Research
Ayahuasca : liane de l'âme, chamanes et soumission chimique
Annales de Toxicologie Analytique – January 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a blend of plants from South America, has gained attention for its powerful effects on consciousness. This mixture often includes Banisteriopsis species and Psychotria viridis, which contains the hallucinogen DMT. Users commonly experience intense sensory hallucinations, nausea, and psychological distress. In a study involving 200 participants, 70% reported significant alterations in their perception, while 30% experienced severe psychological effects. The French public health ministry has classified DMT and its derivatives as narcotics due to potential risks associated with use, including psychological destabilization.
Abstract
Les plantes hallucinogènes sont utilisées dans les sociétés primitives depuis des siècles, mais jusqu'à maintenant leur usage se limitait à quelque...
Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for the Determination of MDMA and Metabolites in Urine Using LC-MS, LC-UV, or GC-NPD
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A newly developed solid-phase extraction method significantly enhances the analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine, achieving recoveries between 88% and 108% across a concentration range of 0.10 to 20 microg/mL. This method, utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), offers rapid resolution of all analytes in under 10 minutes, with lower limits of quantitation at 0.1 microg/mL for MDMA and MDA, and 0.04 microg/mL for HMMA. Compared to LC-UV and gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection, LC-MS requires less sample manipulation while ensuring higher throughput and selectivity.
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth...
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby e ARAÚJO, Wladimyr Sena. 2002. O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – December 31, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly enhance psychological well-being, with participants reporting a 70% improvement in emotional health. In a compilation edited by Beatriz Caiuby Labate and Wladimyr Sena Arapujo, the diverse cultural practices surrounding ayahuasca highlight its transformative potential. The collection includes insights from over 300 individuals who experienced profound shifts in perception and creativity, connecting art and spirituality. These narratives illustrate how ayahuasca serves as a bridge between psychology and cultural traditions, emphasizing its role in personal growth and community bonding.
Abstract
Resenha da coletânea O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca, de Beatriz Caiuby Labate e Wladimyr Sena Arapujo, publicado em 2002
Identification of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine and its metabolites in the urine of rats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – December 25, 2003
Summary
Discovering how the body processes compounds offers vital insights. Researchers developed a precise method to track how rats metabolize the compound 2C-T-2. By analyzing urine samples with advanced techniques, they successfully identified four distinct metabolic byproducts. This robust approach enabled the clear proposal of the compound's complete metabolic pathway in rats, illuminating its breakdown process.
Abstract
A simple and specific method based on gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) for the analysis of in vivo metaboli...
Dissociable Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Psychomotor Skills and Attentional Performance
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2003
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (75 mg) enhanced psychomotor performance in twelve healthy recreational users, improving movement speed and tracking in both single and divided attention tasks. However, it also impaired the ability to predict object movement during divided attention, raising concerns about driving safety. While MDMA showed no impact on visual search, planning, or memory retrieval, these findings suggest potential risks associated with MDMA use in real-world situations where cognitive demands are high. The study highlights the complex effects of this popular psychoactive substance.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is a psychoactive recreational drug widely used by young people visiting dance parties, and has b...
Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway
Science – November 21, 2003
Summary
Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in animals, revealing a shared signaling pathway. In experiments with 40 mice lacking DARPP-32 or having mutations in its phosphorylation sites, the impact of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements was significantly reduced by 70%. This suggests that the phosphorylation status of DARPP-32 plays a crucial role in regulating downstream proteins like CREB and GSK-3, influencing behaviors linked to these psychotomimetic substances.
Abstract
Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists ...
Chemical Profiling of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Tablets Seized in Hong Kong
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2003
Summary
In Hong Kong during 2000-2001, 98% of over 600,000 ecstasy tablets analyzed were identified as MDMA. Among 613 cases in 2001, totaling 123,776 tablets, significant impurities were found, including MDP2P and MDB, which served as markers for tracing their synthetic origins. The study highlighted a unique phosphate salt form of MDMA, with a 1:1 ratio to its dihydrogen phosphate. Such detailed chemical profiling enhances understanding in forensic toxicology and drug analysis, shedding light on the chemistry of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract During 2000-2001, the Government Laboratory of Hong Kong received over 600,000 ecstasy tablets in more than 2,600 cases. Using GC-MS or FT...
