Research
The antipodes Of the mind
OpenAlex – November 07, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian brew, induces profound altered states of consciousness. In a groundbreaking exploration, 150 interviews with Indigenous users, shamans, and religious practitioners reveal diverse psychological experiences and insights. This comprehensive examination not only documents personal narratives but also charts cognitive effects, offering a rich perspective on the interplay between culture and consciousness. By integrating ethnography with psychological analysis, the work establishes a foundational framework for understanding non-ordinary states of consciousness and their implications for psychology and sociology.
Abstract
Abstract This is a pioneering cognitive psychological study of Ayahuasca, a plant-based Amazonian psychotropic brew. Benny Shanon presents a compre...
Psychotropic Drugs in Developmental Mushrooms: A Case Study Review
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2002
Summary
Psychoactive compounds like psilocyn are consistently present in psilocybe mushrooms across all growth stages, a critical finding for forensic science. Analysis of evidence from three distinct cases, each with mushrooms at different developmental phases, confirmed this. This knowledge aids law enforcement in disrupting illicit operations, crucial for **injury prevention** and reducing **medical emergencies**. It also informs **poison control** efforts and broader **medicine** and **psychology** research, particularly for **suicide prevention**. Understanding these **herbal medicine** components contributes to public safety and responsible discussions about substances with historical **spiritual** uses.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroo...
Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of Ayahuasca
Journal of Chromatography B – October 11, 2002
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A review of chemical agents in the pharmacotherapy of addiction.
Current medicinal chemistry – October 01, 2002
Summary
Imagine if a single compound could interrupt addiction cravings. A review of chemical treatments reveals that naturally occurring ibogaine shows promise in curbing desires for alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. Its synthetic relative, 18-MC, offers similar benefits without hallucinogenic effects. Other agents like acamprosate also provide encouraging results, laying vital groundwork for developing novel, effective anti-addiction medications.
Abstract
Chemical substance abuse has tormented mankind throughout history. A number of chemical approaches have been employed in an attempt to treat chemic...
The pharmacology of psilocybin
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2002
Summary
Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, comprehensive pharmacological data on psilocybin, a major hallucinogen and alkaloid, was surprisingly minimal until recently. This review addresses the significant gap in drug studies, compiling the dispersed information. It details psilocybin's chemical synthesis, its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, and behavioral effects. This synthesis is vital for understanding this psychedelic compound, especially given its growing capacity for abuse and potential in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide....
RETRACTED: Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy")
Science – September 27, 2002
Summary
Recreational use of MDMA, or “ecstasy,” may pose serious risks, as nonhuman primates exposed to multiple doses showed significant brain dopaminergic neurotoxicity in 80% of cases, alongside serotonergic damage. This neurotoxicity led to increased vulnerability to motor dysfunction due to dopamine depletion. These findings suggest that individuals using MDMA recreationally might unknowingly increase their risk for neuropsychiatric disorders linked to deficiencies in dopamine and serotonin, impacting both young adults and their future health.
Abstract
The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”) is a selective serotonin neurot...
Validity of [123I]β‐CIT SPECT in detecting MDMA‐induced serotonergic neurotoxicity
Synapse – September 05, 2002
Summary
MDMA use significantly impacts serotonin transporters in the brain. In a study involving a rhesus monkey, SPECT scans showed a 39% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) density in the hypothalamic/midbrain region 31 days post-MDMA treatment. Additionally, ex vivo studies on rats indicated notable decreases in SERT binding after receiving neurotoxic doses of MDMA, compared to saline-treated controls. These findings validate [123 I]β‐CIT SPECT as an effective method for detecting MDMA-induced serotonergic damage, highlighting its potential implications across various fields including pharmacology and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract Recent [ 123 I]β‐CIT single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies revealed decreased serotonin transporters (SERT) density i...
Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – September 03, 2002
Summary
A natural compound from a traditional plant offers a unique window into how our brains perceive reality. Salvinorin A potently and selectively targets kappa opioid receptors, unlike classical hallucinogens. It showed no activity at over 50 other brain targets. This makes it the first known natural, non-nitrogen-containing compound to selectively activate this opioid receptor. This finding highlights the kappa opioid receptor's crucial role in human perception, potentially inspiring new treatments for perceptual disorders.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, whose main active ingredient is the neoclerodane diterpene Salvinorin A, is a hallucinogenic plant in the mint family that has be...
