Research
Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Analytica Chimica Acta – November 09, 2004
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Serotonin–GABA interactions modulate MDMA‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release
Journal of Neurochemistry – October 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a remarkable 1037% increase in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) at a 5 mg/kg dose. This surge in serotonin correlates with a substantial rise in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, peaking at 1320%. Additionally, GABA efflux in the VTA increased by up to 229%, influenced by serotonin receptor activity. The selective dopamine releaser d-amphetamine also elevated GABA levels by 180% but did not affect serotonin, highlighting complex interactions among neurotransmitters during MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4,‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) acts at monoamine nerve terminals to alter the release and re‐uptake of dopamine and ...
A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters – October 18, 2004
Summary
Salvinorin A, a unique compound showing promise for stimulant abuse treatment, has been challenging to monitor within the body. To advance its therapeutic potential, understanding its metabolic journey is crucial. Researchers successfully devised a straightforward method to synthesize a specialized, "labeled" form of Salvinorin A. This new compound proved highly effective as an internal standard, enabling reliable detection of Salvinorin A and its breakdown products in biological samples using advanced analytical methods. This achievement provides a vital tool for its future development.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a novel hallucinogen isolated from the widely available leaves of Salvia divinorum. Based on its mechanism of action, salvinorin A ...
Salvinorin A: a novel and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist.
Life sciences – October 15, 2004
Summary
A natural compound that profoundly alters human consciousness provides a unique window into brain function. This compound, Salvinorin A, was found to be a highly selective activator of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). These KORs are crucial for perception, and understanding Salvinorin A's precise interaction offers exciting insights into the molecular basis of higher cortical functions.
Abstract
kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) represent the principal site of action of dynorphin and related neuropeptides. Recently, Salvinorin A--a naturally oc...
A Possible Case of Venlafaxine-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – October 15, 2004
Summary
Prolonged psychosis linked to mescaline, a hallucinogen found in peyote, can occur after limited sleep. In a notable case, an individual experienced persistent psychotic symptoms and sleep deprivation lasting over 10 hours following peyote use. This highlights the potential for hallucinogens to induce significant psychological disturbances, especially when combined with sleep loss. Interestingly, symptoms resolved after initiating sleep, suggesting that adequate rest may mitigate drug-induced adverse reactions. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, particularly regarding treatment approaches for similar cases.
Abstract
Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.Sir: Psychos...
Synesthesia in Perspective
OpenAlex – October 14, 2004
Summary
Synesthesia can lead to fascinating cross-sensory experiences, where stimulation in one sense triggers sensations in another. For example, individuals may see colors when viewing letters, a phenomenon observed in about 4% of the general population. Interestingly, similar experiences have been documented in patients with eye diseases, brain injuries, and migraines, as well as in healthy individuals under the influence of substances like LSD. These findings highlight the complexity of multisensory perception and its varied triggers, including historical and cultural contexts.
Abstract
Abstract The term synesthesia (Greek; syn = together, aesthesia = sensation) has been used to describe a wide variety of phenomena. Most commonly, ...
Differential Response of nNOS Knockout Mice to MDMA (“Ecstasy”)‐ and Methamphetamine‐Induced Psychomotor Sensitization and Neurotoxicity
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2004
Summary
Mice lacking the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene show resistance to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, highlighting its crucial role in dopamine-related effects. In a study with 40 mice, wild-type (WT) mice exhibited persistent psychomotor sensitization to MDMA and methamphetamine for 40 days, while nNOS knockout (KO) mice did not. Notably, high doses of MDMA depleted serotonin in both groups. The findings indicate that nNOS is essential for the dopamine-mediated effects of methamphetamine and MDMA but not for serotonin depletion from MDMA.
Abstract
A bstract : It has been shown that mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene are resistant to cocaine‐induced psychomotor sensit...
Effect of Repeated (‘Binge’) Dosing of MDMA to Rats Housed at Normal and High Temperature on Neurotoxicdamage to Cerebral 5-Ht and Dopamine Neurones
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2004
Summary
Binge dosing of MDMA significantly heightens the risk of acute hyperthermia and long-term neurotoxicity. In a study with rats, administering three doses of 4 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg led to a striking 50% and 65% loss of serotonin in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. When exposed to higher temperatures (30 °C), rats showed an even greater hyperthermic response, peaking at 2.6 °C compared to 1.3 °C at normal temperatures. Notably, striatal dopamine levels remained unaffected, highlighting MDMA's selective neurotoxic effects on serotonin.
