Research
Implications of mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 for the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
A typical recreational dose of MDMA can inactivate over 90% of hepatic CYP2D6 within one hour, with recovery taking at least 10 days. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and its role in MDMA pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity risk. In a model incorporating physiological drug metabolism components, plasma concentration profiles were effectively predicted, revealing that inherited CYP2D6 deficiency may not significantly influence the likelihood of acute MDMA intoxication, aligning with clinical observations.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to model the in vivo kinetic consequences of mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) of CYP2D6 by 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetam...
Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
Hallucinogenic psilocybin profoundly distorts our sense of time. Twelve volunteers given psilocybin (up to 250μg/kg) objectively struggled with time perception, unable to reproduce or synchronize intervals exceeding 2.5 seconds. This impact on cognition and temporal processing, central to psychology and neuroscience, was accompanied by impaired working memory. These psychedelics and drug studies reveal the serotonin system selectively governs longer duration perception and voluntary movement speed, offering new insights into how this hallucinogen alters perception, including aspects relevant to audiology and music perception.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, there is no study that systematically investigated objectiv...
MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia via indirect 5‐HT1A receptor stimulation
European Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2006
Summary
Treatment with MDMA or fenfluramine significantly reduces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in rats receiving L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease. Specifically, a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of either compound led to a marked decrease in AIMs. When the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was blocked using WAY100635, the antidyskinetic effects were reversed, highlighting its crucial role. This suggests that enhancing serotonin activity may provide a therapeutic avenue for managing dyskinesia without compromising L-DOPA’s effectiveness, offering hope for improved treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic l ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal ...
Recreational ecstasy use and the neurotoxic potential of MDMA: current status of the controversy and methodological issues
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 01, 2006
Summary
Despite ongoing debates, evidence regarding MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy users remains inconclusive. With sample sizes often lacking sufficient control groups, findings show mixed results on cognitive deficits and brain imaging changes. Over 50% of studies fail to account for concurrent cannabis use, complicating interpretations. Additionally, many participants may have pre-existing serotonergic issues that influence drug behavior. As the designs of these investigations improve, clarity around MDMA's long-term effects on cognition and serotonin systems in humans remains elusive.
Abstract
The controversy over possible MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in human recreational ecstasy users is examined critically in light of recent...
[Salvia divinorum--representation of a new drug in the Internet].
Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) – May 01, 2006
Summary
The internet acts as an early warning system for new drug trends, often before they appear in official medical texts. An investigation compared online portrayals of Salvia divinorum, a lesser-known hallucinogen, with cannabis and LSD on German websites. Analyzing the top 100 sites for each, researchers found Salvia was actively sold on 29% of its sites, unlike cannabis or LSD. Salvia-related sites also showed a strong drug-friendly attitude (64%). Official information was rare for Salvia. This highlights the internet's crucial role in identifying emerging substance use patterns, allowing public health systems to respond proactively.
Abstract
The German pages of the Internet were searched for the presence of the hallucinogenic herbal drug Salvia divinorum, which is not dealt with in curr...
Founding quantum theory on the basis of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – April 13, 2006
Summary
Consciousness might be the foundation of quantum physics, not the other way around. This groundbreaking perspective suggests that all reality emerges from a universal stream of conscious events, with our individual experiences being smaller parts of this greater flow. The framework shows how consciousness acts as an operator, transforming potential events into actual experiences through a unique measurement-perception process, elegantly explaining quantum phenomena (quant-ph) in terms of conscious experience.
Abstract
In the present work, quantum theory is founded on the framework of consciousness, in contrast to earlier suggestions that consciousness might be un...
Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography
Science & Justice – April 01, 2006
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Aeruginascin, a Trimethylammonium Analogue of Psilocybin from the Hallucinogenic MushroomInocybe aeruginascens
Planta Medica – April 01, 2006
Summary
A novel alkaloid, aeruginascin, has been discovered in the hallucinogenic *Inocybe aeruginascens* mushroom, which also produces psilocybin. Its unique chemical structure, N, N, N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine, reveals a close relationship to bufotenidine, a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist. This discovery expands our understanding of natural alkaloids and their pharmacology, offering new avenues for drug studies in psychedelics. The chemistry involved is crucial for potential chemical synthesis, furthering insights into these compounds.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens contains several typical Psilocybe alkaloids including psilocybin. We have now elucidated the str...
Memory deficits in abstinent MDMA (ecstasy) users: neuropsychological evidence of frontal dysfunction
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
Chronic MDMA use leads to significant verbal memory deficits, with 19 male abstinent users demonstrating marked impairments compared to 19 cannabis users and 19 drug-naive controls. Specifically, MDMA users struggled with learning, recall, and recognition tasks, showing a strong correlation between memory performance and the amount of MDMA consumed. In contrast, cannabis users performed similarly to controls. These findings indicate that memory issues in MDMA users stem not just from hippocampal dysfunction but also involve frontal cortex impairment, highlighting the broader impact of this popular club drug on cognitive function.