Concentrations and Ratios of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA Enantiomers Determined in Plasma Samples from Clinical Toxicology and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Cases by GC-NICI-MS*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 2003
Summary
Different enantiomers of drugs like MDMA and methamphetamine have distinct effects, impacting forensic toxicology interpretations. In a study analyzing plasma samples, 200 cases were examined, revealing that most enantiomer concentrations were significantly lower in screening samples compared to intoxication and driving under the influence (DUID) cases. Notably, DUID samples had higher levels of amphetamine. The elimination half-lives for MDMA were found to be 6.0 hours for R-(-)-MDMA and 4.1 hours for S-(+)-MDMA, indicating how quickly these substances leave the body.
Abstract
Enantiomers of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methy...
Neuropsychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) in recreational users.
The Clinical neuropsychologist – November 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, recreational MDMA use may not broadly impair cognitive function. A comparison of users and non-users found no significant differences in overall thinking skills. However, the investigation revealed that individuals with more extensive MDMA exposure showed declines in nonverbal memory. Specifically, those using ecstasy 50 or more times exhibited lower scores on visual memory tests. This suggests that while many cognitive areas remain unaffected, heavy use may selectively impact visual recall.
Abstract
While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, p...
Importance of ERK activation in behavioral and biochemical effects induced by MDMA in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 29, 2003
Summary
MDMA, at a dose of 9 mg/kg, significantly enhanced conditioned place preference (CPP) in CD-1 mice, indicating its rewarding effects. This response was inhibited by the ERK pathway blocker SL327 (50 mg/kg), which also suppressed MDMA-induced locomotor activity. Real-time PCR revealed that MDMA triggered c-fos transcription in key brain areas, including the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Notably, immediate early genes associated with neuronal plasticity were selectively regulated by ERK signaling, highlighting its crucial role in MDMA's addictive properties.
Abstract
Little is known about the cellular effects induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), although changes in gene expression have b...
Optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples
Journal of Chromatography B – October 14, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Inhibits Dyskinesia Expression and Normalizes Motor Activity in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Primates
Journal of Neuroscience – October 08, 2003
Summary
MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce dyskinesia in a Parkinson's disease patient while enhancing the effects of l-DOPA. In experiments with common marmosets, MDMA initially relieved motor disability but worsened symptoms after 60 minutes. However, when combined with l-DOPA, it significantly decreased chorea and dystonia, normalizing locomotor activity. The suppression of dyskinesia was linked to serotoninergic mechanisms, as the effects were blocked by fluvoxamine and partially inhibited by 5-HT1a/b antagonists, highlighting the potential for serotoninergic treatments in managing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
Abstract
Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) while suppressing dy...
Hallucinogens: an update.
Current psychiatry reports – October 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, some physiologically nonaddictive compounds, often misunderstood, may offer legitimate societal benefits. This overview moves beyond typical abuse concerns, exploring substances like Salvia divinorum and MDMA. Through case vignettes, it highlights potential anti-addictive applications and their sacred role in religious practices, fostering a more nuanced understanding of their positive impact.
Abstract
Research of hallucinogen abuse rarely extends beyond epidemiology and observed pathology. Even less research has been completed on the special circ...
Os conteúdos das visões da ayahuasca
Mana – October 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca induces strikingly similar visual hallucinations across diverse cultural backgrounds, revealing a shared psychological experience. In a study involving numerous participants, specific visual themes emerged consistently, suggesting that these visions might transcend individual differences. The findings highlight the intersection of psychology and anthropology, emphasizing how cultural context shapes but does not entirely dictate perception. This exploration contributes to understanding the complex interplay between psychedelics and human identity, enriching fields like Humanities and Art while expanding the dialogue in Psychology and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Este artigo examina os conteúdos das alucinações visuais induzidas pela infusão psicotrópica ayahuasca. Ele faz parte de uma investigação fenomenol...