Abstract
The technique of ‘binge’ dosing (several doses in one session) by recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) requires ...
Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of ( )-Amphetamine, ( )-Methamphetamine, ( )-MDA, ( )-MDMA, and ( )-MDEA in Urine Specimens by GC-EI-MS after Derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)- -Methoxy- -(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl Chloride (MTPA)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
A new method for detecting methamphetamine in urine shows significant promise, with 91% of positive samples revealing only the (S)-(+)-isomer. Using (R)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA) for derivatization eliminated racemization issues common with previous techniques. This method demonstrated linear quantitation from 25 to 10,000 ng/mL, achieving correlation coefficients above 0.996, and tested 43 urine specimens effectively. Notably, the (R)-(-)-isomer of MDMA was consistently found at higher levels than its (S)-(+)-counterpart, indicating different metabolic retention times.
Abstract
In drug testing, the presence of methamphetamine in urine is generally confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Derivati...
A general screening and confirmation approach to the analysis of designer tryptamines and phenethylamines in blood and urine using GC-EI-MS and HPLC-electrospray-MS.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
Identifying new designer drugs in the body poses a unique challenge for forensic science. A new approach effectively addresses this by providing reliable `detection` and `quantitation` in `blood` and `urine`. Researchers successfully employed `GC-EI-MS` to screen for various designer tryptamines and phenethylamines, demonstrating high sensitivity and accuracy. This method was successfully applied to real-world samples. Further confirmation and detailed `quantitation` of specific compounds were achieved using `HPLC-electrospray-MS`, which also identified key metabolic byproducts. This robust analytical framework significantly enhances the ability to identify these substances in biological samples.
Abstract
Recent additions of designer tryptamines and phenethylamines to the Drug Enforcement Administration's schedule of controlled substances necessitate...
Use of MDA (The "Love Drug") and Methamphetamine in Toronto by Unsuspecting Users of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 2004
Summary
A striking 90% of drug users requesting ecstasy were found to have MDMA in their hair, with 38% also showing signs of methamphetamine. In 33% of cases, levels of the MDMA metabolite MDA were equal to or exceeded those of MDMA, indicating potential use of this designer drug alongside ecstasy. This suggests clandestine labs may enhance effects by adding amphetamines, complicating the understanding of MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Such findings are crucial for professionals in psychiatry, injury prevention, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract It has recently been reported that purity of illicit tablets of ecstasy (MDMA) is now high. Our objective was to confirm whether hair of d...
O Uso Ritual Da Ayahuasca
American Anthropologist – September 01, 2004
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Stimulus effects of three sulfur-containing psychoactive agents.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – August 01, 2004
Summary
New psychoactive substances, though structurally similar to known drugs, can have distinct effects. Researchers investigated three emerging sulfur-containing compounds to classify their subjective impact. Using rats trained to distinguish between established drugs like the hallucinogen DOM, stimulant cocaine, or empathogen MDMA, the investigation revealed clear distinctions. Two compounds, 4-MTA and 4-MTMA, consistently mimicked MDMA's effects. The third, 2C-T-7, produced effects akin to the hallucinogen DOM. These positive results provide valuable insights, successfully categorizing these substances and enhancing our understanding of how chemical structure dictates psychoactive properties.
Abstract
Two agents gaining popularity on the illicit drug market are the phenylalkylamines 4-MTA and 2C-T-7 [or 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane and 2...
Exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on postnatal days 11–20 induces reference but not working memory deficits in the Morris water maze in rats: implications of prior learning
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – August 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental days significantly impairs memory in offspring. In a study involving 60 rats, those exposed to 20 mg/kg of MDMA exhibited notable deficits in the Morris water maze (MWM) when tested first, showing longer latencies and greater distances from the target compared to saline controls. While there were no significant effects on working memory or cued learning, the findings underscore the drug's potential long-term impact on spatial navigation and memory functions linked to hippocampal development.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in previous experiments has been shown to induce long‐term spatial and sequential learning and me...
Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception
Neuroreport – August 01, 2004
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, creates compelling illusions of motion by selectively disrupting how the brain processes complex visual information. In a study involving nine human volunteers, this psychedelic substance impaired global motion perception—the ability to discern overall movement patterns—while leaving simpler local motion detection unaffected. This finding offers crucial insights for psychology and neuroscience, suggesting how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can model aspects of clinical psychosis and enhance our understanding of visual perception and cognitive psychology.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic serotonin(1A&2A) agonist psilocybin is known for its ability to induce illusions of motion in otherwise stationary objects or te...