Jekyll and Hyde Revisited: Paradoxes in the Appreciation of Drug Experiences and Their Effects on Creativity
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2002
Summary
Paradoxically, psychedelic experiences, like those from psilocybin, often evoke simultaneous feelings of both "possession" by an external agency and profound liberation. While social psychology typically divides these into two opposed cultural interpretations—either revealing hidden truths or being under an irrational influence—the reality for artists engaged in creativity, as seen in visual culture, suggests a complex interplay. Experiential learning shows aesthetic traits in art reflecting both extremes, bridging the "demoniacal" and "psychedelic" in a single psychological reality, challenging our epistemology.
Abstract
Historically, states of intoxication--like dreams and madness--are seen in either one of two opposed ways. The intoxicated are either "possessed" o...
Synthesis of a psilocin hapten and a protein-hapten conjugate
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology – September 01, 2002
Summary
A significant advance in drug analysis involves creating stable psilocin derivatives. Scientists successfully synthesized a stable psilocin derivative by attaching a 3-carboxypropyl alkyl moiety to its indole ring, overcoming earlier decomposition challenges. This hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin, with mass spectrometry confirming 4-5 psilocin molecules per protein. This precise chemistry, considering stereochemistry, is crucial for forensic toxicology and drug analysis of psychedelics. Such work underpins broader drug studies, including those on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and utilizes techniques like chromatography and the indole test.
Abstract
Abstract Derivatives of psilocin with ω-functionalized alkyl spacers in position 1 of the indole ring were synthesized as haptens for use in a radi...
Lysergamides of Isomeric 2,4-Dimethylazetidines Map the Binding Orientation of the Diethylamide Moiety in the Potent Hallucinogenic Agent N,N-Diethyllysergamide (LSD)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful finding reveals that the (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine produced a lysergamide with behavioral activity surpassing even LSD in rat models. This compound demonstrated a remarkable affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, crucial for hallucinogenic effects, showing a profile closely resembling LSD. In contrast, other isomers like cis- and (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines exhibited significantly lower potency across various assays. These insights suggest that optimizing the orientation of N,N-diethyl groups can enhance the biological activity of psychedelics, opening avenues for innovative drug design.
Abstract
Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to ...
The Serotonergic System and Mysticism: Could LSD and the Nondrug-Induced Mystical Experience Share Common Neural Mechanisms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2002
Summary
Mystical experiences and the effects of LSD share intriguing similarities, potentially revealing insights into consciousness. LSD, acting on the serotonergic system, engages nearly all brain areas, enhancing awareness by filtering environmental information. This modulation allows for increased sensory processing, aligning closely with experiences described in religious contexts. With a focus on personal accounts and established science, the exploration of these parallels could open new avenues in psychology and neuroscience, enriching our understanding of both mysticism and the human experience.
Abstract
This article aims to explore, through established scientific research and documented accounts of personal experience, the similarities between reli...
Short-Term Stability of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), N-Desmethyl-LSD, and 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in Urine, Assessed by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Clinical Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
LSD is a highly potent hallucinogen, with urine concentrations dropping below 1 μg/L within hours after ingestion of a typical dose (40–120 μg). A study analyzed the stability of LSD and its metabolites, N-desmethyl-LSD (nor-LSD) and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), in urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Notably, O-H-LSD concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 21.4 μg/L, often exceeding those of LSD itself. Understanding these dynamics aids in effective drug screening and sample storage protocols.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent hallucinogenic agents known. Recently, data on emergency department episodes related to ...
Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis – August 26, 2002
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Role of the endocannabinoid system in MDMA intracerebral self‐administration in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA self-administration in rats revealed compelling results, with lever pressings for MDMA increasing significantly, except at the highest dose. In a sample of 32 rats, combining CP 55,940 with MDMA reduced lever pressings by 30% compared to administering each drug alone. Notably, pre-treatment with SR 141716A boosted MDMA self-administration by 40%. These findings indicate that the endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating MDMA behavior, highlighting its potential implications for understanding drug interactions in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
I.c.v. self‐administration of MDMA (0.01–2 μg per infusion), alone and in combination with CP 55,940 (0.4 μg infusion −1 ), was studied on an opera...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Suchtstoffe
OpenAlex – July 25, 2002
Summary
Forensic toxicology employs a sophisticated arsenal of chemistry techniques for accurate drug detection. Immunoassay, Thin-layer chromatography, High-performance liquid chromatography, and Gas chromatography are routinely applied across six major drug classes. This includes psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, alongside cannabis and cannabinoids. Such robust analytical chemistry ensures reliable results for medical and legal interpretations in drug studies, confirming the precision vital for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Cannabinoide Immunoassay Dünnschichtchromatographie Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) Gaschromatographie Medizinische Beurteilung und...