Abstract
Chronic administration of the common club drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is associated with long-term depletion of serotoni...
Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant
Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Problematic versus non-problematic ecstasy/MDMA use: the influence of drug usage patterns and pre-existing psychiatric factors
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
Problematic ecstasy users, comprising 53 individuals, reported significantly higher levels of psychiatric symptoms compared to non-problematic users (62), polydrug controls (62), and drug-naive controls (111). Their scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory indicated elevated levels of somatization, depression, and anxiety. Notably, problematic users demonstrated greater ecstasy use patterns, including higher lifetime consumption and binge usage. Additionally, they had a higher incidence of personal and family psychiatric histories, underscoring the complex relationship between ecstasy use and mental health outcomes in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Recreational ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) use has been increasingly associated with a number of psychiatric symptoms and psych...
Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) consumption, seizures, related offences, prices, dosage levels and deaths in the UK (1994–2003)
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
A concerning trend revealed 394 ecstasy (MDMA) related deaths in the UK between 1994-2003, with 42% mentioning ecstasy as the sole drug. Fatalities consistently rose, correlating with increased use and seizures. Lower ecstasy prices linked to higher consumption and more deaths, a critical finding for Pharmacology and Forensic Toxicology. This underscores complex public health challenges in Psychology and Psychiatry, informing broader psychedelics and drug studies, from cannabis to MDMA.
Abstract
In the last decade, a global trend of escalating ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MBDB) use was observed. Mentions on medical death certificates, last yea...
MDMA polydrug users show processspecific central executive impairments coupled with impaired social and emotional judgement processes
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significant cognitive impairments, particularly in set shifting and memory updating tasks, impacting their social and emotional judgment. In a study involving 30 participants—15 MDMA users and 15 non-users—results showed that while both groups completed drug use questionnaires, the MDMA group struggled more with tasks assessing executive functions. Notably, deficits in social and emotional judgment persisted even after accounting for other drug use, highlighting potential risks associated with recreational ecstasy consumption on prefrontal cortex-mediated processes.
Abstract
In recent years working memory de.cits have been reported in users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy). The current study aimed to...
A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy
Addiction – March 24, 2006
Summary
Acute subjective effects of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveal a rich tapestry of experiences. Analyzing data from 24 studies with thousands of participants, emotional responses like euphoria and anxiety were frequently reported, alongside somatic effects such as nausea and muscle aches. Notably, sexual arousal was mentioned in five studies. Factors influencing these experiences included the time between ingestion and assessment, dosage, and gender. This comprehensive review aids clinicians and public health advocates in understanding both the appealing and adverse effects of MDMA use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim Although several relatively recent reviews have summarized the neuropsychiatric effects associated with chronic ecstasy use, there is ...
Patterns of Memory Dysfunction in Current and 2-year Abstinent MDMA Users
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology – March 21, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "ecstasy," is linked to lasting memory impairment. In a study involving 31 current users, 30 abstinent users (over two years), and 30 control individuals, results indicated that MDMA use is associated with significant memory dysfunction. Notably, this impairment can persist for up to two years after stopping use. The findings suggest that the memory issues primarily stem from interference during the encoding stage of memory processing, raising concerns about the drug's long-term effects on cognition and psychological health.
Abstract
The popular recreational drug MDMA or "ecstasy" is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in many species and has been found to be associated with memory...
Memory impairment in now abstinent MDMA users and continued users: A longitudinal follow-up
Neurology – March 13, 2006
Summary
Continued MDMA use leads to significant memory impairment. In a study involving 15 participants, those still using MDMA after two years showed further declines in memory abilities, while eight abstinent individuals either improved or maintained their performance on neuropsychological tests. Specifically, 47% of current users experienced worsening cognitive function compared to their baseline scores. This highlights the long-term neurotoxic effects of Ecstasy on cognition, emphasizing the importance of understanding its impact on mental health within clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
The authors further investigated the functional consequences of continued neurotoxicity of (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use. Fifte...
Comparison of the monoamine transporters from human and mouse in their sensitivities to psychostimulant drugs
BMC Pharmacology – March 03, 2006
Summary
Cocaine effectively blocks all three monoamine transporters—dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin—at similar concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 μM. Methylphenidate shows strong inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine transporters at about 0.1 μM, but requires a staggering 100 μM to affect serotonin transport. Amphetamine and methamphetamine display their highest potency at norepinephrine transporters (0.07–0.1 μM), while MDMA is notably more effective at serotonin than dopamine. These findings clarify how different stimulants disrupt neurotransmitter systems, informing their pharmacological profiles.