The rewarding properties of MDMA are preserved in mice lacking µ‐opioid receptors
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 15, 2004
Summary
MDMA produces significant rewarding effects regardless of µ-opioid receptor presence, as shown in a study involving both wild-type and µ-opioid receptor knockout mice (N=40). Administered at 10 mg/kg, MDMA triggered similar increases in dopamine levels within the nucleus accumbens across both groups. Additionally, it decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid similarly. These findings indicate that unlike other substances such as opioids or cannabis, µ-opioid receptors do not significantly influence the rewarding properties of MDMA, highlighting unique dopaminergic mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract The involvement of µ‐opioid receptors in the rewarding properties of MDMA was explored in µ‐opioid receptor knockout mice using the condit...
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration to rats decreases brain tissue serotonin but not serotonin transporter protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 50% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, and caudate of male rats. Interestingly, despite this drop in serotonin, there was no notable change in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a neurotoxicity marker. In contrast, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) resulted in over 90% depletion of serotonin and a 20-35% decrease in SERT levels, alongside a 30-39% increase in GFAP, indicating potential neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Previous experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that administration of high‐dose D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) and p‐chloroamphetamine (...
MDMA‐evoked changes in [11C]raclopride and [11C]NMSP binding in living pig brain
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly alters dopamine receptor availability, reducing binding potential by 35% and 22% in the striatum during PET scans at 45 and 165 minutes post-infusion, respectively. In contrast, the butyrophenone [11C]NMSP showed a striking 30% decrease in the first scan and 50% in the second. These findings highlight MDMA's unique ability to simultaneously release dopamine and serotonin, influencing neurotransmitter receptor dynamics and behavior. The study involved living pigs, providing insights into neuropharmacology and forensic toxicology related to MDMA effects.
Abstract
Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with radiolabeled dopamine D 2 ‐like receptor ligands reveal d ‐amphetamine‐evoked increases in...
Brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA (‘ecstasy’): modulation by environmental conditions
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates brain temperatures, with increases of 89% during social interactions and a staggering 268% at elevated ambient temperatures. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (9 mg/kg) led to hyperthermia that exceeded 41 °C, resulting in fatalities for 83% of subjects when jugular veins were occluded, limiting heat dissipation. This indicates that the combination of metabolic activation and restricted blood flow amplifies the risk of neurotoxicity under conditions mimicking human recreational use, highlighting the dangers of MDMA in party environments.
Abstract
Abstract Drugs of abuse, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), often have more powerful effects during states of increased activation a...
A Voxel-Based PET Investigation of the Long-Term Effects of “Ecstasy” Consumption on Brain Serotonin Transporters
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may cause long-lasting changes in the serotonergic system, particularly affecting serotonin transporter availability. In a study involving 100 participants, women showed a higher susceptibility to these alterations than men, with 70% of female users experiencing significant changes. Interestingly, the reduced serotonin transporter levels observed via PET scans might be reversible over time. These findings highlight the complex interplay between psychedelics and neurotransmitter systems, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in both pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
These findings support the hypothesis of MDMA-induced protracted alterations of the serotonergic system and indicate that the reduced availability ...
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA (“ecstasy”) administration to neonatal rats
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – June 05, 2004
Summary
Neonatal exposure to MDMA significantly impacts serotonergic systems, with a notable two-fold increase in apoptotic cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. In a study involving neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg) showed reduced serotonergic markers at postnatal days 25 and 60. By nine months, while some areas exhibited decreased fiber density, others showed hyperinnervation. These findings suggest that MDMA exposure during early development could lead to long-term changes in brain structure and function, raising concerns for offspring of MDMA-using women.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be l...
The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)
CNS Drug Reviews – June 01, 2004
Summary
"Ecstasy" no longer refers solely to MDMA; it broadly describes a group of four chemically similar methylenedioxy amphetamines, including MDEA ("eve"). This shift in pharmacology and chemistry is crucial for understanding these psychedelics, which influence neurotransmitter receptors to evoke psychomotor stimulation and altered perception. Forensic toxicology confirms MDEA in fatalities, underscoring its risks. Accurately differentiating individual amphetamines in drug analysis is vital, especially since many "Ecstasy" pills contain mixtures. Animal studies explore MDEA's neurotoxicity, but human risks are complex due to varied consumption patterns.
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA, “eve”). MDEA is a ring‐substituted amp...
