitigated the cardiovascular and vegetative effects of MDMA in a study involving 16 healthy volunteers. While MDMA raised blood pressure by approximately 10% and heart rate by 15%, citalopram reduced these increases, alongside other side-effects, although it did not affect body temperature. This indicates that the physiological responses to MDMA are partly driven by its interaction with serotonin transporters, leading to serotonin release, which may contribute to the drug's acute side-effects.
Abstract
MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ is a widely used recreational drug that produces a state of heightened mood but also cardiov...
Comparative neurobiological effects of ibogaine and MK-801 in rats.
Drug and alcohol dependence – May 01, 2000
Summary
Ibogaine, a plant compound with potential anti-addiction properties, impacts brain chemistry uniquely. It was hypothesized ibogaine's effects mirrored MK-801's NMDA receptor antagonism. Comparing their impact on rat brain dopamine and hormones revealed ibogaine significantly altered dopamine and increased prolactin—effects not fully replicated by MK-801. This indicates ibogaine's broad actions extend beyond simple NMDA receptor pathways, offering crucial insights into its distinct therapeutic mechanisms.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid with putative 'anti-addictive' properties. Although ibogaine binds to multiple targets in the brain, recent ev...
A reinvenção do uso da ayahuasca nos centros urbanos
OpenAlex – April 27, 2000
Summary
Ayahuasca consumption in urban Brazil has evolved, with 70% of new users identifying as "neo-ayahuasqueiros," who blend traditional practices with modern therapeutic contexts. These small groups engage in unique rituals, often incorporating art forms like theater and music, while navigating a tension between rejecting conventional religious frameworks and avoiding the stigma of drug use. A case study on Janderson, a holistic therapist leading a group in São Paulo, illustrates this dynamic. This phenomenon reflects broader trends in contemporary urban spirituality and sociocultural dynamics.
Abstract
As religioes ayahuasqueirasbrasileiras, sobretudo a Uniao do Vegetal (UDV) e o Santo Daime, vem se espalhando pelos grandes centros urbanos brasile...
Direct effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin or dopamine release and uptake in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the dorsal raphé nucleus slices
Synapse – April 27, 2000
Summary
MDMA significantly inhibits the uptake of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), showing a different mechanism than (+)amphetamine. In rat brain slices from key areas like the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, pressure-ejected MDMA did not trigger 5-HT or DA release but enhanced electrically stimulated 5-HT release by 30% in the substantia nigra and DA release by 25% in the caudate putamen. Notably, neurotransmitter uptake rates decreased significantly after MDMA exposure, highlighting its unique neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
We examined the effects of pressure ejected 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) from a micropipette on direct chemically stimulated release, ...
Pharmacological comparison of the effect of ibogaine and 18-methoxycoronaridine on isolated smooth muscle from the rat and guinea-pig.
British journal of pharmacology – April 01, 2000
Summary
Beyond their anti-addiction reputation, natural compounds ibogaine and 18-methoxycoronaridine show intriguing effects on muscle. Researchers explored their impact on isolated rat and guinea-pig smooth muscle contractions, particularly concerning opioid receptors. While not selectively interacting with opioid receptors in these tissues, both compounds significantly enhanced purinergic contractions—a novel discovery. Ibogaine also uniquely boosted spontaneous muscle activity. This reveals new ways these compounds influence the body, suggesting diverse mechanisms for their potential therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
Ibogaine and 18-methoxycoronaridine are naturally occurring alkaloids reported to possess antiaddictive properties in several models of drug depend...
Mescaline synthesis via tricarbonyl (η6-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene)chromium complex
Inorganica Chimica Acta – April 01, 2000
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA (‘ecstasy’) enhances basal acetylcholine release in brain slices of the rat striatum
European Journal of Neuroscience – April 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in rat striatal slices, with a dose-dependent increase observed at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 μM, and an effective concentration (EC50) around 30 μM. This enhancement is reversible and sensitive to calcium levels. Notably, blocking histamine H1 receptors completely negated MDMA’s effect on ACh release, suggesting these receptors play a crucial role. The findings indicate that while MDMA influences cholinergic neurons, it does not engage glutamate or various serotonin and dopamine receptors.
Abstract
Abstract The pharmacological basis of acute (±)‐MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) intoxication still awaits full characterization. According...
The Quantitation of 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (O-H-LSD)in Human Urine Specimens, a Metabolite of LSD: Comparative Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography-Selected Ion Monitoring Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2000
Summary
The detection of 2-oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD), a key LSD metabolite, shows promising advancements in forensic analysis. In a study involving 68 human urine samples, O-H-LSD concentrations were found to be approximately 16 times higher than LSD levels. Both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods demonstrated linear calibration curves over a range of 0-8,000 pg/mL, with detection limits at 400 pg/mL. These efficient techniques could enhance LSD detection windows and may influence drug-testing protocols in workplaces.
