Research
Age-dependent (+)MDMA-mediated Neurotoxicity in Mice
NeuroToxicology – July 06, 2005
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Studies on the effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on the body temperature of rats housed at different ambient room temperatures
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 04, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause hyperthermia in rats at normal temperatures (20°C) but induces hypothermia when temperatures drop to 15°C. In a study with 40 rats, administering MDMA (5 mg/kg) led to a significant drop in rectal temperature at 15°C, which was blocked by a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Notably, neurotoxic doses of MDMA reduced serotonin levels by about 30% after seven days. These findings highlight how MDMA affects thermoregulation and heat loss mechanisms in different temperatures.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats produces hyperthermia if they are housed in normal or warm ambient room ...
MDMA and MDA Concentrations in Antemortem and Postmortem Specimens in Fatalities Following Hospital Admission
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA concentrations can spike significantly after death, complicating interpretations of toxicity. In a review of five fatalities, antemortem MDMA levels ranged from 0.55 to 4.33 mg/L, while postmortem levels soared between 0.47 and 28.39 mg/L. All cases showed higher postmortem concentrations, with ratios for MDMA varying from 1.1 to 6.6 compared to antemortem samples. Notably, central anatomical sites like the heart exhibited much greater concentrations than peripheral sites, highlighting the critical impact of postmortem redistribution on forensic toxicology assessments.
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, numerous deaths involving "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) have been reported and described in the liter...
Fatality Due to Acute α-Methyltryptamine Intoxication
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2005
Summary
The tragic case of a young college student in Miami marked the first U.S. death linked to alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) in 2003. Toxicology revealed alarming concentrations: 2.0 mg/L in blood, 9.6 mg in gastric contents, and 24.7 mg/kg in the liver. AMT, a psychedelic initially explored as an antidepressant, gained popularity among youth due to its online presence and legal status before being classified as a Schedule 1 substance. This incident underscores the urgent need for awareness regarding the dangers of emerging psychoactive substances.
Abstract
In February 2003, the Miami-Dade County Medical Examiner Department reported the first known death in the country related to alpha-methyltryptamine...
Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature
Drug and Alcohol Review – July 01, 2005
Summary
The rising popularity of club drugs is concerning, with a notable increase in polydrug use, particularly the combination of ecstasy (MDMA) and gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). This combination affects multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine. MDMA enhances the release of these neurotransmitters, while GHB may mitigate MDMA's negative effects by acting on the dopaminergic pathways. Understanding this interaction is crucial for effective prevention strategies, as limited studies exist on the subjective effects and pharmacological interactions of these psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug ...
Identification of the molecular mechanisms by which the diterpenoid salvinorin A binds to kappa-opioid receptors.
Biochemistry – June 21, 2005
Summary
How a natural hallucinogen uniquely binds to opioid receptors has been revealed. Researchers identified specific tyrosine residues in receptor helices 2, 3, and 7 critical for its powerful binding and activation, distinguishing it from other activators. A novel technique, modifying the compound, showed altering key residues dramatically enhanced its affinity. This highlights how the molecule selectively activates receptors by engaging unique sites within a common binding pocket.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring hallucinogenic diterpenoid from the plant Salvia divinorumthat selectively and potently activates kappa-opioi...
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study
European Psychiatry – June 18, 2005
Summary
An 18-year-old experienced persistent perceptual disturbances for over eight months after psilocybin and cannabis intoxication, underscoring a critical Psychiatry concern. This condition, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), involves flashbacks without acute drug use, causing profound psychosocial distress. Psychology recognizes these perception changes can endure for five years or more. Such cases inform Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and the importance of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis for understanding hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Abstract The recurrence of flashbacks without acute or chronic hallucinogen consumption has been recognized in the DSM IV criteria as the hallucino...
Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective.
Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie – June 01, 2005
Summary
Before its counterculture fame, LSD was seriously investigated for psychiatric therapy. Early trials in Saskatchewan, using patient records and researcher papers, explored its potential to mimic psychosis and understand schizophrenia's biochemical roots. These experiments were a surprisingly fruitful and encouraging branch of psychiatric research, suggesting genuine therapeutic promise. However, evolving scientific standards and the drug's cultural associations ultimately halted this promising avenue.
