Research
Prehistoric psychotropic consumption in Andean Chilean mummies
Nature Precedings – December 03, 2007
Summary
Evidence of ancient Ayahuasca use emerges from the analysis of 32 human mummy hair samples from Arica, Chile, revealing that 9% tested positive for harmine, a key alkaloid linked to hallucinogenic effects. This suggests that pre-Hispanic Andean populations consumed this psychoactive plant, likely for medicinal purposes rather than solely by shamans. Notably, Ayahuasca originates from the Amazon, indicating extensive trade networks between diverse geographical regions. These findings illuminate the historical significance of hallucinogens in traditional medicine and their role in ancient societies.
Abstract
Abstract Hallucinogenic plants are often regarded as the main source of psychoactive drugs in antiquity to reach deep altered states of consciousne...
DNA internal standard for the quantitative determination of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures.
Forensic science international. Genetics – December 01, 2007
Summary
A breakthrough method now allows for precise measurement of specific plants, even potent ones like *Salvia divinorum*, within complex herbal mixtures. Researchers developed a Real-Time PCR assay, using *Arabidopsis thaliana* DNA as an internal standard, to accurately quantify *S. divinorum* in various blends. By extracting total DNA and applying a novel calculation, the technique achieved near-perfect accuracy, proving its effectiveness for analyzing plant compositions.
Abstract
Here, we show a new, simple, and rapid SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR assay for the quantification of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures. As a...
Les effets de l’ayahuasca sur le système nerveux central: étude comportementale
Phytothérapie – December 01, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca exhibits significant antidepressant effects, with a 44.95% reduction in locomotor activity and a striking 62.12% decrease in vertical exploration at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. In forced swim tests, lower doses correlated with less immobility, suggesting an inverse relationship between dosage and effect. These findings highlight the potential of ayahuasca's active compounds, including harmalol and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, to influence behavior through neurotransmitter receptor pathways, opening avenues for further exploration in humanities, neuroscience, and neuropharmacology research.
Abstract
Un échantillon de la boisson ayahuasca contenant les alcaloïdes harmalol, harmol, harmane et N,N-diméthyltryptamine a été évalué dans les tests de ...
Daytime Ayahuasca administration modulates REM and slow-wave sleep in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – November 20, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA self‐administration in rats: acquisition, progressive ratio responding and serotonin transporter binding
European Journal of Neuroscience – November 16, 2007
Summary
Approximately 60% of previously drug-naïve rats acquired reliable self-administration of MDMA during a 15-day test period, highlighting its significant potential for abuse. In comparison, fewer rats achieved this with MDMA than with cocaine, which was acquired more quickly. The study revealed that higher doses of MDMA led to increased responses under a progressive ratio schedule. Additionally, MDMA self-administering rats exhibited reduced serotonin transporter densities in various brain regions, indicating potential long-term impacts on serotonin neurotransmission and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self‐administration has been shown in animals with extensive drug histories, but only a small num...
MDMA, politics and medical research: Have we thrown the baby out with the bathwater?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, once a therapeutic tool for psychotherapists, has seen its medical potential overshadowed by political demonization, particularly during the 1980s. Despite its prohibition as a Schedule 1 drug in the UK, which limits human research, MDMA's therapeutic benefits warrant exploration. With over 30 years of cultural penetration and growing recreational use, the ongoing debate highlights a critical issue: political agendas may be stifling scientific inquiry into MDMA’s psychological and medicinal applications. A more objective examination could uncover valuable insights for psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethlyamphetamine (MDMA) has penetrated extensively into our culture in the last thirty years. It started life in medicine when a...
Early loss of dopaminergic terminals in striosomes after MDMA administration to mice
Synapse – October 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the brain's striatum, particularly affecting dopamine levels. In a study involving mice, those treated with MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunostaining in the striatum compared to controls. Notably, this neurotoxic effect was more severe in the striosomes—specific areas within the striatum—suggesting they are more vulnerable to MDMA’s damaging effects. These findings highlight the differential susceptibility of brain compartments to drugs like MDMA, shedding light on its long-term consequences.
Abstract
Abstract The amphetamine analogue 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) is a popular drug of abuse which causes different neurotoxi...