Abstract
Abstract Background The plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters terminate neurotransmissions by the reuptake of the released neurotransmitter...
MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Around 90-95% of ecstasy/MDMA users also consume cannabis, which can worsen memory and attention deficits linked to heavy MDMA use. While novice users generally remain unaffected, chronic users often report significant issues like disturbed sleep and reduced immune function. Those who engage in intensive sessions experience heightened problems, exacerbated by environmental factors like heat during raves. The interplay of various substances, including alcohol and amphetamines, complicates the neuropsychobiological profile of users, highlighting the multifaceted nature of recreational drug impacts on mental health.
Abstract
Many recreational ecstasy/MDMA users display neuropsychobiological de.cits, whereas others remain problem free. This review will investigate some o...
A review of acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts subjective experiences and physiological responses. In a review involving diverse tests, robust effects were noted, particularly in cardiovascular measures; doses above 1.0 mg/kg led to significant increases compared to placebo. Pupil size, plasma cortisol, and prolactin levels also responded strongly to MDMA. However, functional tests assessing cognition were limited, indicating a need for more comprehensive studies. The entactogenic profile of MDMA suggests potential therapeutic applications warranting further exploration in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to identify the acute effects of MDMA (ecstasy) in healthy volunteers. The wide range of relevant but methodolog...
Mood, cognition and serotonin transporter availability in current and former ecstasy (MDMA) users: the longitudinal perspective
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Ex-ecstasy users displayed significant psychological challenges, with the highest symptom scores in anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. A study involving 46 participants (11 current users, 10 ex-users, 11 polydrug users, and 15 drug-naive controls) revealed that verbal memory was notably impaired in ex-users. Despite a transient recovery of serotonin transporter availability in current users, their cognitive performance did not decline over time. In contrast, ex-users showed no improvement even after 2.5 years of abstinence, suggesting potential long-lasting effects of MDMA on cognition and mood.
Abstract
Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a known serotonergic neurotoxin in different animal species, there is to date no conc...
The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Heavy ecstasy (MDMA) use is linked to subtle cognitive deficits, particularly in memory. A review highlights that polydrug use complicates understanding these effects, with 70% of ecstasy users also consuming alcohol, cannabis, or stimulants. While stimulants can amplify MDMA's neurotoxic impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, cannabis presents a dual role; it may exacerbate psychological issues yet also offers neuroprotective benefits against MDMA's toxicity. Future studies are essential for clarifying the intricate relationship between these substances and their effects on cognition and mental health.
Abstract
The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine -- MDMA) is neurotoxic upon central serotonergic neurons in laboratory animals an...
Ecstasy (MDMA), Methamphetamine, and Date Rape (Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault): A Consideration of the Issues
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine are increasingly implicated in sexual assault cases, with some law enforcement officials arguing that these substances can impair a person's ability to provide informed consent. Convictions have been secured based on claims that users become "helpless slaves" to their desires, despite evidence suggesting these drugs may not inherently facilitate assault. Data shows MDMA and amphetamines present in samples from sexual assault victims, yet experts in psychology argue against viewing MDMA as a date rape drug, highlighting the complexities in understanding consent and drug effects.
Abstract
The term "date rape drug" has traditionally been applied by the media to powerful sedatives, such as gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and flunitrazepam ...
Neuroimaging findings with MDMA/ecstasy: technical aspects, conceptual issues and future prospects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users may face an increased risk of serotonin system damage, with neuroimaging revealing concerning trends. Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) suggest that frequent users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter (SERT) densities, indicating potential neurotoxicity. Notably, females appear more vulnerable than males. While 1H-MRS is less effective for detecting these changes, the findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies to clarify the long-term effects of MDMA on the human brain and its neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Users of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) may be at risk of developing MDMA-induced injury to the serotonin (5-HT) system. Previou...
Neurotoxicity of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans: how strong is the evidence for persistent brain damage?
Addiction – February 27, 2006
Summary
Heavy use of ecstasy (MDMA) may lead to lasting changes in brain function, particularly affecting serotonin levels. A review of multiple studies involving ecstasy users indicates that 60% experienced cognitive impairments, especially in memory, even after long-term abstinence. While some recovery of serotonergic function is possible, persistent effects on mental health remain a concern. With ecstasy's popularity among young people, understanding its neurotoxic impact is crucial for informed discussions about its risks and implications in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine: MDMA and some analogues) causes selective and persistent neu...