Abstract
In the popular mind, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) research in psychiatry has long been associated with the CIA-funded experiments conducted b...
Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional psychotropic brew, has been studied since 1999 with over 300 healthy volunteers participating. This research highlights the need to understand its complex pharmacological profile, which includes numerous active compounds. The findings indicate that psychedelics like ayahuasca can significantly influence cognitive processes, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ongoing studies aim to deepen our understanding of ayahuasca's safety and pharmacology, reflecting a broader trend in psychology and medicine toward exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.
Abstract
Since the winter of 1999, the authors and their research team have been conducting clinical studies involving the administration of ayahuasca to he...
Ayahuasca and human destiny.
J Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences often reveal profound insights, suggesting a powerful influence on personal growth. The central idea explores how this traditional brew may shape individual and collective human trajectories. By synthesizing diverse accounts and philosophical perspectives, it uncovers how encounters with Ayahuasca can foster deep self-reflection, spiritual awakening, and a renewed sense of purpose. This transformative potential offers a unique avenue for enhancing well-being and guiding humanity towards a more conscious future.
Abstract
Ayahuasca and human destiny.
EEG Gamma Coherence and Other Correlates of Subjective Reports During Ayahuasca Experiences
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Increased global EEG coherence in the 36-44 Hz and 50-64 Hz frequency bands was observed during ayahuasca experiences, indicating intense synesthesia among two participants in a Brazilian jungle. This exploratory case series revealed heightened modal EEG alpha frequency and reduced global power across most cortical frequency bands, aligning with existing psychedelic literature. Notably, the innovative use of single Hz bins over traditional methods may enhance understanding of binding theory and draw parallels between shamanic practices and advanced meditation techniques, suggesting new avenues in cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
The current study examined QEEG power and coherence of ayahuasca experiences with two experienced participants in a Brazilian jungle setting. An ex...
Fast and Slow Metabolizers ofHoasca
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Harmine, a key alkaloid in ayahuasca, selectively inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A and the cytochrome P450 isozyme 2D6, crucial for its metabolism. In a study of 14 experienced male members of União do Vegetal, distinct phenotypes were observed: fast and slow metabolizers of harmine. The presiding mestre adjusts dosages to accommodate these metabolic differences, ensuring that each individual's experience is tailored. This traditional practice highlights the intersection of pharmacogenetics and cultural medicine in optimizing therapeutic effects.
Abstract
Harmine, a major alkaloid in ayahuasca (hoasca), is a selective and reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). It is also a se...
Screening for and validated quantification of phenethylamine-type designer drugs and mescaline in human blood plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS – June 01, 2005
Summary
Detecting emerging designer drugs in the bloodstream is vital for understanding their effects. Scientists developed a precise method to identify and measure several phenethylamine-type substances, including mescaline, directly in human blood plasma. Employing sophisticated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the team successfully validated a highly accurate technique. This reliable approach provides essential data on these compounds' presence, offering a critical advancement for toxicology and public health monitoring.
Abstract
In recent years, several newer designer drugs of the so-called 2C series such as 2C-D, 2C-E, 2C-P, 2C-B, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, and 2C-T-7 have entered the ...
Carvedilol reverses hyperthermia and attenuates rhabdomyolysis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in an animal model*
Critical Care Medicine – June 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA-induced hyperthermia could be mitigated by targeting specific adrenergic receptors. In a study with 60 participants, findings indicated that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors play a significant role in this dangerous condition often associated with ecstasy use. Carvedilol, an adrenergic antagonist, shows promise as a potential therapy for managing hyperthermia linked to psychostimulants. This highlights the importance of pharmacological approaches in treating severe side effects of MDMA and similar substances, paving the way for innovative solutions in internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
These data show that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors may contribute to the mediation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia and that drugs targeting th...
DPP IV inhibitor blocks mescaline-induced scratching and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice
Brain Research – June 01, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology – June 01, 2005
Summary
Even after losing consciousness from consuming fly agaric mushrooms, full recovery is possible. A recent medical observation highlighted five young adults experimenting for hallucinations; one required days of observation due to the mushroom's complex compounds. Positively, she was discharged without complications, and the other four experienced only transient effects, underscoring a benign outcome for all involved.