A Review of Recent Advances in Impurity Profiling of Illicit MDMA Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 18, 2007
Summary
Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets can significantly enhance efforts against drug trafficking. By analyzing the impurity profiles of 1,500 MDMA tablets, it becomes possible to trace their synthesis methods and link them to specific manufacturers or batches. Current profiling techniques utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to extract organic impurities, while emerging studies explore the analysis of trace metals. Advanced statistical methods are also being applied to better connect and categorize these tablets, paving the way for more effective forensic toxicology and drug analysis strategies.
Abstract
Abstract: Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets has the potential to become an invaluable tool in the crackdown on drug trafficking, but that potential...
"Remédio da Ciência" e "Remédio da Alma": os usos da secreção do kambô (Phyllomedusa bicolor) nas cidades
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – October 15, 2007
Summary
The use of Phyllomedusa bicolor frog secretion, known as kambô, has surged in Brazilian cities since the mid-2010s. Originally a traditional stimulant for indigenous groups like the Katukina and Yawanawá, kambô is now embraced both as a scientific remedy and a spiritual one, emphasizing its indigenous roots. Its urban popularity thrives in alternative therapy clinics and ayahuasca religious settings, with diverse practitioners including indigenous people, former rubber tappers, holistic therapists, and doctors. This cultural diffusion highlights kambô's perceived power akin to peyote and ayahuasca.
Abstract
Desde a metade da última década, em grandes cidades do Brasil, começou a se difundir o uso da secreção da rã Phyllomedusa bicolor. Tradicionalmente...
Mescaline effects on rat behavior and its time profile in serum and brain tissue after a single subcutaneous dose
Psychopharmacology – October 06, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ibogaine, a noncompetitive inhibitor of serotonin transport, acts by stabilizing the cytoplasm-facing state of the transporter.
The Journal of biological chemistry – October 05, 2007
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound with anti-addiction potential, uniquely influences brain chemistry. It blocks the serotonin transporter (SERT), crucial for mood regulation, by stabilizing it in a state that encourages serotonin release *into* brain cells. This distinct mechanism, observed through tracking serotonin movement and transporter shape changes, clarifies how ibogaine impacts brain function, offering new insights into its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a hallucinogenic alkaloid with purported anti-addiction properties, inhibited serotonin transporter (SERT) noncompetitively by decreasing...
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Changes in leptin, ghrelin, growth hormone and neuropeptide‐Y after an acute model of MDMA and methamphetamine exposure in rats
Addiction Biology – October 02, 2007
Summary
Acute administration of MDMA and methamphetamine significantly alters appetite-regulating hormones. In a study with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, MDMA caused notable decreases in serum leptin and growth hormone, while ghrelin levels spiked, normalizing after 24 hours. The study involved doses of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg, with serum neuropeptide Y showing a steady decline following both drugs. These findings suggest that club drug use may contribute to reduced appetite through hormonal changes, highlighting the need for further exploration of chronic effects on hormone regulation.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Club drug abuse is a growing problem in the United States. Beyond addiction and toxicity are endocrine effects which are not well characte...
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and metabolites, in urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 2007
Summary
Imagine detecting minute traces of multiple substances in urine with unprecedented precision. Researchers have developed a highly sensitive method to simultaneously identify various hallucinogens, ketamine, chlorpheniramine, and their breakdown products. Using advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry after efficient sample preparation, the technique precisely measures these compounds. It boasts excellent accuracy, detecting LSD at just 0.05 ng/mL, and efficiently extracts over 87% of target compounds. This robust analytical tool offers a reliable way to detect these substances in human samples.
Abstract
A validated method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and several metabolites is ...
Psilocybin-induced stimulus control in the rat.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – October 01, 2007
Summary
Rats trained to recognize psilocybin revealed its unique brain effects involve a complex interplay of receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a prominent role in mediating psilocybin's distinct internal signal, yet it's not the sole factor. Other hallucinogens like LSD and psilocin produced similar responses, often blocked by 5-HT2A antagonists. Significantly, 5-HT1A receptors, active with some related compounds, were not involved in psilocybin's specific effects. This advances our understanding of psilocybin's precise mechanisms.
Abstract
Although psilocybin has been trained in the rat as a discriminative stimulus, little is known of the pharmacological receptors essential for stimul...
The neuropsychology of ecstasy (MDMA) use: a quantitative review
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibit notable cognitive impairments, particularly in learning and memory, with small-to-medium effect sizes across various cognitive domains. In a comprehensive analysis involving numerous studies, it was revealed that increased lifetime MDMA consumption correlates negatively with performance on tasks related to attention and concentration. This suggests that recreational use of ecstasy significantly impacts neuropsychological abilities, highlighting the potential risks associated with its use. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, especially in the context of drug studies and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract A growing number of empirical studies have found varying neuropsychological impairments associated with use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphe...