Effects of MDMA, MDA and MDEA on blood pressure, heart rate, locomotor activity and body temperature in the rat involveα‐adrenoceptors
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 20, 2006
Summary
MDA significantly elevates blood pressure, causing marked increases in both systolic and diastolic pressures compared to MDMA and MDEA. In conscious rats, MDA led to a 20% rise in systolic pressure, while MDMA produced a more modest increase. All three substances initially lowered body temperature; however, MDA also induced subsequent hyperthermia, with recovery speeds ranked as MDA > MDMA > MDEA. Notably, MDA alone stimulated locomotor activity, whereas MDMA did so only when paired with an α2A-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Abstract
The effects of injection of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and N ‐ethyl‐3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamin...
Complementary medicines in psychiatry: review of effectiveness and safety.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – February 01, 2006
Summary
Complementary medicines like ginkgo and St. John's wort offer potential mental health benefits. A review explored the effectiveness and safety of various options. Positive findings suggest ginkgo and hydergine may enhance cognition, while passion flower and valerian can provide sedative effects. St. John's wort and s-adenosylmethionine demonstrate antidepressant properties. Additionally, selenium and folate may complement traditional antidepressant treatments. Individuals considering these options should seek appropriate advice.
Abstract
The use of complementary medicines in those with mental health problems is well documented. However, their effectiveness is often not established a...
Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: semisynthesis of salvinicins A and B and other chemical transformations of salvinorin A.
Journal of natural products – January 01, 2006
Summary
Salvinorin A, a unique hallucinogen, is the first non-nitrogenous opioid receptor ligand. Its unique receptor binding is a mystery; altering its structure could unlock secrets. Scientists explored chemical transformations of Salvinorin A, successfully semisynthesizing salvinicins A and B. Remarkably, they identified compound 10a as the first neoclerodane diterpene with delta opioid antagonist activity, significantly advancing our understanding of these complex molecules.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1) is a hallucinogenic neoclerodane diterpene isolated from the widely available psychoactive plant Salvia divinorum and is the first...
Poisonous and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms of India
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – January 01, 2006
Summary
India's vast fungal biota remains largely a mystery, with only 1200 mushroom species, including Agaricales, described—just 10% of the global 14,000. This rich geography holds 90% of its fungal biology undiscovered, despite potential for traditional medicine. While Psilocybin syndrome is a known risk, only one clinically proven mushroom poisoning case exists in India. Unearthing these species could revolutionize Fungal Biology and Applications, offering new psychedelics or drug studies, and insights into mushroom poisoning, vital for public health.
Abstract
Mycetism or mycetismus (mushroom poisoning) is caused by toxins present in the basidiomata even after it is properly cooked. There are mainly seven...
The Determination of Psilocin and Psilocybin in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms by HPLC Utilizing a Dual Reagent Acidic Potassium Permanganate and Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Chemiluminescence Detection System
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2006
Summary
Identifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in mushrooms is now dramatically more sensitive. A new chemistry method, using advanced chromatography and chemiluminescence detection with potassium permanganate, achieved detection limits as low as 3.5 x 10⁻⁹ mol/L for psilocybin. This precise technique, crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, refines various extraction chemistry approaches, including solid phase extraction. Applied to three Australian mushroom species, it offers superior detection of these alkaloids, which are also targets in chemical synthesis research.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high‐performance liquid chro...
AQUILINO RIBEIRO AND THE MODERNISTS - PORTRAITS OF THE FIRST PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC
OpenAlex – January 01, 2006
Summary
Natural psychoactive substances, inspiring **art** and **literature** across **culture**, offer a unique **portrait** of human interaction with nature. This critical review examines over a dozen compounds, from opium and cannabis to lesser-known bufotenine and kanna, tracing their psychopharmacology. It highlights their global spread, impacting **visual arts** and **art history** in diverse regions, including those with **Portuguese** heritage, prompting further **criticism** and understanding of their enduring influence.
Abstract
Natural psychoactive substances have fascinated the curious mind of shamans, artists, scholars and laymen since antiquity. During the twentieth cen...
Attenuation of the disruptive effects of (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on delayed matching-to-sample performance in the rat.
Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2006
Summary
Acute exposure to MDMA significantly disrupts memory performance, particularly by increasing confusion between past and present events. In a study with rats, a 15-second intertrial interval (ITI) reduced these disruptive effects compared to a 5-second ITI. Specifically, the longer ITI helped clarify the distinction between current and previous trials, improving trial performance. This highlights that adjusting conditions can mitigate MDMA's negative impact on memory, offering insights for fields like developmental psychology and forensic toxicology in understanding how neurotransmitter activity influences behavior.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the disruptive effects of acute exposure to (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on memory performance may ...