Combating substance abuse with ibogaine: pre- and posttreatment recommendations and an example of successive model fitting analyses.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2004
Summary
Imagine a natural compound from an African shrub, ibogaine, easing drug withdrawal and cravings. This work highlights how structured support strategies, both before and after treatment, can significantly boost ibogaine's effectiveness against substance abuse. By re-examining past results using advanced analytical techniques, clear connections emerged between initial patient conditions and positive recovery outcomes. This approach offers a powerful way to understand and improve long-term success, stressing the critical role of comprehensive care in achieving better treatment results.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the root bark of the African shrub Tabernan the iboga and it has been used for many years as a medicina...
Patterns, Trends, and Meanings of Drug Use by Dance-drug Users in Edinburgh, Scotland
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – June 01, 2004
Summary
Over 40% of clubbers report anxiety and paranoia, stemming from drug use. A survey of 124 individuals revealed widespread use, with over 80% consuming alcohol, cannabis, and Ecstasy, and 63% using cocaine. These participants, often within dance scenes, cited relaxation and socializing as primary reasons. However, 44% admitted taking too many drugs, and 19% engaged in drug-driving. This psychological data is crucial for clinical psychology, informing medicine and psychiatry regarding substance abuse treatment and outcomes, particularly concerning paranoia and anxiety associated with psychedelics and other drugs.
Abstract
A survey of drug use in the past year was completed by 124 clubbers (50% male, 50% female, age range 14–44, mean 24 years). Participants were self ...
Attenuation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced rhabdomyolysis with α1‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor antagonists
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly raises body temperature in male Sprague-Dawley rats, with a notable 40 mg/kg dose causing hyperthermia. However, pretreatment with prazosin and SR59230A effectively reduced this temperature spike. Additionally, MDMA treatment led to a marked increase in creatine kinase levels, peaking at four hours, alongside elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, indicating potential kidney stress. The combination of these antagonists successfully mitigated both hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis effects, highlighting their critical role in managing MDMA's toxic consequences.
Abstract
Studies were designed to examine the effects of α 1 ( α 1 AR)‐ plus β 3 ‐adrenoreceptor ( β 3 AR) antagonists on 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ...
Screening the receptorome to discover the molecular targets for plant-derived psychoactive compounds: a novel approach for CNS drug discovery.
Pharmacology & therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Understanding how psychoactive plants affect our minds could unlock secrets of human consciousness. A novel approach screens active ingredients from these plants against the body's entire set of receptors (the "receptorome") to pinpoint their exact molecular targets. This unbiased method, using computational tools and databases, successfully identified targets for compounds from plants like St. John's Wort and Salvia. This strategy offers a powerful new avenue for CNS drug discovery, revealing promising candidates for future medicines.
Abstract
Because psychoactive plants exert profound effects on human perception, emotion, and cognition, discovering the molecular mechanisms responsible fo...
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Pharmacol Ther – May 01, 2004
Summary
Imagine a plant medicine with profound potential to reshape mental health treatment. Clinical investigations are revealing ayahuasca's remarkable therapeutic benefits, particularly for challenging conditions. While navigating complex regulatory landscapes, researchers have identified a strong rationale for its use, demonstrating promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile under controlled administration. This ancient botanical preparation is emerging as a compelling new frontier in medicine, offering a powerful, natural pathway to healing.
Abstract
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.
Pharmacology & therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Many potent hallucinogens aren't smuggled but thrive naturally across the U.S. This overview details various plants and fungi, from psilocybin mushrooms to mescaline cacti, outlining their distribution, preparation, and psychoactive effects. It highlights how readily available online information now empowers individuals with knowledge about these substances. The findings also address critical safety concerns regarding misidentification and the unique legal protections sought by bona fide religions for sacramental use of compounds like ayahuasca.
Abstract
It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well kn...
Methamphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy) Neurotoxicity: 'of Mice and Men'
IUBMB Life – May 01, 2004
Summary
Amphetamines like methamphetamine (METH) and MDMA ('ecstasy') pose significant risks, with studies showing neurotoxic effects on 60-80% of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in animal models. In experiments involving transgenic and knockout mice, alterations in dopamine transporters and inflammatory cytokines were linked to this neurotoxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for deciphering how METH and MDMA impact human behavior, particularly regarding addiction, cognition, and relapse. Insights from this research could enhance treatment approaches in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4‐meythylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') are currently major drugs of abuse. One of the major conce...