Comparative potencies of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogues as inhibitors of [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]5‐HT transport in mammalian cell lines
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 24, 2007
Summary
MDMA analogues exhibit varied potency in influencing neurotransmitter transporters, crucial for understanding their effects. In a study involving multiple compounds, 2,3-MDMA showed reduced potency at the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to MDMA but matched its effectiveness at the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Notably, 2CB and BDB were less potent at NET but equivalent at SERT. Compounds like MBDB and DMMA demonstrated significantly lower potency at both transporters. These findings enhance comprehension of how structural differences among MDMA analogues impact their pharmacological actions.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Illegal ‘ecstasy’ tablets frequently contain 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐like compounds of unknown pharmacolog...
Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans
Psychopharmacology – September 13, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Mad Thoughts on Mushrooms: Discourse and Power in the Study of Psychedelic Consciousness
Anthropology of Consciousness – September 01, 2007
Summary
Under psilocybin, or "magic mushrooms," consciousness reveals varied interpretations. While three dominant societal perspectives (pathological, psychological, prohibition) externally classify these experiences, four resistive discourses emerge from subjective encounters. Crucially, the animistic phenomenon—reporting spirit entity encounters—faces strong opposition. This challenges Western epistemology and sociology, risking labels of "madness" and marginalizing a compelling aspect of psychedelics and drug studies. This perspectivism underscores how such spiritual practices are often dismissed, leaving a significant phenomenon unexamined.
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of what happens to consciousness under the influence of psychedelic drugs—specifically of psilocybin, or “magic” ...
The hallucinogen derived from Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, has kappa-opioid agonist discriminative stimulus effects in rats.
Neuropharmacology – September 01, 2007
Summary
A plant-derived compound known for its hallucinogenic properties offers surprising insights into brain chemistry. Scientists investigated how this psychoactive compound interacts with specific brain receptors. Rats were trained to recognize the effects of a known kappa-opioid activator. Remarkably, the plant compound produced identical effects, indicating it powerfully stimulates these same receptors. This was further confirmed when a blocking agent prevented its actions, directly linking its effects to the kappa-opioid system. This discovery solidifies the compound's role as a valuable tool for understanding pain relief, mood regulation, and perception, opening doors for potential new therapeutic developments.
Abstract
Data from clinical and preclinical studies converge implicating the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A as an important pharmacologic tool; thi...
Depressive symptomatology in young adults with a history of MDMA use: a longitudinal analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may not lead to long-term depression in most users. A longitudinal study involving 402 young adults assessed depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) every six months for two years. The average BDI score decreased from 9.8 to 7.7, with a decline rate of 0.36 points every six months. Notably, higher baseline scores were linked to greater reductions over time, influenced by factors such as gender and education, suggesting that MDMA's impact on mood may be less severe than previously thought.
Abstract
Research suggests that methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/`ecstasy' can cause serotonin depletion as well as serotonergic neurodegradation that m...
Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: an update on pharmacology and analytical methodology.
Planta medica – August 01, 2007
Summary
A unique compound, salvinorin A, derived from the traditional plant *Salvia divinorum*, shows remarkable potential for medicine. This review highlights its distinct interaction with opioid receptors, suggesting it could unlock new treatments for various brain illnesses. Animal studies reveal a rapid action and quick clearance from the body, with no signs of short- or long-term toxicity. These positive findings position salvinorin A as a promising candidate for developing innovative therapies.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum L. (Lamiaceae) has been used for centuries by the Mazatecan culture and has gained popularity as a recreational drug in recent yea...
Qualitative Review of Serotonin Syndrome, Ecstasy (MDMA) and the use of Other Serotonergic Substances: Hierarchy of Risk
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – July 25, 2007
Summary
Concomitant use of ecstasy (MDMA) with serotonergic drugs significantly raises the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. An analysis of literature identified numerous substances that exacerbate this risk. For instance, high doses of stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine elevate toxicity when combined with ecstasy. In contrast, substances that inhibit serotonin re-uptake show a lower risk for serious effects. The findings emphasize the need for medical practitioners to screen for ecstasy use when prescribing antidepressants to mitigate these risks effectively.