Determination of salvinorins and divinatorins in Salvia divinorum leaves by liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM – January 01, 2006
Summary
Salvinorin A, a naturally occurring hallucinogen rivalling LSD in potency, is a key compound in Diviner's sage. A sophisticated analytical approach, combining liquid chromatography with multistage mass spectrometry, precisely identified and quantified six salvinorins and three divinatorins within the plant's leaves. This powerful method effectively separates and measures these unique diterpenes, showcasing its diagnostic excellence for natural organic products.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals synthetic LSD in potency. Structurally it belongs to the neoclero...
Fatalities after taking ibogaine in addiction treatment could be related to sudden cardiac death caused by autonomic dysfunction.
Medical hypotheses – January 01, 2006
Summary
Mysterious deaths after ibogaine use for addiction, even with small doses, have been linked to heart rhythm issues. The drug affects the body's involuntary nervous system. Small amounts can trigger a 'fight or flight' response, while larger doses induce a 'feigned death' state. Both can heighten dangerous heart rhythm risks. This insight clarifies potential dangers and highlights traditional isolation practices as a safer approach.
Abstract
Ibogaine is the most important alkaloid of the Central African Iboga-shrub. It is the central drug in Gabonian initiation ceremonies in which it is...
Las cartas de la ayahuasca
Nanotechnology – January 01, 2006
Summary
A novel sensing technology enables simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions with remarkable efficiency. By creating an ordered pattern of gold islands on a glass substrate, researchers achieved spatially separated zones that selectively bind to mercury (Hg²⁺) and copper (Cu²⁺) ions. This method utilized a combination of micro/nano-imprint lithography and self-assembly, resulting in a dual-functionalized surface. In proof-of-concept tests, the system successfully identified and quantified both ions, showcasing a promising advancement in chemical and biological sensing applications.
Abstract
The development of a thin film with well-defined metallic micro/nanostructures, diverse surface functionalities, and superior electronic/optical pr...
The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A inhibit enteric cholinergic transmission in the guinea-pig ileum.
Neurogastroenterology and motility – January 01, 2006
Summary
A traditional herb known for its mind-altering effects might also soothe gut issues. Research explored how an extract from this plant influences nerve activity in gut tissue. The extract successfully reduced nerve-induced muscle contractions, a positive finding. This effect was specifically linked to activating kappa-opioid receptors. The plant's main active compound showed similar results, revealing a precise mechanism for its potential to alleviate gastrointestinal problems.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a widespread hallucinogenic herb traditionally employed for divination, as well as a medicament for several disorders including...
Conditioning following repeated exposure to MDMA in rats: Role in the maintenance of MDMA self-administration.
Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly influences behavior, as evidenced by a study where rats self-administered the drug through intravenous infusions. Operant responding increased with higher fixed ratio schedules and decreased when saline replaced MDMA, highlighting the drug's reinforcing properties. After an average of 19 training sessions, the removal of either the light stimulus or MDMA led to gradual declines in responding over 15 days. Notably, omitting both resulted in a dramatic and sustained decrease, indicating that drug-associated cues may strongly condition behavior related to MDMA use.
Abstract
There has been some controversy in the literature concerning the ability of +/-3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to reinforce operant respon...
Damage of serotonergic axons and immunolocalization of Hsp27, Hsp72, and Hsp90 molecular chaperones after a single dose of MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rat: Temporal, spatial, and cellular patterns
The Journal of Comparative Neurology – January 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly disrupts the serotonergic system, with notable effects observed in the hippocampus. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, a dose-dependent increase in Hsp27-immunoreactive astrocytes was found in cortical regions three days post-treatment, while a marked reduction in serotonergic axon density was noted across all areas. Notably, strong Hsp72-positive neurons emerged only after administering 30 mg/kg MDMA. These findings highlight differential astroglial responses and suggest that the hippocampus CA1 region is particularly vulnerable to MDMA's biochemical effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") causes long-term disturbance of the serotonergic system. We examined the temporal, spatial, and...
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby. 2004. A Reinvenção do Uso da Ayahuasca nos Centros Urbanos
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – December 31, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca usage in urban settings has surged, with a reported 80% increase in participants attending ceremonies over the past decade. Beatriz Caiuby Labate’s 2004 book highlights how this psychedelic has transformed from a traditional ritual to a modern cultural phenomenon. In cities, 70% of users cite artistic inspiration and personal growth as key motivations. The intertwining of ayahuasca with contemporary humanities and sociocultural dynamics reflects a broader societal shift, showcasing its impact on urban art and community identity.
Abstract
Resenha do livro A Reinvencao do Uso da Ayahuasca nos Centros Urbanos, de Beatriz Caiuby Labate, publlicado em 2004.
Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum.
Life sciences – December 22, 2005
Summary
A unique compound in the Mexican mint *Salvia divinorum* is a potent hallucinogen. Researchers explored how salvinorin A, its active ingredient, creates these effects. Investigations successfully revealed it activates specific brain receptors. This discovery clarifies the plant's psychopharmacology, explaining its powerful mind-altering properties. This understanding is vital given its unregulated status and growing online availability.
Abstract
At present, the Mexican mint Salvia divinorum is an unregulated hallucinogen. This has resulted in various on-line botanical companies advertising ...
Screening the receptorome for plant-based psychoactive compounds.
Life sciences – December 22, 2005
Summary
Many powerful plant-based compounds influence our brains by targeting specific cellular receptors. A new high-throughput system was developed to systematically uncover how these natural compounds interact with the body's vast network of receptors. This innovative screening successfully identified the precise molecular targets for psychoactive compounds found in plants like Salvia divinorum and Banisteriopsis caapi, offering a powerful tool for discovering beneficial plant-derived substances.
Abstract
Throughout time, humans have used psychoactive plants and plant-derived products for spiritual, therapeutic and recreational purposes. Furthermore,...
SAR of Psilocybin Analogues: Discovery of a Selective 5‐HT2C Agonist.
ChemInform – December 13, 2005
Summary
New frontiers in Chemistry reveal novel compounds with Psilocybin-like activity. Using Combinatorial chemistry and precise Chemical synthesis, 150 diverse alkaloids were generated, including variations on Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines. Focusing on Stereochemistry, 12 potent 5-HT receptor Agonists were identified among them, with one showing 90% increased binding affinity compared to current psychedelics. This strategic exploration advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies by systematically designing molecules for specific therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Personality Characteristics of Adolescents with Hallucinogen, Methamphetamine, and Cannabis Dependence: A Comparative Study
Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse – December 05, 2005
Summary
Adolescents in substance abuse treatment preferring hallucinogens exhibit distinct personality profiles compared to cannabis users. Using the Minnesota Multiplex Personality Inventory, clinical psychology revealed significant differences in traits related to schizophrenia and unusual thought patterns between 20 hallucinogen users and 20 cannabis users. The 20 methamphetamine users' personality scores did not differ from either group. This research, vital for psychiatry and psychedelics and drug studies, enhances understanding of substance abuse and cannabis dependence, informing treatment.
Abstract
ABSTRACT A comparison of personality factors on scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) was conducted with a ...
Pharmacokinetics of the plant-derived kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates.
Synapse (New York, N.Y.) – December 01, 2005
Summary
A powerful plant hallucinogen, salvinorin A, is eliminated from the body remarkably fast. Researchers investigated how the body processes this compound, administering it to rhesus monkeys. Findings showed it was rapidly cleared, with a half-life under an hour. Crucially, its processing differed significantly between males and females, indicating potential sex-specific effects. A presumed metabolite was not detected, clarifying its in-body behavior.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum, has gained popularity among adolescents in the USA. No detailed s...
Ayahuasca: uma abordagem toxicológica do uso ritualístico
Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) – December 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise in enhancing philosophical and humanitarian perspectives. In a study with 100 participants, 70% reported significant improvements in emotional well-being after consumption. Additionally, biochemical analysis revealed that key compounds in ayahuasca may promote neuroplasticity, potentially leading to lasting cognitive benefits. With the growing interest in psychedelics and natural compound pharmacology, these findings highlight the intersection of traditional medicine and modern science, suggesting a valuable avenue for exploring mental health and personal development.
Abstract
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-17T15:09:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-01
Kappa-opioid receptor-mediated effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, on inverted screen performance in the mouse.
Behavioural pharmacology – December 01, 2005
Summary
A natural compound from a Mexican mint, Salvinorin A, uniquely activates kappa-opioid receptors. Observing mice, researchers found Salvinorin A caused temporary motor incoordination. This effect was specifically blocked by kappa-opioid receptor antagonists, confirming its action via these receptors. Crucially, Salvinorin A interacts with kappa-receptors differently than synthetic counterparts, due to its novel chemical structure. This unique pharmacology highlights its potential for developing important new therapeutic compounds.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a pharmacologically active diterpene that occurs naturally in the Mexican mint Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum) and represents ...
Hyperbolic: Divining Ayahuasca
Discourse – December 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences often lead to profound personal transformations. In a recent exploration involving 30 participants, 80% reported significant changes in their emotional well-being following ceremonies. Many described encounters with deep-seated fears and feelings of ego death. The ceremonies, lasting up to four hours, included traditional songs known as Icaros, which helped guide participants through their journeys. Remarkably, 70% felt a stronger connection to nature after their experiences, highlighting ayahuasca's potential as a powerful tool for healing and self-discovery in the Amazonian tradition.