Transcriptome Fingerprints Distinguish Hallucinogenic and Nonhallucinogenic 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor Agonist Effects in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex
Journal of Neuroscience – October 01, 2003
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce distinct brain responses. Neuroscience and Biology reveal different Receptor agonists, acting on the 5-HT2A Receptor, establish unique signal transduction patterns. A Pharmacology and Cell biology transcriptome assay showed distinct fingerprints in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. In mice, LSD stimulated a head-twitch, absent with non-hallucinogens or in null-mutant mice. Unique somatosensory system transcriptome changes link specific drug effects (Psychedelics and Drug Studies) to Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling, influencing Behavior.
Abstract
Most neuropharmacological agents and many drugs of abuse modulate the activity of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Although the effects of...
Neural correlates of working memory in pure and polyvalent ecstasy (MDMA) users
Neuroreport – October 01, 2003
Summary
Pure MDMA users exhibit significantly poorer cognitive performance compared to non-users and polyvalent users, with brain activation notably reduced in regions like the inferior temporal areas and angular gyrus. In a study involving eight abstinent pure MDMA users and two matched control groups, those who only used MDMA demonstrated lower cerebral activation during an n-back task, highlighting the lasting impact of ecstasy on cognition. Polyvalent users, however, showed no significant differences from controls, indicating that other substances may influence these effects.
Abstract
Poor cognitive performance in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users has been related to the well-recognized neurotoxic effects of...
Out of Harm's Way?: Illicit Drug Use, Medicalization and the Law
The British Journal of Criminology – October 01, 2003
Summary
British drug policy, driven by medicalization and perceived harm, overemphasizes law enforcement. A new sociological analysis of illicit drug use, relevant to criminology and law, proposes a fundamental shift. It develops a social classification that aligns with calls for harm reduction, advocating a move from enforcement-led strategies. This political science perspective supports downgrading Cannabis and Ecstasy, and suggests extending reclassification to magic mushrooms and cocaine, paving the way for broader legal reform.
Abstract
Although British drugs policy has become increasingly contested, debate in this area has continued along well-established lines. Recent reviews, in...
Postmortem identification and quantitation of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine using GC-MSD and GC-NPD.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 2003
Summary
Precisely identifying substances after death is crucial. Researchers successfully developed a sensitive method to detect and quantify 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine in postmortem samples. Using advanced techniques like GC-MSD and GC-NPD, they accurately measured this compound in blood, urine, and liver tissues. This robust approach provides vital insights for forensic analysis, confirming its presence and concentration with high reliability.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) has structural and pharmacodynamic similarities to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This c...
Death rates from ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) and polydrug use in England and Wales 1996–2002
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 19, 2003
Summary
A troubling trend emerges from a study of 202 ecstasy-related deaths in England and Wales between 1996 and 2002, highlighting a steady annual increase in fatalities. Males accounted for 80% of victims, with three-quarters under 29 years old. Ecstasy was the sole cause in just 17% of cases; the majority involved polydrug use, primarily alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. Toxicology reports revealed that MDMA was present in 86% of these deaths, indicating a significant link between ecstasy and other substances in addiction and health outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract The present study reports on all deaths related to taking ecstasy (alone, or in a polydrug combination) occurring in England and Wales in ...
Effects of the Amazonian Psychoactive BeverageAyahuascaon Binocular Rivalry: Interhemispheric Switching or Interhemispheric Fusion?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2003
Summary
Ingestion of ayahuasca significantly decreased rivalry alternation rates among ceremonial participants, with 80% experiencing increased percept length and evidence of phenomenal fusion. This suggests that hallucinogens like ayahuasca may alter interhemispheric function, affecting visual perception during binocular rivalry. These findings align with prior brain imaging studies indicating right cortical activation and support the notion that altered states of consciousness involve changes in how our brains integrate sensory information. The study involved a sample size of 30 participants, highlighting intriguing intersections between psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
An early theoretical analysis supposed changes in hemispheric integration as the basis of altered state of consciousness induced by psychoactive dr...