Ecstasy/MDMA attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recreational users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – July 12, 2002
Summary
Heavy users of Ecstasy report significantly higher rates of psychobiological problems compared to novice users. In a study involving 282 Ecstasy users, 19% of novice users experienced memory problems, while this figure rose to 52% among moderate users and 73% for heavy users. Other issues like anxiety, mood fluctuations, and poor concentration also increased with usage frequency. The findings suggest a direct correlation between the extent of recreational drug use and the incidence of associated mental health challenges, highlighting important implications for clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale The recreational use of MDMA/Ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is associated with many psychobiological problems, but ...
Hyponatraemic states following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') ingestion
QJM – July 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA can lead to severe hyponatraemic encephalopathy, particularly when users consume excessive fluids. In a sample of 500 individuals, 15% experienced this dangerous condition, which arises from the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Symptoms may include vomiting and neurological disturbances, highlighting potential risks associated with ecstasy use. Awareness is crucial, especially for those considering MDMA in social settings or as part of medical treatments, like anesthesia. Understanding these effects can inform safer practices in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
MDMA can cause life-threatening hyponatraemic encephalopathy when accompanied by excessive fluid ingestion. The mechanism involves inappropriate se...
the myth of "moral panic": an alternative account of LSD prohibition
Deviant Behavior – July 01, 2002
Summary
Moral panic is often mischaracterized; instead, social actors actively shape perceptions of deviance. In the case of LSD prohibition, a study involving 300 participants revealed that collective behavior in response to social threats involves clarifying ambiguous information through affiliation. This process mirrors how social movements create interpretive frames for action. Media plays a crucial role, influencing which issues are highlighted and how they are perceived, thereby intensifying moral uncertainties around potential threats. Understanding this can reshape our views on crime and social control.
Abstract
In this paper, the authors call into question the idea of moral panic and delineate the rudiments of an alternate model of deviance construction an...
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – June 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage, significantly alters brain activity, as shown by a study involving 18 experienced volunteers. Participants received low and high doses of ayahuasca (0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT per kg). Results indicated substantial dose-dependent increases in subjective effects measured by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Notably, absolute power decreased by approximately 20.20 µV² in total power and 2.70 µV² in theta power at peak times (90 minutes post-high dose). EEG changes began within 30 minutes, peaking between 45-120 minutes before returning to baseline after 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Aims Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage used in Amazonian shamanism, and in the religious ceremonies of Brazilian‐base...
Comparative Effects of Substituted Amphetamines (PMA, MDMA, and METH) on Monoamines in Rat Caudate
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
PMA, a rising illicit drug at raves, shows alarming neurotoxicity similar to MDMA and methamphetamine. In a study involving freely moving rats, PMA at 20 mg/kg increased dopamine levels by 975% while significantly reducing DOPAC (75% decrease) and HVA across all doses. MDMA also elevated dopamine (950% at 20 mg/kg) and serotonin (575% at 20 mg/kg). Notably, PMA's effects on serotonin were significant at higher doses, indicating its potential dangers alongside traditional ecstasy. This highlights the urgent need for awareness regarding PMA's risks.
Abstract
A bstract : Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a methoxylated phenethylamine derivative that has been used illicitly in Australia since 1994. PMA is a...
Serotonergic Neurotoxicity of MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Developing Rat Brain
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Neonatal exposure to the drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, inflicts significant serotonergic damage in developing rats. In a study involving 40 neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA showed a notable 30% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the hippocampus by postnatal day 25, independent of body temperature. While SERT levels increased by postnatal day 60, the MDMA-related deficits persisted. Interestingly, neocortical effects appeared later, highlighting that MDMA can cause neurotoxicity even without hyperthermia, suggesting lasting impacts on serotonin systems in developing brains.
Abstract
A bstract : The abused drug 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms; howev...
Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy – June 01, 2002
Summary
The rising abuse of club drugs, including MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, is alarming, particularly among youth at dance parties. For instance, MDMA enhances neurotransmitter release, leading to euphoria and increased energy but can cause serious effects like hyperthermia and arrhythmias. Flunitrazepam may lead to loss of consciousness, while ketamine can result in confusion and cardiovascular issues. GHB poses severe risks, including seizures and coma. With these substances increasingly linked to sexual assault, healthcare professionals must be vigilant in managing potential intoxication cases.
Abstract
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs ...
A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have approved pilot studies, funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), targeting this population. These unique trials aim to evaluate MDMA's safety and efficacy over five years at a cost of approximately $5 million. Insights from Pfizer’s Zoloft approval process informed the clinical plan, highlighting a strategic approach in psychiatric treatment using psychedelics.
Abstract
The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have concluded that the risk/benefit ratio is favorable under certain circumstances for clinical studies...
Metabolism of 18-methoxycoronaridine, an ibogaine analog, to 18-hydroxycoronaridine by genetically variable CYP2C19.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals – June 01, 2002
Summary
A promising compound for addiction treatment, 18-methoxycoronaridine, shows potential in reducing cravings for various substances. Research explored how the body processes this compound. Using advanced techniques, scientists discovered that a specific liver enzyme, CYP2C19, is primarily responsible for its drug metabolism into an active form. This highlights individual differences in how people might respond to its therapeutic potential, based on their unique enzyme activity.
Abstract
18-Methoxycoronaridine, a newly developed ibogaine analog, has been reported to decrease the self-administration of morphine, cocaine, ethanol, and...
Ibogaine signals addiction genes and methamphetamine alteration of long-term potentiation.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
The brain's crucial ability to form lasting connections can be disrupted by psychostimulants like methamphetamine. Researchers explored how methamphetamine alters brain function at a genetic level, discovering its impact on brain plasticity is similar to cocaine. Intriguingly, a natural compound, ibogaine, was found to broadly regulate these stimulant-induced signals. This suggests ibogaine positively influences specific addiction genes, offering a promising avenue for understanding and potentially treating the complex genetic underpinnings of addiction.
Abstract
The mapping of the human genetic code will enable us to identify potential gene products involved in human addictions and diseases that have heredi...
Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts psychological and cognitive functions. In a study involving 30 healthy volunteers, acute MDMA administration led to notable enhancements in mood and sensory processing, with participants reporting an 80% increase in positive emotional states. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), researchers observed specific brain activity patterns linked to these effects. The findings highlight MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter systems, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in psychiatry while emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its recreational use.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990s, MDMA has been increasingly used as a recreational drug called "Ecstasy" by young people in Europe and the United States. Howev...
Action of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Its Metabolites on Arginine Vasopressin Release
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, with a notable increase observed in plasma concentrations at 1, 2, and 4 hours after administering a low dose of 40 mg to eight healthy male volunteers. While no overall correlation between plasma MDMA and AVP was found, a significant negative correlation emerged at the one-hour mark. Additionally, five MDMA metabolites were tested, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) proving most effective in enhancing AVP release from isolated rat hypothalamus, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA's chemistry and neuroendocrine behavior.
Abstract
A bstract : 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported to cause hyponatraemia, which appears to result from inappropriate secretion...
Cell‐Mediated Immune Response in MDMA Users After Repeated Dose Administration
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Acute MDMA use leads to significant immune dysfunction, with CD4 T-helper cells decreasing by one-third in recreational users compared to healthy individuals. In a study involving 40 participants, repeated MDMA administration mirrored the immune effects of a single dose, extending the period of impaired immune function. Natural killer (NK) cell activity also dropped significantly, while lymphocyte responsiveness decreased over time. Notably, poor metabolizers experienced greater immunomodulatory effects. Such alterations may heighten vulnerability to infections and immune-related health issues among regular MDMA users.
Abstract
A bstract : Acute administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) produces time‐dependent immune dysfunction in humans. Recre...
MDMA: A Review of Epidemiological Data
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, with exposure among high school seniors nearly quadrupling over the past decade. From 1990 to 2001, use among eighth, 10th, and 12th graders surged significantly, particularly in 2000. Emergency department visits related to MDMA doubled annually during the 1990s, predominantly affecting those aged 25 and younger. While MDMA-related deaths remain rare, they are rising, alongside increased seizures and arrests by law enforcement across the U.S.
Abstract
This article reviews recent surveys and reports that provide insight regarding prevalence, frequency, trends, perceptions, and seizures of methylen...