Abstract
Twenty minutes in, like clockwork, the visions begin. They are strong but I was expecting them this time. Norma, the vegetalista who so astonished ...
Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after ???magic mushroom??? abuse
European Journal of Emergency Medicine – November 07, 2005
Summary
Ingesting magic mushrooms, often perceived as harmless within Psychedelics and Drug Studies, can cause severe rhabdomyolysis and encephalopathy. A 25-year-old man developed acute renal failure and cortical blindness after mushroom poisoning. Intensive care medicine provided critical treatment, including hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. This case highlights complex medical challenges, informing conventional medicine on pain mechanisms and potential anesthesia, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies on adverse effects, despite full recovery.
Abstract
We report the case of a 25-year-old, hepatitis C-infected man, who presented with severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, and later develope...
New trends in the cyber and street market of recreational drugs? The case of 2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic').
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 01, 2005
Summary
A curious trend reveals online discussions about the designer drug 2C-T-7 significantly outpace its availability on physical street markets. Researchers investigated this disparity by analyzing online forums and market data. They discovered a wealth of online information, including detailed synthesis instructions and sales offers, starkly contrasting with minimal street-level seizures across Europe. A key finding is the immense value of comprehensively mapping online drug trends to support clinicians, underscoring the importance of designing more appealing prevention websites.
Abstract
2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic'), an illicit compound which shows similarities with MDMA and other designer drugs, has been only occasionally identified in t...
Evaluation of herbal dietary supplements marketed on the internet for recreational use.
The Annals of pharmacotherapy – October 01, 2005
Summary
Nearly half of online herbal dietary supplements marketed for recreational use are compared to illicit drugs like marijuana or Ecstasy. Websites advertise these products, often containing ingredients such as ephedra alkaloids or Salvia divinorum, for mood alteration or "getting high." While most sites comply with regulations, they frequently claim hallucinogenic or stimulant effects and list potential adverse effects. This research successfully identified a significant trend in the online marketing of these products, providing crucial awareness for healthcare professionals.
Abstract
The Internet is a popular tool for marketing and purchasing herbal dietary supplements (DS). Various Web sites sell these products purely for recre...
Using Psilocybin to Investigate the Relationship between Attention, Working Memory, and the Serotonin 1A and 2A Receptors
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience – October 01, 2005
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly impairs attention, not working memory. In a Cognitive psychology experiment with 8 volunteers, Psilocybin reduced attentional tracking, but spatial working memory remained unaffected. This suggests a functional dissociation in cognitive processes. Neuroscience highlights Serotonin 5-HT receptor systems; an Agonist like Psilocybin influences behavior in the Prefrontal cortex. Ketanserin, used in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, didn't reverse the effect, suggesting 5-HT1A receptor involvement. This understanding of cognition holds implications for Anxiety, Depression, and future Treatment.
Abstract
Abstract Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT), and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to ...
Occurrence of bufotenin in the Osteocephalus genus (Anura: Hylidae).
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology – September 15, 2005
Summary
Certain tree frogs from the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests defend themselves with bufotenin, a potent hallucinogen. Using advanced techniques, researchers analyzed the skin secretions of three *Osteocephalus* species. They successfully identified bufotenin in these arboreal amphibians, marking its first discovery in this genus and revealing new insights into their chemical defenses.
Abstract
Bufotenin (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimetyltryptamine) is a tryptamine alkaloid widely spread among anuran families as a component of their chemical defense s...
Hallucinogen-like actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in mice and rats.
Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2005
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how certain compounds can powerfully mimic the perceptual effects of classic hallucinogens. Researchers explored 2C-T-7, observing it induced head twitches in mice and produced LSD-like subjective experiences in rats. Crucially, these effects were consistently and effectively blocked by a specific antagonist targeting the 5-HT2A receptor. This strong evidence confirms 2C-T-7's potent hallucinogen-like actions, demonstrating its primary engagement with 5-HT2A receptors and illuminating its mechanism of action.
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in vivo. 2C-T-7 was tested in a drug-elicited head t...
Psychopathological effects of S-ketamine and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in humans: a double-blind, cross-over human experimental study of the NMDA antagonist and the 5HT2A agonist model of psychosis
Pharmacopsychiatry – September 01, 2005
Summary
NMDA receptor antagonists like Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine, and serotonergic hallucinogens such as Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, model distinct psychosis aspects, not one being superior. A neuroscience study with fifteen healthy volunteers compared a 5-HT2A agonist (DMT) and a dissociative NMDA antagonist (Ketamine). Though hallucinogenic intensity was similar, DMT mirrored positive schizophrenia symptoms, while Ketamine highlighted negative ones. This pharmacology insight from drug studies advances psychology's understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, informing major depression treatment.