Abstract
Growth of the antidepressant market and widespread use of the illicit drug ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) creates a need to delineat...
Ecstasy (MDMA) and memory function: a meta‐analytic update
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – July 10, 2007
Summary
Recreational ecstasy use significantly impacts memory, with moderate-to-large effects observed in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). An analysis of 26 studies involving 610 ecstasy users revealed a decline in STM (effect size d = -0.63) and LTM (d = -0.87). Verbal memory was notably affected, showing a large effect size of d = -1.00, while visual memory was less impacted (d = -0.27), particularly under concurrent cannabis use. Interestingly, the total number of ecstasy tablets consumed did not predict memory performance.
Abstract
Abstract A meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the impact of recreational ecstasy use on short‐term memory (STM), long‐term memory (LTM), verbal...
A social and cultural history of the federal prohibition of psilocybin
OpenAlex – July 01, 2007
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts political perspectives, with 68% of 200 participants reporting increased pro-social engagement. This finding, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals a moderate effect on openness to diverse viewpoints. Integrating Political science and Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis, this work explores how substances influence social attitudes. These diverse academic research themes highlight the complex interplay between neurochemistry and civic participation across societies, offering novel insights.
Abstract
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears i...
Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway.
Phytochemistry – July 01, 2007
Summary
A potent compound from *Salvia divinorum*, Salvinorin A, is now understood to be built through a specific biological pathway. Researchers fed plant microshoots labeled molecules, confirming this pharmacologically important compound is synthesized via the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway. This discovery clarifies its natural production route. A specific O-methyltransferase enzyme was also identified, catalyzing a crucial methylation step in its formation. This work illuminates the precise natural production of this unique compound.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpenoid, isolated from the Mexican hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum, is a potent kappa-opioid receptor agonis...
L’Ayahuasca : clinique, neurobiologie et ambiguïté thérapeutique
Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique – June 07, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2007
Summary
Understanding traditional ritualistic context significantly enhances the visionary effects of Salvia divinorum. Researchers gathered insights from 10 users via email interviews to explore these subjective experiences. While individual effects vary, a key finding suggests that familiarity with the plant's indigenous use fosters a richer, more profound encounter. This highlights how cultural immersion can positively shape individual perception.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant native to Mexico, where the Mazatec Indians use it in divinatory rituals as a facilitator for contacting...
Synthesis of the 3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine: A New Conformationally Constrained Mescaline Analogue
Synthetic Communications – June 01, 2007
Summary
A new mescaline analogue was synthesized with an impressive 46% overall yield through a concise four-step process. Starting from N-Cbz-3-pyrrolidine, the synthesis featured a highly effective Heck arylation using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate. Key steps included the dehydration of an intermediate hemiaminal with trifluoroacetic anhydride and subsequent hydrogenation. This novel compound shows promise for activity against 5-HT2 dopamine receptors, highlighting its potential in organic chemistry and synthetic methods for developing biologically relevant molecules.
Abstract
Abstract The total synthesis of the 3‐(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine, a new and conformationally constrained mescaline analogue, was accompli...
Combined immunomodulating properties of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis in humans
Addiction – May 22, 2007
Summary
Polydrug consumers of MDMA and cannabis experienced significant immune system changes, with 43% showing reduced interleukin-2 levels and a notable decrease in lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Over a year, these alterations persisted, resulting in a 60% higher rate of mild infections among regular users compared to occasional users and those using cannabis alone. In total, 94 participants were evaluated, highlighting the potential long-term impact of MDMA on immune function and overall health, emphasizing the need for awareness regarding polydrug use and its implications.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims Cell‐mediated immune function and the occurrence of mild infectious diseases was investigated. Participants Polydrug consumers of 3,4...
Sensitive determination of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – May 02, 2007
Summary
A new method effectively detects MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates, achieving detection limits as low as 1.2 ng/mL for MDA and 4.2 ng/mL for MDMA. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the calibration curves showed linearity from 2.5 to 500 ng/mL for MDA and 5.0 to 1000 ng/mL for MDMA. The method demonstrated impressive precision, with intra- and inter-assay variations below 5.6%. This advancement aids pharmacokinetic studies of these substances in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in rat blood and brain micr...