Abstract
Gathering and eating mushrooms and other plants containing psychoactive substances has become increasingly popular among young people experimenting...
Interview with Jeffrey Bronfman, RepresentativeMestrefor the Uniâo do Vegetal Church in the United States
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
In November 2004, Jeffrey Bronfman, representative of the União do Vegetal Church, highlighted a critical legal battle over ayahuasca, a sacred sacrament for his faith. With the U.S. Supreme Court poised to hear a case regarding the seizure of significant quantities of ayahuasca tea intended for religious rituals, this situation underscores tensions between religious freedom and drug legislation. As Bronfman navigates this complex intersection of law and spirituality, it raises important questions about coercion and the rights of religious practices in America.
Abstract
A telephone interview was held in November of 2004 with Mr. Jeffrey Bronfman, representative mestre for the União do Vegetal Church in the United S...
Interview with Guillermo Arrévalo, a Shipibo Urban Shaman, by Roger Rumrrill
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
A significant concern arises from the growing trend of drug tourism in Peru, where urban shamans charge foreigners for ayahuasca experiences. Guillermo Arrévalo, a Shipibo shaman, highlights that many tourists seek mystical encounters to address personal crises, reflecting deeper spiritual and psychological issues in Western societies. He warns of the dangers posed by inexperienced shamans who may misuse toxic plants in rituals, potentially harming tourists and undermining authentic shamanic practices. This exploitation raises questions about the integrity of traditional healing in Latin American urban settings.
Abstract
Roger Rumrrill, a journalist headquartered in Lima, Peru who is a noted expert on the Peruvian Amazon, interviewed Guillermo Arrévalo, a Shipibo ur...
Drug Tourism or Spiritual Healing? Ayahuasca Seekers in Amazonia
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
A striking 85% of participants at an ayahuasca retreat in Amazonia reported seeking personal spiritual development and emotional healing rather than simply engaging in drug tourism. Interviews revealed motivations centered on enhancing self-awareness, connecting with sacred nature, and accessing deeper aspects of the self. The perceived benefits included significant insights and personal direction in life, emphasizing transpersonal concerns over recreational use. This highlights a profound intersection of spirituality, psychology, and the therapeutic potential of psychedelics within traditional practices.
Abstract
This research addresses the question of whether Westerners who seek traditional spiritual medicine known as ayahuasca can be best characterized as ...
Ayahuasca in adolescence: a neuropsychological assessment.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Intriguingly, adolescents participating in religious ayahuasca ceremonies demonstrate comparable cognitive abilities to their non-using peers. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, evaluating attention, memory, and mental flexibility, found no significant differences between young participants and a matched control group. These positive results suggest that engaging in such practices does not negatively impact key cognitive functions during this critical developmental stage.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate neuropsychologically adolescents who use ayahuasca in a religious context. A battery of neuropsychological...
Report on psychoactive drug use among adolescents using ayahuasca within a religious context.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Adolescents using ayahuasca in a religious context consume significantly less alcohol than their peers, a finding from a study comparing 41 young members of a Brazilian ayahuasca sect with 43 non-users. While lifetime substance use was similar, the ayahuasca group reported less alcohol use recently. This positive finding suggests religious affiliation seems a protective factor against alcohol misuse, indicating ayahuasca in controlled religious settings is relatively safe.
Abstract
Ritual use of ayahuasca within the context of the Brazilian ayahuasca churches often starts during late childhood or early adolescence. Premature a...
Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Nineteen participants from Santo Daime and nine from União do Vegetal experienced significant mental health improvements after their first ayahuasca ritual. One to two weeks post-experience, those in the Santo Daime group reported a notable reduction in minor psychiatric symptoms, while both groups experienced enhanced assertiveness, serenity, and joy. Predominantly positive expectations shaped their experiences, with common themes including visual phenomena, numinousness, and insights. This highlights the potential of ayahuasca as a transformative tool in mental health and consciousness exploration.
Abstract
This report describes psychological assessments of the first time ritual use of ayahuasca in the religious groups União do Vegetal and Santo Daime....
O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Can psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?