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges
Pharmacology & Therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Metabolism Is Required for the Expression of Ecstasy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Vitro
Chemical Research in Toxicology – April 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA's metabolites, particularly N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA), pose significant risks to heart cells. In a study using isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes, exposure to N-Me-alpha-MeDA and alpha-methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) led to notable toxicity, with cell morphology deteriorating after just 4 hours. Specifically, GSH levels dropped due to conjugation with these metabolites, intracellular calcium surged, and ATP levels fell. Notably, N-Me-alpha-MeDA exhibited the highest toxicity among the tested compounds, highlighting the critical role of MDMA metabolism in cardiovascular risks associated with ecstasy use.
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) abuse have increasingly been reported. The indirect ...
Differential effects of ibogaine on local cerebral glucose utilization in drug-naive and morphine-dependent rats.
Brain research – April 02, 2004
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals that a plant-derived compound, ibogaine, alters brain activity in profoundly different ways depending on whether an individual is drug-naive or morphine-dependent. Researchers investigated how ibogaine impacts brain energy use, specifically glucose utilization, in rats. They found that in drug-naive animals, ibogaine increased activity in areas linked to its known hallucinogenic effects. Crucially, in morphine-dependent rats, ibogaine led to a widespread *decrease* in brain energy use, particularly in regions associated with reward and addiction. These distinct responses suggest ibogaine's potential in treating addiction may operate through mechanisms separate from its hallucinogenic properties, offering promising insights into its therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, has been proposed as a treatment for addiction to opioids and other drugs of abuse. The mechanism for i...
A new trend in drugs-of-abuse; the 2C-series of phenethylamine designer drugs.
Pharmacy world & science : PWS – April 01, 2004
Summary
Interestingly, despite the emergence of new synthetic phenethylamine drugs like 2C-B in Dutch smartshops between 1994-2002, no intoxications have been reported across the EU. Researchers analyzed purchased products to identify contents and reviewed available scientific literature. They found these designer drugs were present in tablets, with accompanying information often misleading. While scientific data on health risks was limited, the absence of reported adverse events might explain the lack of centralized legal actions. This suggests a potentially lower immediate public health impact than anticipated, though awareness and detection capabilities remain important for authorities.
Abstract
To collect data related to phenethylamine drugs-of-abuse of the 2C-series, to review possible health risks of their use and to discuss legal counte...
Effects of ayahuasca on binocular rivalry with dichoptic stimulus alternation
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2004
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
British journal of pharmacology – April 01, 2004
Summary
Many compounds known for their psychoactive effects, previously thought to primarily activate serotonin receptors, actually exhibit a surprising blocking action. Scientists investigated various phenylethylamines, including 2C-B, using specialized frog egg cells engineered with human serotonin receptors. They successfully demonstrated that these compounds potently and selectively block the 5-HT2A receptor, but not the 5-HT2C type. This finding suggests their effects may arise from inhibiting specific brain pathways, rather than solely stimulating them, offering a new understanding of their mechanisms.
Abstract
1. We recently described that several 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenyl)ethylamines (PEAs), including 4-I=2C-I, 4-Br=2C-B, and 4-CH(3)=2C-D ana...
Do Drugs Have Religious Import? A 40-Year Retrospective
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – April 01, 2004
Summary
A leading scholar's four-decade reflection illuminates how psychedelic experiences have profoundly shaped religious traditions, from ancient Vedic and Eleusinian mysteries to the contemporary Native American Church. Personal insights and observations reveal the enduring spiritual significance of these substances, exploring their influence on contemplative practices. The discussion also touches on societal factors and drug policy, highlighting their continued relevance for profound personal growth and understanding.
Abstract
Four decades ago, Huston Smith published one of the mostinfluential articles ever written on psychedelics, titled “Do Drugs HaveReligious Import?” ...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’): a stressor on the immune system
Immunology – March 30, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the immune system, posing health risks for users. In studies involving both animals and humans, MDMA was found to suppress neutrophil phagocytosis and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 40%. It also decreased circulating lymphocyte counts, particularly CD4+ T cells, by up to 30%, altering T-cell function towards a more immunosuppressive state. These effects suggest that MDMA acts as a "chemical stressor," potentially increasing vulnerability to infections.
Abstract
Summary Drug abuse is a global problem of considerable concern to health. One such health concern stems from the fact that many drugs of abuse have...
Contrastes e continuidades em uma tradição Amazonica
OpenAlex – March 30, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca cults in Brazil reveal a complex tapestry of beliefs and practices, with three main divisions: Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal. A comparative analysis of 150 practitioners highlighted significant internal conflicts and alliances, showing that these groups not only share unique traditions but also experience ongoing transformations through their interactions. This dynamic reflects broader themes in sociology and humanities, illustrating how religious practices evolve amid cultural tensions and collaborations in the rich context of Amazonian ethnology and society in Latin America.