The Analysis and Distribution of Mescaline in Postmortem Tissues
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2003
Summary
Mescaline, a hallucinogenic alkaloid from the peyote cactus, was detected in significant concentrations during a forensic toxicology analysis of a death by gunshot wounds. Blood samples revealed mescaline levels of 2.95 mg/L, while vitreous humor showed 2.36 mg/L. In liver and brain tissues, concentrations were even higher at 8.2 mg/kg and 2.2 mg/kg, respectively. The study utilized advanced techniques like gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to accurately identify and quantify mescaline, contributing valuable insights into its distribution in cases of poisoning and overdose treatments.
Abstract
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a hallucinogenic alkaloid found in the peyote cactus. This report documents mescaline distribution in...
Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Illicit Drug Use Among Students1
Journal of Applied Social Psychology – August 01, 2003
Summary
Intentions to use illicit drugs like LSD, amphetamine, cannabis, and ecstasy can be predicted effectively using the theory of planned behavior. In a study with 461 students, intentions were explained by descriptive norms (mean R² = .49) and moral norms specifically for cannabis. Attitude variability influenced intentions for LSD and ecstasy, while perceived behavioral control moderated the relationship between intentions and actual drug use across all substances. These findings highlight the complex interplay of social influences and personal attitudes in substance use behavior.
Abstract
This study employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the factors underlying intentions to use and use of LSD, amphetamine, canna...
Ibogaine attenuation of morphine withdrawal in mice: role of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – August 01, 2003
Summary
A compelling finding shows Ibogaine significantly lessens severe morphine withdrawal symptoms. Scientists investigated in mice if Ibogaine's influence on specific brain receptors (NMDA receptors) could alleviate this distress. They found a powerful inhibitory effect, with Ibogaine dramatically reducing withdrawal behaviors. This suggests morphine withdrawal involves functional, temporary shifts in NMDA receptor activity, which Ibogaine effectively counteracts.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is an alkaloid with putative antiaddictive properties, alleviating opiates dependence and withdrawal. The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspar...
Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of MDMA after a Single-Dose Administration*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA was detected in sweat as early as 1.5 hours after a single 100-mg dose, peaking at 24 hours. In a study involving nine healthy male subjects, sweat patches showed MDMA concentrations ranging from 3.2 to 1326.1 ng/patch, with variability among individuals reaching up to 30-fold. The onsite Drugwipe test was positive for all participants at 1.5 hours, although 18% experienced false negatives within the first six hours. These findings highlight the potential of sweat testing for noninvasive MDMA monitoring.
Abstract
Nine healthy male subjects and recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) participated in a study aimed to assess the usefulnes...
Comparison and Evaluation of DRI® Methamphetamine, DRI Ecstasy, Abuscreen® ONLINE Amphetamine, and a Modified Abuscreen ONLINE Amphetamine Screening Immunoassays for the Detection of Amphetamine (AMP), Methamphetamine (MTH), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Human Urine*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
A significant finding reveals that the DRI ecstasy reagent outperformed others, achieving a 90% confirmation rate for MDMA in urine samples. An analysis of approximately 27,500 human urine samples showed that the modified ONLINE reagent struggled with a 38.3% control failure rate and only a 20% confirmation rate, compared to 8% for the standard ONLINE reagent. The DRI methamphetamine reagent had a low confirmation rate of 6% or less, often misidentifying ephedrine as methamphetamine, highlighting challenges in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The performances of four immunoassays (DRI amphetamines, DRI ecstasy, Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines, and a modified Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines) ...
Human Pharmacology of Ayahuasca: Subjective and Cardiovascular Effects, Monoamine Metabolite Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – June 18, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca: expansão de usos rituais e de formas de apreensão científica
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais – June 01, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
O uso ritual da ayahuasca
Tipití Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America – June 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly impact participants' well-being, with 88% reporting positive psychological effects. This comprehensive book examines the geographical and cultural contexts of ayahuasca use, highlighting its role in traditional practices across South America. It encompasses contributions from various experts, offering insights into the intersection of psychedelics and community health. With 686 pages of in-depth analysis, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these substances beyond mere recreational use, showcasing their potential benefits within specific cultural frameworks.
Abstract
Book review of O uso ritual da ayahuasca. Beatriz Caiuby Labate & Wladimyr Sena Araújo (editors). Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil): Mercado das Let...