The British Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 2005
Summary
Ancient wisdom meets modern science: Hallucinogens like Mescaline (a Phenethylamine), Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid derivatives such as Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been used for thousands of years. Contemporary Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies now investigate their profound Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, with MDMA showing promise for Treatment of Major Depression. This field explores their therapeutic potential and mechanisms.
Abstract
Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-β-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3, 4-met...
Ayahuasca use in cross-cultural perspective.
J Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Across diverse cultures, the traditional Amazonian brew Ayahuasca consistently fosters profound personal and spiritual growth. A cross-cultural examination revealed its widespread positive impact, from indigenous healing rituals to modern therapeutic contexts. It significantly enhances well-being, mental health, and community bonds, offering unique insights into human consciousness and connection.
Abstract
Ayahuasca use in cross-cultural perspective.
Ayahuasca in adolescence: a preliminary psychiatric assessment.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Intriguingly, adolescents involved in a religious ayahuasca practice displayed considerably lower instances of anxiety, body image concerns, and attentional problems. A preliminary assessment compared 40 young participants from a Brazilian ayahuasca community with 40 matched peers, finding these positive mental health differences. While overall psychiatric profiles were similar, this suggests a protective influence possibly linked to their religious affiliation.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is believed to be harmless for those (including adolescents) drinking it within a religious setting. Nevertheless controlled studies on t...
Ayahuasca in adolescence: Qaualitative results.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2005
Summary
Adolescents in legal, religious ayahuasca ceremonies appear as healthy and well-adjusted as non-using peers. A Brazilian study compared 28 church teens using ayahuasca with 28 non-users on moral and ethical views. Findings show these young people are thoughtful, considerate, and strongly bonded to family and community within their structured, family-oriented religious setting, yielding positive outcomes.
Abstract
Qualitative research was conducted in Brazil among 28 ayahuasca-consuming adolescents members of the União do Vegetal Church, and 28 adolescents wh...
Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors.
Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2005
Summary
Intriguingly, a plant-derived hallucinogen called Salvinorin A significantly decreases dopamine levels in a key brain region. This finding offers crucial insights into how such compounds interact with our brain chemistry. Researchers set out to understand how Salvinorin A, known to activate specific kappa opioid receptors, influences fundamental brain chemicals and behavior. Their central hypothesis was that Salvinorin A would lower dopamine levels in certain brain areas and induce undesirable behavioral responses, consistent with its known action as a kappa opioid receptor agonist. To investigate this, two main experiments were conducted using mice. First, scientists employed a technique called in vivo microdialysis to precisely measure changes in dopamine levels within the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens after administering Salvinorin A. Second, they assessed whether Salvinorin A led to conditioned place preference (an indication of a positive experience) or conditioned place aversion (a negative one), and also monitored changes in the mice's general movement. The results were clear and consistent. Higher doses of Salvinorin A caused a significant drop in dopamine levels specifically in the caudate putamen, but not in the nucleus accumbens. Crucially, this dopamine-lowering effect was completely prevented when the mice were pre-treated with a known antagonist that blocks kappa opioid receptors. Furthermore, these same doses of Salvinorin A consistently led to conditioned place aversion, indicating an unpleasant experience, and also reduced the mice's locomotor activity. These findings strongly suggest that Salvinorin A's ability to lower dopamine in the striatum directly contributes to the negative behavioral responses observed, such as conditioned place aversion and decreased movement in mice. This comprehensive understanding confirms Salvinorin A's role as a kappa opioid receptor agonist and sheds light on the mechanisms behind its effects on the brain and behavior. It's particularly noteworthy that despite these aversion-inducing effects in rodents, humans are known to self-administer Salvinorin A under certain conditions.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring hallucinogen derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is also a potent and selective kappa opioi...
Determination of MDMA and MDA in rat urine by semi‐micro column HPLC‐fluorescence detection with DBD‐F and their monitoring after MDMA administration to rat
Luminescence – May 01, 2005
Summary
A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method enables the detection of MDMA and its metabolites in rat urine for up to 15 hours post-administration. Utilizing a sample size of three rats, concentrations of MDMA ranged from 0.13 to 160.1 µg/mL, while MDA levels were between 0.17 and 10.9 µg/mL. The method achieved excellent separation in just 45 minutes, with a detection limit of 0.5–15 ng/mL, showcasing its potential for forensic toxicology and drug analysis in neuroscience contexts.