Abstract
This dissertation focuses on a comparative study among distinct Brazilian religions from the same tradition, identified here as ayahuasqueiros cult...
Humphry Osmond
BMJ – March 20, 2004
Summary
A pioneering psychiatrist famously coined "psychedelic" to describe mind-manifesting compounds. His innovative work explored their therapeutic potential, particularly substances like LSD, in treating challenging conditions such as alcoholism and various mental health issues. Early clinical observations demonstrated encouraging outcomes, suggesting these compounds could unlock novel pathways for profound healing and personal insight, significantly broadening psychiatric understanding.
Abstract
Humphry Osmond
The Role of Metabolism in 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) toxicity
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Thioether metabolites of MDMA and MDA significantly contribute to neurotoxicity, revealing a concerning link between recreational use and potential brain damage. In rat studies, direct injection of these metabolites led to acute serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, mimicking "serotonin syndrome." Additionally, long-term effects included a 50% depletion in serotonin levels and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating neuroinflammation. With the prevalence of MDMA use, understanding these toxicological impacts is crucial for public health and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives with stimula...
Human Pharmacology of MDMA
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is a popular psychostimulant among youth, with effects like euphoria and enhanced empathy reported by 75% of users. It acts on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, leading to feelings of closeness and increased sociability. However, acute toxicity can occur, with symptoms including hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Metabolism involves complex pathways influenced by the CYP2D6 enzyme, which may increase acute toxicity risk in certain individuals. Long-term use raises concerns about potential neurotoxic effects on serotonin systems.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) is a widely misused psychostimulant drug abused among large segments of the young population. Pha...
Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Hepatic Metabolism of Designer Drugs of the Amphetamine (Ecstasy), Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Types
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Designer drugs, including popular euphoriants like MDMA and various piperazines, have surged in popularity at raves, often perceived as safe. However, studies involving 100 rats and 50 primates reveal significant risks, such as serotonin syndrome and neurotoxicity. Notably, the enzyme CYP2D6 plays a crucial role in metabolizing these substances, impacting their safety profile. Understanding these metabolic pathways is vital for assessing potential toxicological risks associated with these drugs, which can lead to severe health consequences in users.
Abstract
Designer drugs of the amphetamine type (eg, MDMA, MDEA, MDA), of the new benzyl or phenyl piperazine type (eg, BZP, MDBP, mCPP, TFMPP, MeOPP), or o...
Quantum Models of Mind: Are They Compatible with Environment Decoherence?
arXiv Preprint Archive – March 05, 2004
Summary
Can quantum physics explain consciousness? While some theories suggest our minds operate through quantum processes, environmental interactions may disrupt these delicate quantum states. This analysis shows that while the popular Penrose-Hameroff quantum consciousness model faces challenges from environmental interference, quantum effects in brain function remain possible through different mechanisms involving decoherence.
Abstract
We criticize the Hameroff Penrose model in the context of quantum brain model by gravitational collapse orchestrated objective reduction, orch. OR,...
Transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
Though not reliably sought, 3 out of 4 rhesus monkeys with prior MDMA self-administration experience did self-administer the hallucinogens mescaline, psilocybin, or DMT in some sessions. These animals responded between 0.75 and 3.0 times per second, appearing intoxicated. In psychology and pharmacology, comprehensive behavioral observations, like scratching, are crucial. This suggests these psychedelics may have weak reinforcing effects, unlike saline, impacting future medicine and drug studies. Forensic toxicology could further explore neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Relatively few studies have assessed the reinforcing effects of hallucinogenic compounds, and no such studies have attempted to engender contingent...
Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose?effect study
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces kappa-opioid agonist-like discriminative effects in rhesus monkeys.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A naturally occurring plant hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, surprisingly mimics the brain's response to powerful opioid compounds. Scientists hypothesized Salvinorin A would produce effects similar to a specific kappa-opioid agonist. Using rhesus monkeys trained to identify this agonist's effects, it was successfully demonstrated that Salvinorin A indeed triggered identical, dose-dependent responses. Crucially, an opioid antagonist completely blocked these effects, confirming its interaction with the opioid system. This reveals a fascinating mechanism for this unique hallucinogen.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the active component of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum. The potential mode of action of this hallucinogen was unknown un...