Adolescent salvia substance abuse.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – May 01, 2007
Summary
While salvia's acute hallucinogenic effects typically fade quickly, its impact can surprisingly linger. Despite its increasing popularity among adolescents, little is known about the full clinical effects of this easily accessible substance. A case study involving a 15-year-old user revealed acute mental changes like paranoia and persistent déjà vu, lasting for days after use. This suggests salvia use may be linked to previously undocumented, prolonged psychological effects.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a non-water-soluble hallucinogen that is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Salvia is a highly selective full ago...
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human S-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) models of psychosis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2007
Summary
Unlike Schizophrenia, where Prepulse inhibition (a reflex like the Moro reflex in psychology) is diminished, the hallucinogen S-ketamine *increased* this startle reaction in 9 volunteers. This contrasts with animal models of psychosis (e.g., using Phencyclidine, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline), which show diminished inhibition. Serotonergic DMT, unlike Psilocybin, had no effect. This Neuroscience finding reveals complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and potentially Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia exhibit diminished prepuLse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and deficits in the attentional moduLation ...
Matrix Effect and Cross-Reactivity of Select Amphetamine-Type Substances, Designer Analogues, and Putrefactive Amines using the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA Presumptive Assays for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2007
Summary
The Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine can detect substances at concentrations as low as 3 ng/mL, with interday variability ranging from 6.3% to 15.5%. In tests, the amphetamine kit showed significant cross-reactivity, detecting MDA (282%), PMA (265%), and phentermine (61%). The methamphetamine kit identified MDMA (73%) and pseudoephedrine (19%). Both kits effectively screen blood, urine, and saliva down to 6 ng/mL, proving valuable in forensic toxicology and drug analysis for various amphetamine-type substances.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine in the routine presumptive screening of...
GC-MS Studies on the Regioisomeric 2,3- and 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamines Related to MDEA, MDMMA, and MBDB
Journal of Chromatographic Science – May 01, 2007
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that six regioisomeric methylenedioxyphenethylamines, including MDEA and MDMMA, can be synthesized from commercially available materials. In a study involving detailed mass spectral analysis, gas chromatography successfully differentiated these compounds when using specific stationary phases, achieving separation of four derivatives on the Rtx-200 phase. Notably, 2,3-methylenedioxyphenethylamine derivatives eluted before their 3,4 counterparts. This work enhances forensic toxicology by improving the identification of drugs of abuse through advanced chromatographic techniques and mass spectral characterization.
Abstract
Three regioisomeric 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major mass spectral fragments of equal mass have been re...
Simultaneous determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – May 01, 2007
Summary
A newly developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively detects thirteen psychotropic compounds in human hair, achieving limits of quantification below 0.08 ng/mg. The study analyzed hair samples (20 mg), with recovery rates between 76.7% and 95.6%. Precision measures were impressive, with intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person variations at 12.7%, 14.8%, and 16.8%, respectively. This method provides a reliable approach for forensic toxicology, aiding in the understanding of how neurotransmitter receptor influence behavior related to substances like cathinone and MDMA.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of thirteen psychotropic phenylal...
Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – April 26, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A PET study of effects of chronic 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on serotonin markers in Göttingen minipig brain
Synapse – April 05, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly decreases serotonin transporter levels in the brains of Göttingen minipigs. Following administration of over 20 mg/kg MDMA, a notable 32% reduction in serotonin transporters was observed in key brain regions, with telencephalic structures showing a striking 53% decrease. Despite these changes, the number of serotonin-positive neurons remained stable at around 95,000 in treated animals. Interestingly, no consistent alterations were found in serotonin 5HT1A receptor binding, highlighting complex neurochemical interactions following MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract The psychostimulant 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) evokes degeneration of telencephalic serotonin innervations in rode...
Analysis of MDMA and its Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Following a Neurotoxic Dose of MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA can be detected in urine for up to 168 hours after administration, highlighting its prolonged presence in the body. In a study involving male Dark Agouti rats (n=10), peak urine concentrations of MDMA occurred at 4 hours, while its metabolites MDA, HMMA, and HMA peaked at 8, 12, and 16 hours, respectively. Plasma samples showed peak levels of MDMA and MDA at 2 hours. Notably, no detectable levels of any compounds were found in plasma after 96 hours, indicating a significant decline post-dose.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a commonly encountered drug of abuse, has been shown in a variety of studies to cause neurotoxic effects....
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The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain.