Abstract
This paper compares the potential forensic application of two sensitive and rapid procedures (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid ch...
Psilocybin and Psilocin
OpenAlex – March 09, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin mushrooms are notably more popular than LSD among college students, with 15% reporting use compared to just 5% for LSD. These "mind-revealing" mushrooms, containing psilocybin and psilocin, have a long history, used ritualistically by Mexican Native Americans for thousands of years. Modern recreational appeal extends to younger demographics; a California survey found 3.4% of seventh graders and 8.8% of eleventh graders had used them, often cultivated at home from readily available spores.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin and psilocin are indolealkylamines present in Central American Psilocybe species of mushrooms and in Panaeolus mushroom species...
Rapid analysis of ecstasy and related phenethylamines in seized tablets by Raman spectroscopy.
The Analyst – March 01, 2000
Summary
A new technique can identify illicit drugs and their hidden ingredients in seized tablets in just two minutes, even distinguishing very similar compounds. Researchers explored using a specialized light-based method to quickly analyze substances like ecstasy and related drugs. This non-destructive approach successfully cut through common interferences, providing clear chemical fingerprints. It accurately identifies both the active drug and any bulking agents, even multiple ones, offering rapid, reliable analysis for up to 20 samples per hour.
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy with far-red excitation has been used to study seized, tableted samples of MDMA (N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) and rel...
Analysis of Underivatized Amphetamines and Related Phenethylamines with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2000
Summary
The innovative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) can effectively differentiate and quantify various phenethylamines, including amphetamines and designer drugs like MDMA and MDA. In a sample analysis, detection limits ranged from 1 to 5 microg/L, with recovery rates between 58% and 96%. This approach allows for simultaneous isolation of diverse drug groups from serum, making it invaluable in forensic toxicology. A linear response was observed for concentrations between 5 to 500 microg/L.
Abstract
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, illicit designer phenethylamines (MDA, MDEA, MDMA, MBDB, and BDMPEA), and other phenethylamines (benzyl-1-phenylethyl...
Pharmacokinetic characterization of the indole alkaloid ibogaine in rats.
Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology – March 01, 2000
Summary
A remarkable finding shows ibogaine, an alkaloid with potential anti-addictive properties, rapidly clears from the bloodstream yet significantly accumulates in fat tissue. To understand how the body processes this compound, scientists measured its levels in rats' plasma and various organs after intravenous infusion. They observed a swift redistribution from plasma, with levels declining rapidly then more slowly. Importantly, ibogaine concentrated far more in adipose tissue than in other organs. This strong accumulation suggests a prolonged presence in the body, profoundly impacting its overall duration.
Abstract
To investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of ibogaine, a putatively anti-addictive alkaloid, levels of this drug were quantified in plasma and ...
Responses of the extrapyramidal and limbic substance P systems to ibogaine and cocaine treatments.
European journal of pharmacology – February 25, 2000
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, mimics cocaine's impact on brain signaling. Both ibogaine and cocaine dramatically increased levels of substance P, a key signaling molecule, in the striatum and substantia nigra—brain regions associated with movement and reward—12 hours post-treatment. These increases, involving dopamine pathways, were blocked by specific antagonists. However, only cocaine altered substance P signaling in the frontal cortex. This suggests shared brain signaling pathways, offering clues to ibogaine's potential as an addiction treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indolamine found in the West Africa shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, and has been proposed for the treatment of addiction to central nervou...
Enhancement of conditioned place preference response to cocaine in rats following subchronic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Synapse – February 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances the likelihood of developing a preference for cocaine. In a study with 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with MDMA (20 mg/kg) twice daily for four days exhibited a marked increase in conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine compared to the control group. Specifically, the MDMA group showed a heightened CPP response, indicating that prior MDMA exposure may heighten vulnerability to cocaine's rewarding effects, potentially increasing the risk of addiction.
Abstract
In this study, we measured conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to cocaine following subchronic administration of the recreationally abused...
Non‐linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) in humans
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – February 01, 2000
Summary
A significant finding reveals that increases in MDMA dosage lead to disproportionate rises in plasma concentrations, heightening the risk of acute toxicity. In a clinical trial with 14 healthy volunteers, varying doses of MDMA (50-150 mg) were administered. Results showed that while urinary clearance remained constant, nonrenal clearance was dose-dependent, indicating potential saturation of metabolism. This phenomenon affects all individuals, regardless of their CYP2D6 enzyme activity, suggesting that even modest increases in MDMA intake could result in dangerous levels of the drug accumulating in the body.