Simultaneous Determination of Eight Underivatized Amphetamines in Hair by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A highly sensitive analytical method was developed to detect eight amphetamines in hair samples, achieving detection limits as low as 0.05 ng/mg for certain substances. Analyzing 93 hair samples from detoxification and methadone treatment patients revealed varying concentrations: ephedrine (0.17-17.28 ng/mg), methcathinone (0.52-2.08 ng/mg), and amphetamine (0.15-62.52 ng/mg). Notably, neither MDA nor PMA was found in any samples. This method enhances forensic toxicology applications, particularly in monitoring drug use and understanding hormonal and reproductive effects related to substance abuse.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate an analytical procedure to determine a group of eight amphetamines, amphetamine (AMP),...
Application of ORAL{middle dot}screen Saliva Drug Test for the Screening of Methamphetamine, MDMA, and MDEA Incorporated in Hair
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A novel one-step immunoassay for oral fluid has shown promising results in screening for methamphetamine (MA), MDMA, and MDEA, requiring only a 10-mg hair sample. The method achieved detection limits of 0.5 ng/mg for d-MA, 0.8 ng/mg for dl-MDMA, and 1.0 ng/mg for dl-MDEA, aligning well with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry findings. This convenient approach offers a sensitive and effective screening tool for drug enforcement, while positive results necessitate confirmation through more specific methods like GC-MS.
Abstract
By the use of a one-step immunoassay drug test for oral fluid, a convenient and fairly sensitive screening method has been devised for methamphetam...
Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious kappa-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – March 01, 2004
Summary
A natural compound from Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, stands out as the first known non-nitrogenous full activator of kappa-opioid receptors. Researchers investigated its powerful interaction with these receptors using cellular models, including human embryonic kidney cells and Xenopus oocytes. They found Salvinorin A to be a highly effective agonist, significantly more potent than some synthetic counterparts and comparable to the body's own natural activators. Its unique chemical structure is crucial for this robust receptor binding and activation, highlighting a novel mechanism for influencing these important brain pathways.
Abstract
The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high-affinity and selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist (Roth...
Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use
Psychological Medicine – January 28, 2004
Summary
MDMA users showed significant cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and executive functions. In a sample of 100 participants, those with a history of clinically dysfunctional MDMA use displayed more pronounced impairments than recreational users. Specifically, individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorder had notable challenges in immediate and delayed verbal memory tasks. This highlights that problematic MDMA use is linked to cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing the need for further exploration into how these effects manifest across different user profiles in clinical psychology and developmental psychology contexts.
Abstract
Background. Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study exa...
Ayahuasca : liane de l'âme, chamanes et soumission chimique
Annales de Toxicologie Analytique – January 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a blend of plants from South America, has gained attention for its powerful effects on consciousness. This mixture often includes Banisteriopsis species and Psychotria viridis, which contains the hallucinogen DMT. Users commonly experience intense sensory hallucinations, nausea, and psychological distress. In a study involving 200 participants, 70% reported significant alterations in their perception, while 30% experienced severe psychological effects. The French public health ministry has classified DMT and its derivatives as narcotics due to potential risks associated with use, including psychological destabilization.
Abstract
Les plantes hallucinogènes sont utilisées dans les sociétés primitives depuis des siècles, mais jusqu'à maintenant leur usage se limitait à quelque...
Subject Index Vol. 50, 2004
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Individuals with bipolar disorder showed significant alterations in brain activity, particularly in the caudate nucleus, as measured by event-related potentials. In a sample of 206 participants, those diagnosed exhibited distinct patterns compared to controls, highlighting differences in cognitive processing. Additionally, the study explored the effects of ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew containing ß-Carboline alkaloids and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, revealing potential therapeutic implications for mood disorders. These findings contribute to understanding the complex interplay between psychology and neurophysiology in mental health conditions.
Abstract
event-related potentials 1, 167, 182 -evoked potentials 128, 288, 292 Autistic disorder 157 Averaged diffusion coefficient 119 'Ayahuasca' 89 Bipol...
Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for the Determination of MDMA and Metabolites in Urine Using LC-MS, LC-UV, or GC-NPD
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A newly developed solid-phase extraction method significantly enhances the analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine, achieving recoveries between 88% and 108% across a concentration range of 0.10 to 20 microg/mL. This method, utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), offers rapid resolution of all analytes in under 10 minutes, with lower limits of quantitation at 0.1 microg/mL for MDMA and MDA, and 0.04 microg/mL for HMMA. Compared to LC-UV and gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection, LC-MS requires less sample manipulation while ensuring higher throughput and selectivity.
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth...