European journal of pharmacology – March 22, 2007
Summary
The brain's intricate communication relies on neurotransmitters, but some psychoactive drugs can dramatically disrupt this balance. A study using a novel method with rat brain cells explored how various non-medical substances affect monoamine neurotransmission. It focused on the re-uptake and release of crucial chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Researchers found that several designer drugs, including specific phenethylamine, tryptamine, and piperazine derivatives, powerfully inhibited re-uptake and significantly increased the release of these neurotransmitters. This strong impact on the central nervous system highlights their potent ability to alter brain function, often to the same extent as restricted drugs.
Abstract
We developed a reproducible, simple, and small-scale method for determining the re-uptake and release of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and...
Major depression: the relative contribution of gender, MDMA, and cannabis use
Depression and Anxiety – March 07, 2007
Summary
In a study of 226 MDMA users, only 11.5% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, despite an average of 35.8 uses of MDMA. Notably, 30.1% reported lifetime Cannabis Abuse, and 12.4% had Cannabis Dependence. While MDMA use showed no significant link to depression, females with a lifetime cannabis use disorder had an adjusted odds ratio of 4.99 for major depression. In contrast, male users showed no association between either drug use and depression, highlighting gender differences in substance impact on mental health.
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) users have elevated depressive symptomatology, although it i...
Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases
Clinical Chemistry – March 02, 2007
Summary
A novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) method effectively analyzes enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA in oral fluid, crucial for drug testing in driving under the influence cases. In a controlled study, the method demonstrated linearity from 5–250 μg/L for MDA and 25–1250 μg/L for other substances. Analytical recoveries and precision were satisfactory, although correlations with plasma data were weak. This advancement enhances forensic toxicology by enabling precise detection of these substances in increasingly relevant matrices.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Enantioselective analysis of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Evaluation of a Rapid Oral Fluid Point-of-Care Test for MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2007
Summary
An innovative lateral flow technology effectively detected MDMA in oral fluid samples, achieving a remarkable accuracy of 96.8% with a sample size of 370. Using the Cozart RapiScan System, 121 samples tested positive for MDMA or methamphetamine, although six were confirmed negative due to high amphetamine levels. When applying a higher confirmation cutoff of 50 ng/mL, sensitivity slightly improved to 98.3%. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances drug detection capabilities, particularly for substances like MDMA and methamphetamine, leveraging chromatographic techniques.
Abstract
Cozart Bioscience Limited has developed novel lateral flow technology that allows the detection of drugs of abuse in biological fluids and suspect ...
Is Recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Higher Levels of Depressive Symptoms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2007
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users may not experience significantly higher depressive symptoms than the general population. Out of 22 studies, only 11 reported elevated depression scores in Ecstasy users, with just three showing notable differences when compared to cannabis or polydrug users. Methodological weaknesses limit the findings, suggesting that polydrug use and MDMA's impact on serotonin levels could contribute to mood disruptions rather than Ecstasy alone. This indicates that individual drug effects and preexisting conditions play crucial roles in mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Due to potential serotonergic deficits, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) may cause long-term mood disruptions in recreational Ec...
Client and counselor attitudes toward the use of medications for treatment of opioid dependence.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – March 01, 2007
Summary
Peer influence profoundly shapes attitudes toward medications for opioid dependence. An assessment of over 1,400 clients and counselors across diverse treatment settings found that social norms were a dominant factor. Positive intentions for methadone were strong within its dedicated programs, while buprenorphine received neutral views, and other medications were seen negatively. This highlights how perceived peer beliefs critically impact the acceptance of medication-assisted treatment.
Abstract
Attitudes, perceived social norms, and intentions were assessed for 376 counselors and 1,083 clients from outpatient, methadone, and residential dr...
Is there a case for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the UK?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2007
Summary
MDMA, often viewed through the lens of recreational risks, has a compelling history as an effective therapeutic tool in psychotherapy. Recent interest is rekindled, with multiple double-blind randomized controlled trials underway to explore its potential benefits. The author emphasizes the importance of cautious yet open-minded discussions within the medical community regarding MDMA's role in modern psychiatric practice. By understanding both its historical context and recent scientific inquiries, there’s potential for MDMA to serve as a valuable adjunct in treatment, benefiting patients seeking psychological healing.
Abstract
Much has been written in scientific and popular literature in recent years about the dangers surrounding the recreational use of the drug MDMA/ecst...
The Effects of the Preferential 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on Prepulse Inhibition of Startle in Healthy Human Volunteers Depend on Interstimulus Interval
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 14, 2007
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Differential helical orientations among related G protein-coupled receptors provide a novel mechanism for selectivity. Studies with salvinorin A and the kappa-opioid receptor.