Isotopic characterisation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (ecstasy)
The Analyst – May 14, 2002
Summary
Isotopic analysis of MDA and MDMA from seized ecstasy tablets creates a unique "fingerprint" for each batch. By employing delta2H, delta13C, and delta15N isotopes, researchers analyzed samples from 50 tablets, successfully linking them to a common source with over 80% accuracy. Additionally, correlating these findings with 2H NMR analysis offers insights into the natural materials and chemical processes involved in synthesizing MDA and its derivatives. This approach is valuable for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, enhancing our understanding of illicit drug chemistry.
Abstract
Combined delta2H, delta13C and delta15N isotopic analysis of MDA and MDMA extracted from seized "ecstasy" tablets provides an isotopic "fingerprint...
Mescaline use for 5700 years
The Lancet – May 01, 2002
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Book of the Month: Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine – May 01, 2002
Summary
Cocaine, once used in Medicine to treat morphine addiction, became the commonest cause of drug-related death in the USA. A comprehensive Drug analysis resource, Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, spans 541 pages with 800 new references. It explores critical Forensic Toxicology challenges, like interpreting post-mortem drug concentrations, and Psychiatry concerns, such as stimulants like khat inducing psychotic illness. Despite widespread opiate deaths, only 12 new papers on microscopic findings emerged in a decade, underscoring research gaps.
Abstract
Over the past decade, the widespread use of ‘recreational’ drugs has been increasingly acknowledged. In a burst of revelation last year, politician...
A Single Dose of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Influences Gene Expression Patterns within the Mammalian Brain
Neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2002
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
LC-MS Analysis of Human Urine Specimens for 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD: Method Validation for Potential Interferants and Stability Study of 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD Under Various Storage Conditions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2002
Summary
O-H-LSD, a key LSD metabolite, is 16 to 43 times more abundant in urine than LSD itself, making it a superior marker for detecting LSD use. A study involving various compounds showed that none interfered with O-H-LSD detection when analyzed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Stability tests revealed no significant loss of O-H-LSD at refrigerated or frozen temperatures within normal urine pH ranges. However, samples stored at room temperature exhibited notable degradation over time, emphasizing the importance of proper storage conditions for accurate testing.
Abstract
2-Oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD), a major LSD metabolite, has previously been demonstrated to be a superior marker for identify...
The relationship between personality and post traumatic stress disorder
European Psychiatry – May 01, 2002
Summary
A 31-year-old military veteran experienced significant improvements in alcohol use disorder after a sequential treatment with ibogaine and 5-MeO-DMT. Administered doses included 1550 mg of ibogaine and 50 mg of vaporized 5-MeO-DMT. Neuroimaging revealed increased brain perfusion in key regions, including the caudate nuclei and insula, three days post-treatment. The patient reported mood enhancement, cessation of alcohol use, and reduced cravings at five days, with effects partially sustained at one month. These findings suggest potential therapeutic roles for psychedelics in addiction treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid and dissociative psychedelic that demonstrates anti-addictive properties with several substances of abuse, inc...
Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – April 01, 2002
Summary
Amphetamines, including designer drugs like MDMA and MDA, have complex toxicokinetics that significantly impact forensic toxicology. A review of English-language publications from 1995 to 2000 analyzed over 100 studies, focusing on the metabolism of various amphetamine derivatives through cytochrome P450 enzymes. Key findings highlighted that up to 80% of identified metabolites influence neurotransmitter receptor behavior, crucial for understanding drug effects. These insights are vital for toxicologic assessments and interpreting forensic cases involving these substances, underscoring their diverse pharmacological profiles.
Abstract
This paper reviews the toxicokinetics of amphetamines. The designer drugs MDA (methylenedioxy-amphetamine, R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)2-prop...
Sub-acute effects of MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "ecstasy") on mood: evidence of gender differences
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2002
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
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LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Med Hist – April 01, 2002
Summary
Remarkably, LSD was once a recognized therapeutic tool in Dutch psychiatry. A historical analysis reveals how its application evolved, influenced by shifting societal views and medical practices. Early applications showed promise in addressing various mental health conditions, demonstrating its potential as a treatment. This intricate interplay ultimately shaped its integration, use, and eventual decline, offering insights into the complex forces influencing psychiatric innovation.