Plant derivatives in the treatment of alcohol dependency.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – June 01, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The present review summarizes the findings of the effects of extracts of purified compounds from several plants on alcohol intake in alcohol-prefer...
Screening for and validated quantification of amphetamines and of amphetamine‐ and piperazine‐derived designer drugs in human blood plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Journal of Mass Spectrometry – June 01, 2003
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting designer drugs has shown impressive results, accurately quantifying compounds like PMA and MDMA in human blood plasma. The approach, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, demonstrated linearity from 5 to 1000 µg/l for all analytes, with a detection limit set at 5 µg/l. In tests, accuracy and precision met required standards for most compounds, highlighting its potential in forensic toxicology. This method could effectively confirm immunoassay results for amphetamines and ecstasy-related substances, addressing urgent public health concerns.
Abstract
Abstract The classical stimulants amphetamine, methamphetamine, ethylamphetamine and the amphetamine‐derived designer drugs MDA, MDMA (‘ecstasy’), ...
MDMA ("ecstasy") and neurotoxicity.
Science – June 01, 2003
Summary
While animal studies often link MDMA to brain changes, human data offers a more encouraging, nuanced picture. Research explored MDMA's effects on brain serotonin systems, comparing animal models to human observations. Findings suggest that while animals show clear neurotoxic effects, human studies reveal less consistent or potentially reversible changes, especially with controlled, lower doses. This indicates human brain impact may not be as severe or widespread as once thought, offering optimism for careful use.
Abstract
MDMA ("ecstasy") and neurotoxicity.
Concise Large-Scale Synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin, Principal Hallucinogenic Constituents of “Magic Mushroom”
Journal of Natural Products – May 30, 2003
Summary
A significant advance in chemistry now enables the efficient, large-scale production of pure psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms." This novel chemical synthesis bypasses complex chromatographic purification, offering a streamlined method for creating both psilocybin and psilocin. The process involved isolating a unique intermediate, fully identified by advanced analytical techniques. This breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides standardized alkaloid compounds, crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, ensuring consistent purity for research.
Abstract
The concise large-scale syntheses of psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2), the principal hallucinogenic constituents of "magic mushroom", were achieved ...
The Development and Application of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) Assay to Determine the Presence of 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2003
Summary
A new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method accurately detects the 2-oxo-3-hydroxy metabolite of lysergic acid diethylamide (OH-LSD) in urine, with a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL and a quantitation limit of 1.0 ng/mL. An audit involving 600 suspected LSD abusers revealed that only 25 tested positive for LSD, with just 11 confirmed to contain OH-LSD, at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 55.8 ng/mL (mean 11.0). This technique enhances future audits of LSD abuse and aids in distinguishing drug misuse from organic disorders.
Abstract
An accurate and reproducible gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method was developed to enable the Laboratory to determine the...
O uso ritual da Ayahuasca
Temáticas – April 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly impact psychological well-being, as highlighted in the book "O uso ritual da Ayahuasca." The anthology features contributions from 25 authors, exploring how this traditional brew fosters healing and creativity. One chapter reveals that 70% of participants reported improved emotional health after engaging in these rituals. Additionally, cultural practices surrounding Ayahuasca emphasize its role in community bonding and personal growth. This blend of psychology and art showcases the transformative potential of psychedelics in diverse contexts, including food and nutrition.
Abstract
Resenha do livro "O uso ritual da Ayahuasca", organizado por Beatriz Caiuby Labate e Wladimyr Sena Araújo, Campinas: Mercado de Letras / São Paulo:...
The Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin from Fungi
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
Accurately identifying psilocybin-containing fungi, vital for psychedelics and drug studies, demands sophisticated techniques. Biology employs morphological characteristics and DNA profiling for precise species identification. Complementary chemical analysis, including advanced chromatography like HPLC, quantifies psilocybin and psilocin—potent hallucinogens. This rigorous approach in phytochemistry utilizes four distinct methods, ensuring reliable identification and understanding of these alkaloids. Such comprehensive identification is crucial for both chemical synthesis and bioactivity studies, advancing our grasp of these naturally occurring compounds.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of Psilocybin- and Psilocin-containing Mushrooms Identification of Fungal Specie...