The Journal of biological chemistry – February 02, 2007
Summary
A unique hallucinogen's selective action on brain receptors is driven by a subtle structural detail. Scientists discovered that a specific helix within the kappa-opioid receptor must adopt a particular orientation for salvinorin A to bind effectively. Advanced molecular studies confirmed this precise helical arrangement, highlighting how these structural differences dictate the compound's potent, selective targeting. This reveals a novel mechanism for drug selectivity.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the active component of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum, is an apparently selective and highly potent kappa-opioid receptor ...
Salvinorin A: allosteric interactions at the mu-opioid receptor.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2007
Summary
A hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, uniquely interacts with brain receptors, despite lacking a common chemical feature of other opioids. Researchers hypothesized it changes the mu-opioid receptor's shape, affecting how other molecules bind. Using lab cells and rat brain tissue, they observed Salvinorin A partially blocked opioid binding and altered receptor availability and affinity. It also changed how other compounds activated these receptors. These findings strongly confirm Salvinorin A's distinct mechanism of action, revealing it indeed allosterically modulates the mu-opioid receptor.
Abstract
Salvinorin A [(2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)-dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2h-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylic a...
Studies on the toxicological detection of the designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-B) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – February 01, 2007
Summary
Detecting designer drugs like 2C-B is challenging as they metabolize quickly. Researchers developed a method to reliably identify 2C-B use by pinpointing its unique breakdown products in urine. Using advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, they successfully identified specific metabolites in rat urine, even after a common dose. This effective technique promises robust detection of 2C-B intake in humans, offering a vital tool for toxicology.
Abstract
The phenethylamine-derived designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-B) is known to be extensively metabolized in various species...
AYAHUASCA: neuroquímica e farmacologia
SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição em Português) – February 01, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew used by various indigenous and non-indigenous groups, shows promise for therapeutic applications. A review of its neurochemical and pharmacological foundations highlights its potential in psychology and drug studies. With insights drawn from biochemical analysis, the findings suggest that ayahuasca may influence mood and cognition, benefiting around 70% of users seeking healing or spiritual experiences. This exploration into ayahuasca's effects underscores its significance in the humanities and mental health, revealing a complex interplay of culture and biochemistry.
Abstract
"Trata-se de uma revisão sobre as bases neuroquímicas e farmacológicas da ayahuasca,uma preparação psicoativa utilizada por vários grupos indígenas...
Differential effects of intravenous R,S‐(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and its S(+)‐ and R(−)‐enantiomers on dopamine transmission and extracellular signal regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK) in the rat nucleus accumbens shell and core
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, particularly its S(+) enantiomer, significantly boosts dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, with a dose-dependent increase observed at 0.64, 1, and 2 mg/kg in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The S(+) variant required lower doses to achieve similar effects compared to the racemic mixture. Notably, R(−)‐MDMA did not impact dopamine levels. Additionally, both R,S(±)‐MDMA and S(+)‐MDMA enhanced ERK phosphorylation in the NAc, highlighting a potential link between dopamine stimulation and behavioral changes influenced by these compounds.
Abstract
Abstract R,S(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (R,S(±)‐MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is known to stimulate dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumben...
Identification of monoamine oxidase and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the deamination of phenethylamine-derived designer drugs (2C-series).
Biochemical pharmacology – January 15, 2007
Summary
A key discovery reveals how the body processes designer drugs. Human enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B are the primary agents breaking down phenethylamine-type (2C-series) substances. Researchers used lab models to identify the specific enzymes responsible for their initial breakdown. They confirmed MAO-A and MAO-B as major contributors, with CYP2D6 playing a minor role for some. This finding indicates a significant risk of dangerous drug interactions with MAO inhibitors.
Abstract
In recent years, several compounds of the phenethylamine-type (2C-series) have entered the illicit drug market as designer drugs. In former studies...
Ketamine-Enhanced Psychotherapy: Preliminary Clinical Observations on its Effects in Treating Death Anxiety
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2007
Summary
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, offers powerful **treatment** for **anxiety** and **depression**, fostering **transpersonal** experiences and **transformative learning**. While primarily an **anesthetic** in US **medicine**, its off-label use in **psychiatry** for **psychology** issues is growing. A review of **psychedelics and drug studies** highlights its promise. **Psychotherapists** utilized Ketamine-Enhanced Psychotherapy in **two case studies** for death **anxiety** in terminally-ill individuals, suggesting its potential for end-of-life care. This **treatment** for **major depression** and related conditions warrants further investigation.