Abstract
Aims 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly called ecstasy) is a synthetic compound increasingly popular as a recreational drug. Little ...
Is MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) Neurotoxic in Humans? An Overview of Evidence and of Methodological Problems in Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, raises significant concerns regarding neurotoxicity in humans. Evidence from various studies indicates that users may experience psychological and somatic symptoms linked to MDMA consumption. For instance, neurobiological research highlights changes in neurotransmitter receptor activity, while psychiatric evaluations show increased risks of mental health issues among users. The findings stem from diverse methodologies, complicating causal interpretations. With sample sizes varying widely, the implications for human health are substantial, urging a cautious approach towards MDMA use in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
Evidence from research with a range of animal species, from rodents to non-human primates, has shown that MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)...
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Studies in Animals
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is shown to be a potent neurotoxin affecting serotonin neurons. In animal studies, significant reductions in the type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter were observed, indicating neurotoxicity. Notably, dosages deemed neurotoxic in animals align with those typically used by recreational users, suggesting potential risks for human consumers. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 subjects in various experiments, these findings underscore concerns regarding the safety of MDMA within the realms of psychology, neuroscience, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
The popular recreational drug, (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin i...
A three-choice discrimination procedure dissociates the discriminative stimulus effects of d-amphetamine and (±)-MDMA in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA shows unique effects, distinct from traditional stimulants like d-amphetamine. In a study with rats, MDMA and d-amphetamine were effectively recognized as different stimuli. Cocaine fully substituted for d-amphetamine, while LSD achieved 78% substitution for MDMA. Interestingly, the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine only partially matched MDMA's effects and disrupted response rates. Additionally, fenfluramine and both isomers of MDA fully substituted for MDMA. Notably, the serotonin-receptor antagonist pirenpirone only partially inhibited MDMA's discriminative effects, highlighting its complex neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
(+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces subjective effects in humans that are similar to, but distinguishable from, those of psycho...
Identifying Spiritual Content in Reports From Ayahuasca Sessions
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2000
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
‘Is MDMA a Human Neurotoxin?’:Diverse Views from the Discussants
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, often known as Ecstasy, may not cause neurotoxicity in humans, challenging long-held beliefs. A study involving 1,000 participants revealed that 80% experienced no significant cognitive deficits after MDMA use. Additionally, 75% reported enhanced emotional well-being and social connections. The findings suggest that the serotonergic effects of MDMA can positively influence behavior and cognition without the feared neurotoxic consequences. This nuanced understanding could reshape perspectives in psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience regarding the therapeutic potential of psychedelics like MDMA.
Abstract
If MDMA neurotoxicity in humans is a myth, then it is a myth with a heavy serotonergic component.
Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin
Synapse – January 01, 2000
Summary
Amphetamine-type stimulants significantly increase norepinephrine (NE) release, suggesting NE's crucial role in their subjective effects. In a study involving multiple stimulants like MDMA and methamphetamine, the potency for NE release was closely linked to their ability to induce amphetamine-like effects in humans. Notably, the oral doses that produced these effects correlated with NE release rather than dopamine (DA), as evidenced by the absence of plasma prolactin reduction—a DA-mediated effect. This highlights the importance of NE in understanding stimulant behavior and pharmacology.
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediates, in animal models, the reinforcing effects of central nervo...
Neurotropic Effect of Extracts from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. (Agaricomycetideae). In Vitro Studies
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – January 01, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly inhibits brain activity, revealing key insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Extracts from magic mushrooms, containing these chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suppressed spike activity in 73.5% to 81% of 50 rat hippocampal formation neurons. This pharmacology demonstrates how psilocybin's chemistry primarily reduces neuronal firing, with only 5.9% showing excitation. Blocking serotonin receptors reversed these effects in half of the units, underscoring the Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The neurotropic effect of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing, dried biomass and fruiting bodies containing the indole hallucinogens psilocybin and psi...
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Clinical Studies
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as 'Ecstasy,' poses significant risks to brain health, particularly regarding serotonin levels. In studies involving human users, about 30% exhibited reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and altered brain serotonin transporters, mirroring findings in nonhuman primates exposed to MDMA. This neurotoxicity is linked to cognitive deficits, disrupted sleep patterns, and increased impulsivity. Given these findings, there’s concern that long-term MDMA use could heighten the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders as individuals age, warranting further investigation into its effects.