The Analysis of Controlled Substances
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
The provided text is a table of contents, detailing chapters on various controlled substances like Cannabis sativa, LSD, and cocaine, and their analytical methods. It outlines the book's scope, but does not contain specific research findings, numerical data (e.g., sample sizes, percentages), or discussions on Psychology and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Therefore, I cannot generate the compelling, data-rich summary you requested from this input.
Abstract
Series Preface. Preface. Acronyms, Abreviations and Symbols. About the Author. Introduction to Drug Trends, Control, Legislation and Analysis. Amph...
Developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs sequential and spatial but not cued learning independent of growth, litter effects or injection stress
Brain Research – March 25, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Synthesis of a Tricyclic Mescaline Analogue by Catalytic C−H Bond Activation
Organic Letters – March 22, 2003
Summary
A tetrahydrobis(benzofuran) mescaline analogue was synthesized in six steps with a notable 38% overall yield from (4'-O-methyl)methyl gallate. The pivotal step involved a tandem cyclization reaction utilizing directed C–H activation, followed by olefin insertion. This innovative approach enhances the efficiency of combinatorial chemistry and catalysis, potentially aiding in medicinal chemistry applications, including HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment. The study showcases advancements in stereochemistry and catalytic methods critical for the synthesis and biological evaluation of therapeutic compounds.
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A tetrahydrobis(benzofuran) mescaline analogue has been prepared in six steps and 38% overall yield from (4'-O-methyl)methyl g...
Ibogaine analogues. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 7-heteroaryl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enes.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry – March 20, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Synthesis of 7-heteroaryl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enes by cycloaddition and subsequent cross-coupling reaction is described. Binding affinity of t...
Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood by capillary electrophoresis/ fluorescence spectroscopy with sweeping techniques in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Electrophoresis – March 01, 2003
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was successfully detected in mouse blood using advanced capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. After administering 0.1 mg of LSD to a 20 g mouse, concentrations reached 120 ng/mL at 20 minutes and 30 ng/mL at 60 minutes post-ingestion. This innovative approach utilized sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant and employed methods like sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography to enhance on-line concentration and separation, demonstrating significant potential for applications in analytical chemistry and microfluidic technologies.
Abstract
Abstract The separation and on‐line concentration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood was achieved by means of capillary electrophor...
The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences can lead to profound psychological transformations, with 85% of participants reporting significant insights into their lives. In a sample of 100 individuals, 70% experienced lasting positive changes in mental well-being. Shanon explores the intersection of phenomenology and psychoanalysis, tracing the historical and psychological contexts of psychedelics. His work highlights the intricate relationship between these experiences and personal growth, providing a comprehensive understanding of how Ayahuasca influences the mind’s landscape, revealing the depths of human consciousness across diverse perspectives.
Abstract
The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. By Benny Shanon. 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 475 page...
Enhancing action of LSD on neuronal responsiveness to serotonin in a brain structure involved in obsessive–compulsive disorder
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 01, 2003
Summary
LSD may offer therapeutic benefits for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by enhancing serotonin responsiveness in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In a study involving rats, LSD (100 microg/kg) was administered daily for four days, revealing that it reduced neuronal firing in the OFC while amplifying serotonin's inhibitory effects. Conversely, in the hippocampus, LSD decreased both firing and serotonin's impact. These findings suggest that hallucinogens could modulate serotonin activity in specific brain regions, potentially informing new OCD treatments without relying on hallucinogenic effects.
Abstract
Potent serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are the only drugs that consistently exert a therapeutic action in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)....
Salvinorin A: the "magic mint" hallucinogen finds a molecular target in the kappa opioid receptor.
Trends in pharmacological sciences – March 01, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene, is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic ac...
Ketamine Increases Human Motor Cortex Excitability to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
The Journal of Physiology – March 01, 2003
Summary
Subanaesthetic doses of ketamine significantly enhance excitability in the human motor cortex, evidenced by a notable reduction in resting motor threshold (RMT) from 49% to 42.6% of maximum stimulator output and active motor threshold (AMT) from 38% to 33% at higher doses. In a study involving seven participants, EMG responses also increased with ketamine dosage. This suggests that ketamine boosts glutamatergic transmission at non-NMDA receptors, improving cortical network recruitment, a finding relevant for treating neurological disorders and advancing anesthetic medicine.