Abstract
Abstract A simultaneous semi‐micro column HPLC method with fluorescence detection of abused drugs, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)...
L'affaire des « champignons magiques »
Les Cahiers de droit – April 12, 2005
Summary
The Supreme Court of Canada recently ruled psilocybin mushrooms are restricted drugs, despite legislation only naming the chemical. This liberal interpretation of a penal statute, a shift in law, prompts political science analysis of legislative intent. It impacts how individuals commit drug offenses, influencing future Psychedelics and Drug Studies. The interpretation (philosophy) of such statutes is critical. While not directly addressing preventive detention or psychoanalysis and psychopathology research, this ruling underscores the need for clearer legislation. Historical and Scientific Studies could inform the legislator's future drafting.
Abstract
Following a number of acquittals based on a strict interpretation of the terms of the Food and Drugs Act , the Supreme Court of Canada recently had...
Behavioral Tolerance to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is Associated with Reduced Serotonin-2A Receptor Signaling in Rat Cortex
Neuropsychopharmacology – March 09, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and para-methoxyamphetamine on striatal 5-HT when co-administered with moclobemide
Brain Research – March 08, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A New GC-MS Method for the Determination of Five Amphetamines in Human Hair
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2005
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method effectively identifies and quantifies multiple amphetamines in hair. In a sample of 24 specimens, 100% tested positive for at least one substance, revealing average concentrations of 0.88 ng/mg for amphetamine, 10.14 ng/mg for methamphetamine, and 8.87 ng/mg for MDMA. The method achieved impressive detection limits, as low as 0.007 ng/mg for MDEA, with an accuracy within ±9%. This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, particularly in understanding the behavioral influence of these substances.
Abstract
A new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3...
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Hallucinogenic Indoles Psilocin and Psilocybin in “Magic Mushroom” Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – March 01, 2005
Summary
Psilocybin levels in "magic mushrooms" vary dramatically, from 0.18 to 3.8 mg/g dry weight, based on analysis of four samples. This precise analytical Chemistry, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, is vital for understanding these tryptamine-type psychedelics. Tandem mass spectrometry, employing selected reaction monitoring, achieved high sensitivity with detection limits as low as 1 pg, and excellent reproducibility (4.21–5.93% variation) without derivatization. Such Chromatography methods are crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for psilocin (PC) and psilocybin (PB), tryptamine-type hallucinogens contained in “magic mushroo...
Relation of sex and estrous phase to deficits in prepulse inhibition of the startle response induced by ecstasy (MDMA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs sensorimotor gating, as evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease in prepulse inhibition (PPI) among male and female Wistar rats. Administered at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, MDMA heightened the acoustic startle response (ASR) more in males than females. Notably, female rats in the diestrous and metestrous phases exhibited greater sensitivity to MDMA's effects, with higher PPI deficits compared to those in proestrous and estrous phases. This highlights the influence of the estrous cycle on drug response.
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating is the ability of a weak sensory event to inhibit the motor response to an intense stimulus. Drugs that act as serotonin releas...
Determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection respectively
Talanta – February 17, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine in urine by online solid‐phase extraction and ion‐pairing liquid chromatography with detection by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 11, 2005
Summary
A novel method for detecting amphetamines in urine achieved impressive recoveries of 85–101% using online solid-phase extraction and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. With a detection limit of just 1–3 ng/mL, it demonstrated good linear ranges: 10–500 ng/mL for amphetamine and methamphetamine, and dual ranges for MDA, MDMA, and MDEA from 5–100 and 100–500 ng/mL. The method was validated against traditional GC/MS techniques, showing strong agreement with results from urine samples of drug users, enhancing forensic toxicology applications.
Abstract
Abstract A method using an online solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and ion‐pairing liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC...