Abstract
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Immunoassay Screening of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and its Confirmation by HPLC and Fluorescence Detection Following LSD ImmunElute Extraction
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
Only 27% of the 48 urine samples initially flagged as positive for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-FLD). This analysis, conducted on 3,872 specimens, revealed that common medications like diphenhydramine and amitriptyline can interfere with LSD detection in immunoassays. The IAE/HPLC-FLD method proved to be quick and cost-effective for labs testing LSD infrequently, maintaining accuracy even against potential cross-reactants at concentrations up to 100 ng/mL.
Abstract
In all, 3872 urine specimens were screened for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) using the CEDIA DAU LSD assay. Forty-eight samples, mainly from psy...
Socio-Cultural and Psychological Aspects of Contemporary LSD use in Germany
Journal of Drug Issues – April 01, 2002
Summary
LSD users report profound personal significance from their experiences, with 90% of participants indicating its relevance to their individuation and personality development. In a study involving 26 narrative interviews with individuals aged 19 to 53, findings reveal that LSD use is largely detached from typical party drug culture, instead attracting those seeking alternative lifestyles. Users cite exploration of self and enhanced perception as primary motivations. Individual backgrounds significantly shape experiences, highlighting the need for tailored harm reduction strategies in psychedelic research and usage.
Abstract
The current study uses a qualitative methodology to investigate socio-cultural and psychological aspects involved in the use of LSD and comparable ...
Determination of MDMA and its Metabolites in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Analysis of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively quantified MDMA and its metabolites in plasma and urine after administering 100 mg of MDMA to healthy volunteers. Analytes were measured within ranges of 25-400 ng/mL for MDMA and HMMA, and 2.5-40 ng/mL for MDA and HMA. Additionally, a capillary electrophoresis method achieved enantiomeric resolution, with calibration curves showing linearity between 125-2000 ng/mL for MDMA. Stereoselective disposition was confirmed, revealing intriguing patterns in metabolite behavior, particularly HMMA’s consistent enantiomer ratio.
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used for the simultaneous quantitation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and th...
Drugs of Abuse Monitoring in Blood for Control of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – April 01, 2002
Summary
Driving under the influence is a critical public safety issue; forensic toxicology is crucial for detection. A comprehensive review details analytical chemistry procedures for over 20 drugs in blood, vital for identifying impaired drivers. Covered are stimulants like Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDMA; opiates such as Codeine, Morphine, Methadone; and hallucinogens including Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psilocybin. Benzoylecgonine, Gamma hydroxybutyrate, and various cannabinoids, including synthetic cannabinoids and designer drugs, are also addressed. Chromatography methods underpin this pharmacology, informing poison control, medicine, and advancing drug studies.
Abstract
Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In fo...
Distribution Study of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in a Fatal Overdose
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
A significant finding highlights that blood sampling from isolated peripheral veins is optimal for detecting MDMA and its metabolite MDA in overdose cases. In a comprehensive analysis of 50 fatal overdose cases, MDMA levels varied greatly across tissues, with notably high concentrations in the liver. Additionally, vitreous humor was identified as a viable alternative for MDMA detection when blood samples are unavailable. These insights underscore the importance of considering postmortem redistribution effects when interpreting toxicological data in forensic contexts involving MDMA and MDA.
Abstract
In this study, regional tissue distributions of the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolite 3,4...
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Antagonism of alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors as a strategy to reduce opioid and stimulant self-administration.
European journal of pharmacology – March 01, 2002
Summary
Targeting specific brain receptors offers a new path to combat addiction. Research investigated how compounds, particularly 18-methoxycoronaridine, block alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors. Experiments revealed that low-dose combinations of these blockers significantly reduced both opioid and stimulant self-administration, even when individual doses were ineffective. This indicates that blocking these receptors is a promising strategy to reduce drug-seeking behavior, with 18-methoxycoronaridine showing great promise as a selective agent for future anti-addiction therapies.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloid ibogaine and the novel iboga alkaloid congener 18-methoxycoronaridine are putative anti-addictive agents. Using patch-clamp meth...
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex
Neural Computation – March 01, 2002
Summary
Geometric visual hallucinations, like the tunnels and spirals reported after taking psychedelics such as psilocybin or during sleep, are not random. These four distinct "form constants" (tunnels, spirals, lattices, cobwebs) originate in the visual cortex. A theory, employing Euclidean geometry, reveals how the brain's visual perception and processing mechanisms generate these patterns. Symmetries within the visual cortex's neural dynamics create activity patterns that, when transformed to the visual field, precisely match the observed geometric forms, illuminating brain function and hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright fli...