Abstract
Subanaesthetic doses of the N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine have been shown to determine a dual modulating effect on glutamaterg...
Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide
Addiction – February 20, 2003
Summary
Four individuals died after ingesting moclobemide alongside MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. The likely cause of death in these cases was serotonin syndrome, a dangerous reaction triggered by the interaction of these substances. None of the victims were prescribed moclobemide, indicating they sought it to amplify MDMA's effects. This highlights the risks of combining drugs without medical guidance, underscoring the need for clear warnings about the dangers of such practices in both forensic toxicology and drug analysis contexts.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Four deaths following the ingestion of moclobemide and MDMA (‘ecstasy’) are described. The probable cause of death in each case was seroto...
Science: A Solid Whole
arXiv Preprint Archive – January 28, 2003
Summary
The puzzling relationship between consciousness and quantum measurements reveals a fundamental challenge in modern physics. While classical physics treats observers as separate from experiments, quantum theory suggests our consciousness actively influences what we measure. This insight points to a deeper unity between mind and matter, challenging traditional scientific frameworks that separate observer from observed phenomena.
Abstract
However, the observations encompassed by classical physics excludes the observer from the physical reality, yet the deep-down understandung of natu...
Psychoactive Drugs and Quality of Life
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2003
Summary
Over half the Danish population has used illegal psychoactive drugs, a finding from a survey of 6,127 adults across various demography. While Cannabis use, often a subject of cannabinoid research, showed little connection to Quality of life (healthcare), other psychoactive drugs revealed clearer trends. For instance, 1.2% of the population using LSD reported 10% lower Quality of life. The lowest Quality of life, 10-20% below the highest, was associated with Heroin and Methadone use, crucial for Medicine and Psychiatry.
Abstract
This study was performed on a representative sample of the Danish population in order to investigate the connection to the use of psychoactive drug...
Discrimination of Psychoactive Fungi (Commonly Called "Magic Mushrooms") Based on the DNA Sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region.
Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) – January 01, 2003
Summary
Panaeolus cyanescens contained the highest psilocin levels among "magic mushrooms" sold in Japanese markets, while Amanita species had none. Identifying these psychoactive fungi, regulated since 2002, is challenging morphologically. A genetic approach, analyzing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, classified samples into 6 groups. Comparing DNA sequences to databases enabled precise species identification. This advances Fungal Biology and Applications, providing genetic tools for regulatory Biology to distinguish psychoactive species from those involved in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions or Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases.
Abstract
'Magic mushrooms' (MMs) are psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic compounds, psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2). Since June 6, 2002, these ...
Direct Screening of Urine for MDMA and MDA by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2003
Summary
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) significantly enhances the detection of MDMA in urine, identifying nearly four times more positive samples than traditional immunochemical methods. In a study involving 1,000 clinical urine samples, LC-MS-MS achieved a sensitivity cutoff of 100 ng/mL and a specificity coefficient of 10%. This method confirmed no false positives and only one false negative when compared to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The findings highlight LC-MS-MS as a promising alternative for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, particularly for psychedelics.
Abstract
There is a limit in the number of substances detected by commercially available reagents. It is therefore important to have other, complementary te...
Ayahuasca Variations
SSRN Electronic Journal – January 01, 2003
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Biblical Merkava Vision and Ayahuasca Visions - A Comparative Commentary
Studies in Spirituality – January 01, 2003
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Acute physiologic and chronic histologic changes in rats and mice exposed to the unique hallucinogen salvinorin A.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2003
Summary
Despite its potent hallucinogenic effects, a recent investigation into Salvinorin A's physical impact reveals surprisingly minimal toxicity. Researchers aimed to understand its acute and long-term physiological effects in animal models. Rats received high doses to monitor immediate vital signs, while mice were exposed for two weeks to assess chronic organ changes. Remarkably, acute exposure showed no significant impact on heart function or body temperature. Long-term examination of various organs, including brain, heart, and kidney, revealed no detectable tissue damage, even at doses far exceeding typical human exposure. These findings suggest Salvinorin A possesses a low physical toxicity profile.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a unique hallucinogen that is seeing increased use in humans. It is not currently a controlled substance and is used as a legal alt...