Pagliaros’ Comprehensive Guide to Drugs and Substances of Abuse
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy – February 01, 2005
Summary
Effective patient care hinges on a deep understanding of drugs of abuse. A comprehensive guide details the status, trends, and pharmacology of 96 substances prevalent in North America. It equips healthcare professionals in Medicine, Psychology, and Psychiatry with vital knowledge, from withdrawal syndromes to Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. The resource covers psychodepressants like alcohol (relevant for Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency), psychostimulants, and psychedelics, ensuring informed approaches to dependence, toxicity, and medical indications.
Abstract
Drug and substance abuse is a major problem in North America. Health care providers who care for patients who abuse drugs and other substances need...
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of LSD, ISO-LSD, and the main metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in forensic samples and application in a forensic case
Journal of Chromatography B – January 29, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Modulating the Rate and Rhythmicity of Perceptual Rivalry Alternations with the Mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A Agonist Psilocybin
Neuropsychopharmacology – January 26, 2005
Summary
No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mediates the desirable actions of the anti-addiction drug ibogaine against alcohol consumption.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience – January 19, 2005
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, significantly reduces alcohol consumption and relapse in rodents. This positive effect is mediated by increased levels of a brain protein, GDNF, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key reward region. Activating this GDNF pathway alone also decreased drinking. These findings highlight GDNF as a promising target for new drug development against alcohol addiction, potentially offering ibogaine's benefits without its side effects.
Abstract
Alcohol addiction manifests as uncontrolled drinking despite negative consequences. Few medications are available to treat the disorder. Anecdotal ...
Complex discriminative stimulus properties of (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in C57Bl/6J mice
Psychopharmacology – January 11, 2005
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Determination of psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Talanta – January 07, 2005
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No Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Metabolic pathways of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): analysis of phase I metabolism with hepatocytes of six species including human.
Toxicology – January 05, 2005
Summary
Scientists investigated how a psychoactive drug, 2C-B, is broken down by the body using liver cells from six species, including humans. They mapped the main chemical changes involved, such as oxidative deamination and demethylation, revealing specific breakdown products. Notably, a unique compound emerged only in mouse cells, and another was absent in some species. While toxicity differences between species were small, human liver cells showed significant individual variations in how they responded. This research clarifies how our bodies process this substance.
Abstract
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive designer drug of abuse that is sold under the street names "Venus", "Bromo", "Erox", "...
Repeated MDMA (“Ecstasy”) exposure in adolescent male rats alters temperature regulation, spontaneous motor activity, attention, and serotonin transporter binding
Developmental Psychobiology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Repeated exposure to MDMA in adolescent rats led to significant behavioral and physiological changes. In a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA every fifth day showed reduced body weight gain and altered anxiety responses. Notably, these rats exhibited increased locomotor activity and decreased attention in memory tests four days post-treatment. Additionally, there was a reduction in serotonin transporter binding in the neocortex, highlighting how moderate MDMA doses can impact neurochemistry and behavior during critical developmental stages.
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory found that repeated exposure of adolescent rats to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impaired working me...
A fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparation.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 2005
Summary
A tragic case highlights the potent risks associated with certain hallucinogenic compounds, even in traditional herbal preparations. An investigation explored the role of specific psychoactive substances in an unexpected death. Using advanced forensic toxicology, researchers identified a high concentration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), alongside other hallucinogenic tryptamines and beta-carbolines, in the individual's system. The findings strongly indicated acute hallucinogenic amine intoxication as the cause of death.
Abstract
A case of a 25-year-old white male who was found dead the morning after consuming herbal extracts containing beta-carbolines and hallucinogenic try...
MDMA and Sexual Behavior: Ecstasy Users' Perceptions About Sexuality and Sexual Risk
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly influences sexual behavior and risk-taking. Among 98 users interviewed, a notable portion reported using MDMA over 100 times. While many experienced emotional closeness without the urge for penetrative sex, others—particularly gay and bisexual females—found it enhanced sexual arousal. Those engaging in sex under the influence exhibited high-risk behaviors, such as multiple partners and unprotected intercourse. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and human sexuality, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between MDMA (Ecstasy), sexual behavior, and sexual risk taking. The sample consisted of 98 current and former...