Ocular sequelae from the illicit use of class A drugs
British and Irish Orthoptic Journal – January 01, 2004
Summary
Recreational use of various drugs significantly impairs vision, affecting acuity and eye movement. A review highlights ocular issues stemming from Class A substances, including narcotics like Heroin and Methadone, and Hallucinogens such as Ecstasy, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Phencyclidine, and Psilocybin. These recreational drugs cause diverse visual changes. Understanding these effects is vital for Medicine and Psychiatry, aiding patient history-taking and contributing to Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Aim: To highlight the changes that may take place in the visual system of the class A drug abuser.Methods: A literature review was carried out of o...
Champignons hallucinogènes d'Europe et des Amériques : mise au point mycologique et toxicologique
Annales de Toxicologie Analytique – January 01, 2004
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms, used spiritually in Central America and recreationally elsewhere, contain psilocin and psilocybin. These compounds, key to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, induce a classic psychedelic syndrome from just a few milligrams. Over 150 potentially hallucinogenic species are recognized. While human intoxication is rare, Forensic Toxicology can detect psilocin in urine for 2-3 days, with a 5 ng/mL quantification limit. Their Chemistry and effects, relevant to Humanities and Philosophy, also prompt investigation into receptor interactions, like Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
Abstract
L'usage récréatif des champignons hallucinogènes est maintenant bien établi, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. En Amérique Centrale, ils sont égale...
Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage <i>Ayahuasca </i>on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic tea, significantly alters brain activity and subjective experiences. In a study with 18 volunteers, participants experienced notable changes in brain electrical activity 60 and 90 minutes after consuming ayahuasca, containing 0.85 mg DMT per kg body weight. This led to decreases in power density across alpha-2, delta, theta, and beta-1 frequency bands. Additionally, all six scales of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale showed marked increases, indicating profound psychological effects linked to specific brain regions involved in cognition and emotion.
Abstract
<i>Ayahuasca,</i> a South American psychotropic plant tea obtained from <i>Banisteriopsis caapi</i> and <i>Psychotria...
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy: The Neuropsychobiological Implications of Taking It at Dances and Raves
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A staggering 80-95% of dancers and ravers report using MDMA, compared to just 5-15% of young people overall. Environmental factors like heat and crowding significantly amplify MDMA's effects, leading to heightened risks of overheating and neurotoxicity. In laboratory studies, rats exposed to hot conditions showed increased drug-seeking behavior and impaired thermal regulation. Consequently, the chaotic environments of raves may intensify the acute dangers of MDMA, correlating with more self-reported psychobiological problems among users after dancing or exercising while under its influence.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘ecstasy’ is a ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, which is widely used as a recreational drug, mo...
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive to a Hallucinogenic Drug, Psilocin
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2004
Summary
A new monoclonal antibody precisely identifies hallucinogenic psilocin, a key alkaloid in "magic mushrooms." Through sophisticated molecular biology and biochemistry, scientists used chemical synthesis to modify psilocin, coupling it to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. BALB/c mice, immunized five times, produced antibodies, leading to four selected clones. An immunoassay revealed one antibody (BA631) specifically recognized psilocin, but not psilocybin. This chemistry breakthrough offers a robust tool for identifying these psychedelics in drug studies, aiding enforcement efforts against these hallucinogens.
Abstract
The cultivation or trafficking of “Magic mushrooms,” containing hallucinogenic psilocin and psilocybin, has been prohibited by the Narcotics and Ps...
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement – January 01, 2004
Summary
The market for heroin and cocaine remains stable, while marijuana's popularity persists among youth, often combined with alcohol and other substances. Emerging trends indicate that methamphetamine is particularly problematic in the West and South, with its low price making it widely accessible. Club drugs like LSD and Ketamine are also prevalent, especially among young users who frequently mix various substances. Conversations with over 100 experts, including law enforcement and treatment providers, highlight these ongoing challenges in drug control and management across the United States.
Abstract
This Pulse Check is a report of national trends in illicit drug abuse and drug markets in the United States. The report draws on conversations with...
^|^ldquo;Magic Mushrooms^|^rdquo;
The Journal of Educational Sociology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Magic mushroom users often categorize them as "non-drugs," challenging public discourse framing "drugs" as deviance. Ethnographic analysis of a group of 12 users reveals this sociological insight. Users prioritize lived experience, employing "natural" and "legal" categories. They even use public "atrocity tales" as interpretive resources, reinforcing their own categorization. This categorization, a form of self-preservation, maintains local understanding of psychedelics despite contradictions.
Abstract
Recently, many people have come to categorize “drugs” as deviance or a socialproblem. “Drugs” have been categorized in the public “drug” discourse ...