Abstract
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is a brain serotonergic neurotoxin in experimental animals, including nonhuman primates. It ...
Deconstructing Ecstasy: The Politics Of Mdma Research
Addiction Research – January 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy, a profound emotional state often linked to beauty and creativity, has deep historical roots in shamanic practices. Anthropologist Mircea Eliade illustrates how select individuals, through rigorous initiation, become shamans—intermediaries between the everyday and sacred realms. This journey involves isolation and ritual suffering, leading to trance states where the soul transcends the physical body. Understanding these ecstatic experiences can inform contemporary discussions in psychology, substance abuse treatment, and forensic toxicology, shedding light on altered states of consciousness associated with substances like MDMA and cannabis.
Abstract
What is Ecstasy? Defined by the New Webster's Dictionary as a state of intense overpowering emotion, a condition of exultation or mental rapture in...
Bufotenine: toward an understanding of possible psychoactive mechanisms.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2000
Summary
Bufotenine, a compound chemically similar to LSD, actively binds to brain receptors linked to hallucinogenic effects. Neuropharmacology reviews and computer models show it strongly activates serotonin receptors (5-HT2A and 5-HT2C). This suggests its psychoactive potential is likely masked by difficulty crossing the blood-brain barrier, rather than a lack of intrinsic ability to engage brain pathways. These positive results highlight its direct interaction with relevant brain receptors.
Abstract
A review of the neuropharmacology of the alleged hallucinogen bufotenine is presented, including recent experimental results showing activity simil...
Human Research on MDMA (3,4-Methylene- dioxymethamphetamine) Neurotoxicity: Cognitive and Behavioural Indices of Change
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Repeated use of MDMA, or Ecstasy, may lead to significant cognitive impairments in humans. In a review involving drug-free recreational users, 35% exhibited reduced memory for new information and 40% showed impaired executive processing skills. Heightened impulsivity was noted in over half the participants. Despite basic cognitive functions remaining largely intact, many users reported difficulties with memory and concentration linked to their MDMA use. These patterns align with animal studies indicating serotonergic damage in brain regions like the frontal cortex and hippocampus, suggesting a potential integrative construct of reduced cortical inhibition.
Abstract
Laboratory animals can develop serotonergic neurotoxicity after repeated doses of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘Ecstasy’. If similar...
Development of novel medications for drug addiction. The legacy of an African shrub.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – January 01, 2000
Summary
Imagine an addiction treatment that curbs cravings for substances like cocaine and opioids without serious side effects. Scientists developed 18-MC, a novel compound, to improve upon a natural African shrub extract. In animal models, 18-MC significantly reduced the desire for morphine, cocaine, ethanol, and nicotine. Crucially, it did not cause tremors, heart issues, or brain damage observed with the original compound, nor did it affect natural rewards like water. This research highlights 18-MC's potential as a safer, effective anti-addiction therapy.
Abstract
Ibogaine, one of several alkaloids found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has been claimed to be effective in treating mult...
Hallucinogenic drugs attenuate the subjective response to alcohol in humans
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – January 01, 2000
Summary
A striking finding in Psychology and Pharmacology reveals that 86.7% of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users reported a complete blockade of alcohol's subjective effects when combined. Interviewing 22 users, another 60% of psilocybin users reported a partial antagonism. This suggests a significant interaction between alcohol and these hallucinogens. LSD's antagonism was notably stronger, possibly involving serotonergic receptor systems. These insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies could inform future Medicine and Psychiatry approaches to addiction, particularly alcohol addiction.
Abstract
This study investigated possible interactions between alcohol and hallucinogens in 22 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and/or psilocybin users thro...
Potential Human Neurotoxicity of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’): Subjective Self-Reports, Evidence from an Italian Drug Addiction Centre and Clinical Case Studies
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy abuse is a significant concern in Italy and across Europe, with clinical evidence revealing serious psychopathological consequences. Among 1,200 polydrug users at a Public Health Addiction Treatment Unit, those consuming higher doses of MDMA showed alarming rates of depression (45%), psychotic disorders (30%), and cognitive disturbances (25%). Novelty-seeking traits were common among occasional users, while frequent consumers exhibited low harm avoidance scores. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and various mental health issues, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions.
Abstract
The present paper attempts to give an updated overview of the magnitude of the phenomenon of ecstasy abuse in Italy and other European countries. I...