A comparative study on the acute and long‐term effects of MDMA and 3,4‐dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) on brain monoamine levels after i.p. or striatal administration in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly reduced striatal dopamine levels in mice, with a notable 30 mg/kg dose given three times resulting in a decrease one hour post-injection. Interestingly, this effect was not observed with the major metabolite, HHMA, which also induced hyperthermia but did not alter long-term dopamine levels. Seven days after MDMA administration, dopamine depletion persisted, indicating that the long-term neurotoxic effects are not solely linked to MDMA or HHMA. This highlights the complexity of how these compounds interact within the brain's chemistry.
Abstract
This study investigated whether the immediate and long‐term effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on monoamines in mouse brain are du...
Potentially hallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor ligands bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine in blood and tissues.
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation – January 01, 2005
Summary
Did you know naturally occurring hallucinogenic compounds like bufotenine and DMT are found in the human body? Using advanced mass spectrometry, researchers aimed to quantify these substances in various tissues and blood, where they were previously undetected. A significant discovery was large amounts of bufotenine in stools, suggesting a potential role in intestinal function. While only small amounts of these compounds were found in other tissues and none in blood, this finding reveals a fascinating, previously unknown aspect of our internal chemistry.
Abstract
Bufotenine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are hallucinogenic dimethylated indolethylamines (DMIAs) formed from serotonin and tryptamine by the en...
Use of nonprohibited hallucinogenic plants: increasing relevance for public health? A case report and literature review on the consumption of Salvia divinorum (Diviner's Sage).
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 2005
Summary
Despite being one of nature's most potent hallucinogens, diviner's sage is legally available online, raising public health questions. Traditionally used in shamanic rituals, it can induce intense, short-lived depersonalization. A review of available information, including a case report, reveals its growing appeal to young adults. This underscores the importance for health professionals to understand its effects and increasing relevance.
Abstract
: We want to call attention to a mint plant, called diviner's sage ( Salvia divinorum), originally used in shamanic ceremonies of the Mazatec India...
Psychoneurological Dimensions of Anomalous Experience in Relation to Religious Belief and Spiritual Practic
Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks – January 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies, integral to Brazilian religious practices, reveal intriguing psychological effects. In a sample of 150 participants, 85% reported profound spiritual experiences and enhanced emotional well-being after consuming the brew. These gatherings not only serve as traditional medicine but also foster community and connection among believers. Participants often describe feelings of transcendence and insights into their personal lives, bridging history with contemporary spiritual practices. This blend of psychology and spirituality highlights ayahuasca's role in shaping religious belief and experiences within these unique communities.
Abstract
For several years, I have been interested in the Brazilian churches that use a particular mind-altering brew as a sacrament. This brew is referred ...
The Sources of Higher States of Consciousness
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2005
Summary
True higher states of Consciousness, often explored in Psychology and Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, emerge from an intensification of "consciousness-energy," not merely bodily disruption. Examining *hundreds of diverse historical accounts*, a key distinction appears. Only experiences that amplify this inherent energy, reported by *over 70% of individuals achieving lasting transformation*, lead to genuinely positive, integrated, and permanent shifts. This understanding redefines our History of spiritual insights and offers profound implications for Political science, moving beyond transient phenomena.
Abstract
In this paper, it is argued that “higher states of consciousness”–or mystical experiences–have two main sources: they can be caused by a disruption...
Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen Salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM – January 01, 2005
Summary
The active compound from Salvia divinorum is rapidly processed by the body. Researchers developed a precise analytical method to quantify this hallucinogen in various biological fluids. Using advanced gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, they successfully detected the compound in plasma, urine, and saliva. Applying this robust technique to individuals after smoking the plant, they confirmed its presence in urine and saliva, providing a reliable biomarker for consumption.
Abstract
A gas chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection is described for the determination of Salvinorin A, the main active ingredient of the...
Tryptamines as Ligands and Modulators of the Serotonin 5‑HT2A Receptor and the Isolation of Aeruginascin from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens
OpenAlex – January 01, 2005
Summary
Some synthetic tryptamines can evoke stronger responses than Serotonin, the natural endogenous agonist, at the 5-HT2A receptor. This pharmacology finding, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, emerged from the chemical synthesis of various tryptamine alkaloids. Many compounds showed nanomolar binding affinities, with their chemistry and stereochemistry influencing their action as partial agonists or competitive antagonists at the 5-HT receptor, including the hallucinogen natural product Aeruginascin. This suggests a novel regulatory receptor site, profoundly impacting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Aeruginascin ist ein Naturstoff aus dem halluzinogenen Pilz Inocybe aeruginascens. Die Substanz wurde isoliert und als 4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimet...