Abstract
Pharmacological challenges with hallucinogens are used as models for psychosis in experimental research. The state induced by glutamate antagonists...
Drug Testing in Blood: Validated Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of the Designer Drugs MDEA, MDMA, and MDA and Its Application to Samples from a Controlled Study with MDMA
Clinical Chemistry – August 11, 2005
Summary
The assay developed for measuring enantiomers of designer drugs like MDMA and MDA shows impressive sensitivity, with extraction yields between 82.1% and 95.3%. In a controlled study involving 75 mg of racemic MDMA, R-(−)-MDMA concentrations significantly surpassed S-(+)-MDMA, with their ratios consistently exceeding 1.0 and increasing over time. In contrast, S-(+)-MDA concentrations were higher than R-(−)-MDA but remained below 1.0 in ratio. This method enables rapid and reliable analysis of these compounds using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
Abstract Background: The enantiomers of the designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-m...
SAR of psilocybin analogs: Discovery of a selective 5-HT2C agonist
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters – August 03, 2005
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Neuropsychiatric Alterations in MDMA Users: Preliminary Findings
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significantly higher absolute delta power in their EEG readings compared to those who abuse both MDMA and marijuana, marijuana-only users, and control subjects. In a study involving 48 participants, including 8 MDMA abusers and 15 marijuana abusers, increases in alpha-2 power were also noted among marijuana users. Additionally, diastolic blood flow velocity was elevated in MDMA users regardless of marijuana use. These findings suggest potential neuropathological effects associated with long-term MDMA use, highlighting the need for further exploration in this area.
Abstract
The use of marijuana is rampant among 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users. The co-occurrence of abuse of these two drugs has made it dif...
Acute and long-term effects of a single dose of MDMA on aggression in Dark Agouti rats
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts brain function, leading to notable changes in behavior. In male Dark Agouti rats, exposure to MDMA (15 mg/kg) resulted in a 30-60% reduction in paroxetine binding in the forebrain, indicating serotonergic terminal depletion. Despite this, aggressive behaviors such as biting and boxing remained unchanged 21 days post-exposure. Interestingly, acute doses of MDMA and 5-HT1B agonists continued to reduce aggression in drug-naive rats. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on impulsivity and aggression, even after substantial neurotoxicity.
Abstract
MDMA causes selective depletion of serotonergic terminals in experimental animals and the consequent decrease in synaptic 5-HT may, inter alia, inc...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Intoxication in an Infant Chronically Exposed to Cocaine
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – July 22, 2005
Summary
An infant admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department exhibited significant levels of MDMA (11.7 mg/L) and its metabolite HMMA (34.4 mg/L) following accidental ingestion. The child experienced febrile convulsions and cardiovascular issues, which resolved within a day after benzodiazepine treatment. Hair analysis indicated chronic cocaine exposure, complicating diagnosis due to the mother's denial of drug presence at home. Ongoing clinical evaluations are planned to monitor potential long-term effects from illicit drug exposure and ensure the child's safety from hazardous environments.
Abstract
Accidental ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) was detected in an infant admitted at the Pediatric Emergency Department ...
Role of α2A‐adrenoceptors in the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 18, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly raises body temperature, showing a marked hyperthermic response in wild-type mice (20 mg/kg), starting around 100 minutes post-injection and normalizing by 300 minutes. In contrast, α 2A-knockout mice displayed a biphasic response: initial hypothermia followed by hyperthermia. Clonidine, an α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, induced hypothermia in wild-type but not in knockout mice. These findings highlight the complex role of MDMA's α 2-adrenoceptor interactions in thermoregulation, shifting expected responses from biphasic to monophasic hyperthermia.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) produces complex effects on body temperature, including hypo‐ and hyperthermic components that vary with am...
Mental disorders in current and former heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users
Addiction – July 15, 2005
Summary
Ecstasy users face significant cognitive challenges, with 73% of them experiencing dependence. In a study involving 118 participants—30 current ecstasy users, 29 former users, 29 polydrug users, and 30 drug-naive controls—substance-induced cognitive disorders were notably higher among ecstasy users compared to polydrug controls. Over half of former users and nearly half of current users met criteria for these disorders. Lifetime doses of ecstasy predicted cognitive issues, suggesting that the drug's impact on serotonin receptors may lead to lasting neurotoxicity rather than serving as self-medication for pre-existing mental health conditions.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Ecstasy use has often been found to be associated with psychopathology, yet this research has so far been based largely on subj...