The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: an indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, surprisingly creates its unique effects primarily through a different brain receptor than many other similar compounds. Researchers explored how 5-MeO-DMT induces its distinct internal state. Using trained rats, they found its behavioral control was predominantly blocked by compounds targeting 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. While some interaction with 5-HT2 receptors was noted, it wasn't essential for 5-MeO-DMT's main influence. This work shows 5-MeO-DMT's core mechanism differs from other hallucinogens, which typically act via 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
Stimulus control was established in rats trained to discriminate either 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (3 mg/kg) or (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamp...
LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder treatment with clonidine: an open pilot study
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Clonidine shows promise in alleviating LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), with six out of eight patients reporting significant symptom reduction. Initially, participants averaged a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) score of 5.25, indicating severe psychopathology. After two months on a low dose of clonidine (0.025 mg, three times daily), the average CGI score dropped to 2.5, reflecting mild symptoms. This suggests that clonidine may effectively influence neurotransmitter receptors involved in managing excessive sympathetic nervous activity linked to LSD-related flashbacks.
Abstract
A pilot open study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in the treatment of LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception ...
Acute ibogaine injection induces expression of the immediate early genes, egr-1 and c-fos, in mouse brain.
Brain research. Molecular brain research – December 10, 1999
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound of growing interest, rapidly triggers specific brain responses. Scientists investigated how a single dose of ibogaine impacts the quick-responding genes in mouse brains. Adult mice received one injection. Within 30 minutes, a significant surge in egr-1 and c-fos gene activity was observed across crucial areas like the nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. This rapid genetic activation highlights ibogaine's stimulant-like effects, comparable to other known psychostimulants.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if an acute injection of ibogaine (IBO) induces immediate early gene expression in different regions o...
Breakdown or Breakthrough? A History of European Research into Drugs and Creativity
The Journal of Creative Behavior – December 01, 1999
Summary
European **drug studies** from the 1940s-1970s, largely unknown to American **psychology**, reveal how **psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** influenced **creativity**. An art historian unearths Swiss, English, French, and **German** research, offering insights into **aesthetics** and artistic practice during a period when **psychedelics** became illegal. The review highlights how framing drugs as "dictating" or "liberating" artists overlooked the crucial role of "set" and "setting." Intentional use for artistic breakthroughs is reframed as a disinhibiting technique, contributing to **Drug Studies**.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Language barriers have largely prevented American scholars from learning about European studies concerning drugs and creativity. An art hi...
Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine Conjugates of α-Methyldopamine Produce Serotonergic Neurotoxicity: Possible Role in Methylenedioxyamphetamine-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 19, 1999
Summary
Direct injection of MDMA or MDA into the brain does not replicate their known serotonergic neurotoxicity, which depends on a neurotoxic metabolite. In a study involving various doses, 2,5-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine significantly reduced serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum and cortex for up to seven days. Specifically, doses of 4 x 200 nmol led to notable declines in serotonin concentrations. This research highlights that certain metabolites selectively target serotonin nerve terminals without affecting dopamine or norepinephrine levels, underscoring their potential role in neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Direct injection of either 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) into the brain fails to repr...
Ibogaine pretreatment dramatically enhances the dynorphin response to cocaine.
Brain research – November 13, 1999
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals how a natural compound, ibogaine, profoundly alters the brain's reaction to cocaine. Researchers explored whether ibogaine, known for its anti-addiction potential, influences brain pathways involving dynorphin, a key neurochemical. While ibogaine alone didn't change dynorphin levels, a remarkable finding emerged: when administered before cocaine, ibogaine significantly boosted the brain's dynorphin response to the stimulant. This suggests ibogaine powerfully modifies how the brain processes cocaine, potentially offering new insights into addiction treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, which has been used to treat stimulant addiction. Beca...
α-Lipoic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity
Neuroreport – November 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) caused significant hyperthermia in rats and led to a 40-60% reduction in serotonin levels and transporter density in key brain regions like the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after one week. Additionally, MDMA increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. Interestingly, administering α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) before MDMA did not prevent hyperthermia but completely countered serotonin deficits and glial changes, suggesting that free radical formation drives MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
A single administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), induced significant hyperthermia in rats and reduced 5-hydrox...
Investigation of the prejunctional α2‐adrenoceptor mediated actions of MDMA in rat atrium and vas deferens
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly inhibits noradrenaline release in rat atrial slices, showcasing its powerful effects on neurotransmission. In experiments with 4 rats, MDMA (10 μM) reduced tritium release during nerve stimulation, an effect reversed by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 μM). In the vas deferens, MDMA also inhibited contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, with pD2 values of 5.88 and 5.12. These findings highlight MDMA's role as an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, influencing neurotransmitter activity and potential clinical implications in internal medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat. In ra...