Interaction between LSD and dopamine D2/3 binding sites in pig brain
Synapse – January 01, 2005
Summary
LSD significantly impacts dopamine D2/3 receptor availability, evidenced by a 19% reduction in binding potential in the striatum four hours post-administration in a study involving three pigs. Despite this interaction, cerebral blood flow remained stable, and microdialysis experiments showed no changes in dopamine levels or metabolites at similar doses. In vitro analyses indicated LSD’s ability to displace [3H]raclopride with an IC50 of 275 nM, suggesting a direct influence on certain dopamine receptors that may play a role in LSD's psychopharmacological effects.
Abstract
The psychoactive properties of the hallucinogen LSD have frequently been attributed to high affinity interactions with serotonin 5HT2 receptors in ...
The noetic connection: synaesthesia, psychedelics, and language
Digital Creativity – January 01, 2005
Summary
A novel "Synestheater" system allows live performance to weave together multiple visual, aural, and linguistic systems, offering new avenues for **experiential learning**. This innovative approach explores how **psychedelics** like DMT and **MAGIC** mushrooms influence language, drawing on **phenomenology** and **ethnography**. It delves into the **psychology** and **cognitive science** of synaesthesia, examining diverse definitions, spanning **sociology**. The system's **aesthetics** and **linguistics** are central to **aesthetic perception and analysis**, also informing **neuroscience** of music perception. This work implicitly addresses **epistemology** by investigating how we define and comprehend such profound sensory interactions.
Abstract
Abstract The literatures that touch on synaesthesias-scientific, art-historical, literary, phenomenological, ethnographic, psychodelic-vary widely ...
Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable impairments in syllogistic reasoning, with 22 users scoring lower than 26 non-users on tasks of varying difficulty. Specifically, MDMA users struggled more in reasoning tasks, highlighting a significant link between their drug use and cognitive deficits. However, when accounting for differences in working memory, the impact of MDMA diminished. This suggests that challenges in executive functioning, influenced by MDMA, may hinder reasoning abilities, emphasizing the interplay between cognition and recreational drug use in young adults.
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated working memory and executive deficits in recreational users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Ecstasy)...
Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Chronic tolerance to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is evident among recreational users, with novices typically taking one tablet, while experienced users may consume 10-25 in a session. Reports indicate that 70% of regular users experience reduced effects over time, leading to bingeing behaviors such as stacking and boosting doses. This tolerance correlates with increased psychobiological issues. Although neuroadaptive processes are suspected, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, highlighting the need for more focused studies on lower dosing regimens and their long-term effects.
Abstract
This review of chronic tolerance to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine) covers the empirical data on dosage escalation, reduced subjective effi...
Consumo urbano de yajé (ayahuasca) en Colombia
Adicciones – December 15, 2004
Summary
A striking 75% of urban users of yajé, an ancient hallucinogenic substance from Indigenous South American cultures, report emotional therapeutic motivations for its repeated consumption. In a study involving 40 participants from Bogotá, Colombia, individuals sought psychological benefits such as inner peace and mental clarity. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with four participants revealed desires to overcome personal stagnation and find solutions to life challenges. This highlights the evolving significance of yajé beyond traditional contexts, intertwining psychology, sociology, and the arts in urban settings.
Abstract
El yajé es una sustancia alucinógena, que ha sido usada desde tiempos inmemoriales en las comunidades indígenas de Sur América con fines místicos, ...
Metabolism of the designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in mice, after acute administration.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – November 25, 2004
Summary
A key step in understanding psychoactive drugs like 2C-B, often sold as "Ecstasy," is knowing how the body processes them. Scientists successfully investigated 2C-B's metabolism in mice after a single administration. Analysis of mouse urine revealed the original compound and several crucial metabolites. This discovery offers vital clues about its biological effects and greatly improves forensic analysis.
Abstract
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive drug of abuse often sold under the general street name "Ecstasy". Recent reports on th...