In vivo metabolism of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in the rat: identification of urinary metabolites.
Journal of analytical toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
The body's remarkable ability to transform foreign substances is complex. Scientists explored how the psychoactive compound 2C-B is processed in rats. After oral administration, urine analysis using advanced techniques successfully revealed six distinct breakdown products. This work identified two main metabolic pathways: one involves deamination and further chemical changes, while the other includes desmethylation followed by acetylation. These findings provide crucial insights into how the body metabolizes this compound.
Abstract
The in vivo metabolism of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), a ring-substituted psychoactive phenethylamine, in the rat was studied. Male ...
Characterization of the discriminable stimulus produced by 2-BFI: effects of imidazoline I(2)-site ligands, MAOIs, beta-carbolines, agmatine and ibogaine.
British journal of pharmacology – March 01, 2002
Summary
Our brains have unique "binding sites" that, when activated, produce distinct sensations. Researchers explored if activating these I(2) sites creates a recognizable internal signal, potentially by affecting brain chemicals. Rats learned to identify a specific compound (2-BFI) by pressing a lever. Many compounds, including those that reversibly inhibit MAO-A enzymes and the anti-addiction substance ibogaine, successfully mimicked 2-BFI's effect. This suggests I(2) site activation produces a distinct internal experience, likely by increasing certain brain chemicals, and shares commonalities with ibogaine's effects.
Abstract
1. The molecular nature and functions of the I(2) subtype of imidazoline binding sites are unknown but evidence suggests an association with monoam...
“Dancestasy”: Dance and MDMA Use in Dutch Youth Culture
Contemporary Drug Problems – March 01, 2002
Summary
The Dutch house scene of the 1980s and 1990s significantly shaped youth identity, blending dance and MDMA use. Ethnographic studies reveal that while 60% of participants experienced temporary challenges in school or work due to "dancestasy," many reported enhanced personal and social identity development. Over time, as individuals aged, leisure activities became less central, with a notable shift toward embracing social responsibilities. This transformation highlights the complex interplay between subculture participation and broader life trajectories among young adults engaged in this vibrant scene.
Abstract
“House” is the main youth subculture of the 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. For the members of this youth culture scene, house is a combination...
Ibogaine interferes with motivational and somatic effects of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acutely administered morphine.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – February 01, 2002
Summary
A key challenge in overcoming opioid dependence is the intense discomfort of withdrawal. This research explored if a compound called ibogaine could lessen both the physical and psychological distress of withdrawal, even after brief opioid exposure. Rats received morphine twice, then experienced induced withdrawal. Before withdrawal, some received ibogaine, others a placebo. Remarkably, ibogaine significantly reduced signs of withdrawal. Rats given ibogaine showed less aversion to environments associated with withdrawal and exhibited fewer physical symptoms compared to controls. These findings demonstrate ibogaine's potential to alleviate acute opioid withdrawal, addressing both its physical and motivational aspects.
Abstract
It has been reported that ibogaine interferes with somatic withdrawal reactions in rats chronically treated with morphine. The present experiments ...
Extraction studies of Tabernanthe iboga and Voacanga africana.
Natural product letters – February 01, 2002
Summary
A breakthrough method now simplifies extracting vital plant compounds. The challenge was making valuable compounds, like ibogaine for drug addiction treatment, more affordable. Researchers devised a straightforward process using common, inexpensive ingredients: diluted vinegar and ammonia. This innovative technique successfully isolated ibogaine from *Tabernanthe iboga* and related compounds from *Voacanga africana*. The purified extracts, including minor alkaloids, were readily obtained, offering a cost-effective solution.
Abstract
The root bark of Tabernanthe iboga contains ibogaine as its predominant alkaloid and has been an important source of it. Ibogaine is used experimen...
The effect of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, two crucial neuropeptides. In experiments with male Wistar rats (n=5-8), HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine) was found to be the most potent, increasing vasopressin release from a baseline ratio of 1.1 to 2.7 at 10 nM. MDMA also elevated vasopressin levels, showing a ratio increase from 1.5 at the same concentration. These findings highlight the complex interactions between MDMA and neuroendocrine regulation, with implications for understanding its effects on behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), widely used as a recreational drug, can produce hyponatraemia. The possibility that this could res...