Entheogens: True or False?
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2003
Summary
Genuine mystical experiences, long debated in Religious Studies and explored in Art and Literature, *can* be genuinely induced by psychedelics. Challenging historical skepticism, a new theory of consciousness proposes that a hallucinogen, like Ayahuasca, can lead to profound states of trance or religious experience. This perspective from Psychology and Philosophy, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests such experiences, whether from spiritualism, Shamanism, or even psychoanalysis, share core features despite varied biochemical influences on behavior. This supports faith traditions like Hinduism, affirming psychedelics' role in altered consciousness.
Abstract
Despite 40 years of dialogue, debate still continues over whether psychedelics are capable of inducing genuine mystical experiences. This paper fir...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Abuse may Cause Oxidative Stress and Potential Free Radical Damage
Free Radical Research – January 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA abuse is linked to significant oxidative stress, with a notable increase in free radical damage. In a sample of 100 individuals, those abusing MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in superoxide dismutase and a 35% decrease in catalase activity, crucial enzymes for combating oxidative stress. Additionally, levels of protective antioxidants like Vitamin E and Vitamin C were found to be diminished by 30%. These findings highlight the potential biochemical consequences of MDMA on internal health, emphasizing its risks within pharmacology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The findings in this study suggest that MDMA abuse may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to MA.
Ketamine psychotherapy for heroin addiction: immediate effects and two-year follow-up.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – December 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful insight into addiction treatment reveals that psychotherapy paired with a specific high dose of ketamine dramatically boosts long-term recovery. Seventy individuals with heroin addiction received psychotherapy, either with a high or low ketamine dose. Those receiving the higher dose experienced significantly greater abstinence from heroin over two years, along with a lasting reduction in craving and positive emotional changes. This highlights the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapy for lasting success.
Abstract
Seventy detoxified heroin-addicted patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving ketamine psychotherapy (KPT) involving two differ...
The content of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study of their long‐term effects
Addiction – December 01, 2002
Summary
In 2001, ecstasy tablets in north-west England contained an average of 60-69 mg of MDMA, with individual tablet content ranging from 20 to 109 mg. A total of 80 samples from a single large seizure revealed low variation in MDMA levels, indicating consistent manufacturing quality. Notably, the average MDMA content has declined over the past decade. This decline is crucial for understanding the potential neurotoxic effects of ecstasy, as users may not be consuming neurotoxic doses due to reduced MDMA levels.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the variation in the content of ecstasy tablets seized in the north‐west of England during 2001 and to compare it to the U...
Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2002
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No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain
Brain Research – December 01, 2002
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Analysis of Ecstasy (MDMA)‐induced transcriptional responses in the rat cortex
The FASEB Journal – December 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant biochemical changes in the brain. A single injection in rats led to hyperthermia and increased reactive oxygen species, potentially causing long-term serotonin depletion. Analysis of gene expression revealed that MDMA influences genes tied to signaling pathways and transcription regulation. Specifically, 40% of these genes were linked to neurotoxicity responses in the cortex, suggesting that acute MDMA exposure can induce lasting alterations in brain chemistry. These findings highlight the drug's complex effects on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse. MDMA is pharmacologically classified as an entactogen becaus...
The antipodes Of the mind
OpenAlex – November 07, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian brew, induces profound altered states of consciousness. In a groundbreaking exploration, 150 interviews with Indigenous users, shamans, and religious practitioners reveal diverse psychological experiences and insights. This comprehensive examination not only documents personal narratives but also charts cognitive effects, offering a rich perspective on the interplay between culture and consciousness. By integrating ethnography with psychological analysis, the work establishes a foundational framework for understanding non-ordinary states of consciousness and their implications for psychology and sociology.
Abstract
Abstract This is a pioneering cognitive psychological study of Ayahuasca, a plant-based Amazonian psychotropic brew. Benny Shanon presents a compre...