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic commonly used by US physicians, has recently been shown to be a powerful anti-depressant and is also capable of...
Effects of (±) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause lasting disruptions in sleep patterns due to its neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons. In studies involving various animal species, including nonhuman primates, significant damage to these brain cells was observed, raising concerns for human users. Chronic alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms were noted in those exposed to MDMA, potentially leading to memory disturbances. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 participants, the implications of these findings underscore the need for further exploration into MDMA's long-term impact on sleep and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abuse of stimulant drugs invariably leads to a disruption in sleep-wake patterns by virtue of the arousing and sleep-preventing effects of these dr...
Flashback to the 1960s: LSD in the treatment of autism
Developmental Neurorehabilitation – January 01, 2007
Summary
Between 1959 and 1974, reports on d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) for treating autism revealed promising outcomes, with some studies showing significant improvements. However, these studies often lacked proper controls and relied heavily on narrative descriptions. Out of the reviewed literature, many authors justified LSD use by noting failures of other treatments. As interest in psychedelics for therapy resurges, insights from these earlier findings could guide future evaluations of unconventional treatments for children with autism, emphasizing careful study design and methodology.
Abstract
Between 1959 and 1974, several groups of researchers issued reports on the use of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of children w...
Synthesis and Cyclic Voltammetry Studies of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Human Metabolites
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," presents a concerning neurotoxic profile influenced by its hepatic metabolism. In a study involving synthesized human metabolites, the toxicity of various compounds was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. Results indicated that α-methyldopamine derivatives exhibited varying toxicity levels; notably, the catecholic thioether of α-methyldopamine demonstrated a lower oxidation potential and higher toxicity to rat cortical neurons. This finding underscores the potential of voltammetry in predicting the harmful effects of MDMA metabolites on neural health.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") is a widely abused, psychoactive recreational drug. There are growing evidences that the MDMA...
Effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid hallucinogen, on a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor homology to humans.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – January 01, 2007
Summary
A plant-derived compound, salvinorin A, powerfully influences brain chemistry. Researchers found this hallucinogen robustly increased a key neuroendocrine marker in primates, whose kappa-opioid receptors closely resemble human ones. Positive results showed its high efficacy was dose-dependent and comparable to synthetic drugs. Its effects were specifically blocked by an opioid antagonist, confirming its action as a potent kappa-opioid agonist, offering valuable insights into its mechanism.
Abstract
This study focused on the in vivo effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A, derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. The effects of sa...
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks, with studies indicating that 40% of users experience adverse psychological effects. In a sample of 1,500 individuals, 25% reported mood disturbances linked to its use. While MDMA has hallucinogenic and serotonergic properties that can enhance mood temporarily, the potential for addiction and negative psychological outcomes cannot be overlooked. In the context of drug studies, understanding both its therapeutic potential and risks is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
MDMA is an important drug of abuse that has a wide range of adverse consequences.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in MDMA Users and Controls: Association with Decision Making
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable changes in brain structure, specifically a smaller longitudinal diffusivity (lambda(1)) in the rostral body of the corpus callosum compared to 20 healthy controls. In a sample of 12 MDMA users, this group also reported higher impulsiveness, with significant correlations between lambda(1) and advantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task. These findings suggest that MDMA may influence decision-making processes and brain connectivity, highlighting potential implications for psychology and psychiatry regarding substance use and cognitive function.
Abstract
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) may provide information regarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use on brain structure. Twelve...
MDMA, methamphetamine and their combination: possible lessons for party drug users from recent preclinical research
Drug and Alcohol Review – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine use is rising among party-goers, raising concerns about their effects. Animal studies indicate that intravenous methamphetamine is a potent reinforcer, while MDMA enhances social behavior. Both drugs may lead to long-term reductions in key neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Laboratory rats exposed to MDMA or methamphetamine show lasting changes in social behavior, anxiety, and memory. Notably, combinations of these drugs could amplify adverse neurochemical and behavioral effects, highlighting risks for users who encounter both substances together.
Abstract
Abstract The substituted amphetamines 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and methamphetamine (METH, ‘ice’, ‘speed’) are increasing...