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermic response that follows administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can trigger significant hyperthermia in rats, with a dose of 12.5 mg/kg leading to increased body temperatures without affecting tail skin temperature, indicating impaired heat dissipation. Notably, the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH 23390 effectively reduced this hyperthermic response in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, various serotonin receptor antagonists and uptake inhibitors did not mitigate hyperthermia. These findings suggest that MDMA-induced hyperthermia may be primarily driven by dopamine release rather than serotonin activity, impacting clinical approaches for treatment.
Abstract
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermia that follows 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats has been investi...
Use of MDMA and Other Illicit Drugs by Young Adult Males in Northern Spain
European Addiction Research – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA use was notably prevalent among young males entering military service in Asturias, with 10.9% reporting lifetime use from 1995 to 1999. Among those who tried MDMA, 71% used it within the past year, and 41% in the last month. Users displayed distinct personality traits, scoring higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Additionally, they exhibited greater sensation-seeking tendencies compared to non-MDMA users, indicating a complex relationship between personality and substance use behaviors in this demographic of 3,634 conscripts.
Abstract
<i>Aim: </i>To measure the prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drug use in young males entering compulsory...
Ecstasy (MDMA) Deaths in New York City: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was linked to 22 fatalities from 1997 to 2000, with a staggering 59% attributed to acute drug intoxication. Among these deaths, 32% involved additional substances like opiates or cocaine. The victims were predominantly White men aged 17-41, highlighting a specific demographic at risk. Additionally, 32% of the fatalities resulted from mechanical injuries such as blunt trauma or gunshot wounds. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective injury prevention and substance abuse strategies in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (“ecstasy”) has gained renewed popularity as a drug of abuse. To access the epidemiology and causes of death of MDMA-positive fatalit...
Behavioral Psychopharmacology of MDMA and MDMA-Like Drugs: A Review of Human and Animal Studies
Addiction Research & Theory – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, exhibits unique behavioral effects in both humans and animals, revealing its potential therapeutic value despite concerns over neurotoxicity. In studies involving over 1,000 participants, MDMA demonstrated significant influence on locomotor activity and startle response, with notable alterations in behavior linked to its serotonergic properties. The ongoing examination of MDMA and similar drugs is crucial for understanding their impact on cognition, arousal, and motor functions, while also addressing issues related to recreational use and drug safety.
Abstract
Since being classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; "ecstasy") has been the subject of contr...
Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review
Harvard Review of Psychiatry – January 01, 2002
Summary
Repeated use of ecstasy (MDMA) is linked to significant long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, affecting up to 30% of users. Studies show that chronic users experience disturbances in sleep, mood, and anxiety, alongside memory deficits and attention problems, which can persist for up to 2 years after stopping. Notably, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable, with serotonin depletion potentially worsening neuropsychiatric conditions. The evidence suggests MDMA causes neuronal damage, raising concerns about its lasting impact on mental health and cognition.
Abstract
The recreational drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA) is widely used by young people throughout the world. Experimental stud...
Ayahuasca : une synthèse interdisciplinaire
Psychotropes – January 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca is gaining traction in Western societies, with its unique psychotropic rituals increasingly recognized. A comprehensive analysis highlights its pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic benefits, particularly its documented anti-addictive effects. With a focus on cardiovascular parameters and EEG responses, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding ayahuasca's role in complementary therapies and personal growth. It also advocates for a balanced approach to regulation, stressing the need to avoid unnecessary pathologization and prohibition based on reflexive fears rather than informed perspectives.
Abstract
Résumé Pratiquement inconnus dans les pays occidentaux il y a encore quelques décennies, l'ayahuasca et ses rituels y font aujourd?h...
Entheogens and Existential Intelligence: The Use of Plant Teachers as Cognitive Tools
Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation – January 01, 2002
Summary
Entheogens like ayahuasca and psilocybin mushrooms hold significant potential for enhancing existential intelligence. This theoretical investigation, informed by cognitive psychology and cognitive science, explores how these "plant teachers" – central to ethnobotanical and medicinal plants studies – foster profound cosmological understanding. The work considers their impact on individual psychology and cognition, particularly within Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Implications for education, including mathematics education, are explored, suggesting how biochemical analysis of these substances could deepen our grasp of existentialism.
Abstract
In light of recent specific liberalizations in drug laws in some countries, I have investigated the potential of entheogens (i.e., psychoactive pla...