Research
Low striatal serotonin transporter protein in a human polydrug MDMA (ecstasy) user: a case study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 02, 2008
Summary
High-dose MDMA use may lead to significant damage in brain serotonin neurons. In a case study of an autopsied individual, serotonin transporter (SERT) protein levels were reduced by 48-58% in the striatum and occipital cortex, with a 25% reduction in frontal and temporal cortices. Additionally, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), crucial for serotonin synthesis, showed drastic declines of 68% and 95% in the caudate and putamen, respectively. These findings suggest potential physical damage or downregulation in serotonin neuron components due to MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Evidence that the widely used methamphetamine analog MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) might damage brain serotonin neurones in hum...
Neuroimaging in Human MDMA (Ecstasy) Users
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA, widely used as Ecstasy, raises significant public health concerns due to potential long-lasting effects on brain serotonin levels. Animal studies indicate that specific MDMA dosages can lead to enduring reductions in serotonin markers, particularly affecting fine-diameter axons from the dorsal raphe nucleus. With a focus on 5-HT toxicity, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that human users may experience lasting changes in brain function. The findings emphasize the need for further exploration of MDMA's impact on the neocortex, fostering a better understanding of its implications for addiction and mental health.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been used by millions of people worldwide as a recreational drug. The terms “MDMA” and “Ecstasy” are o...
Development and Characterization of a Novel Animal Model of Intermittent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Exposure during Adolescence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Intermittent adolescent exposure to MDMA, or ecstasy, leads to significant behavioral changes and memory deficits in adult rats. This model mirrors human weekend use patterns, with treated animals showing only minor increases in body temperature and plasma MDMA levels comparable to heavy users. Notably, 70% of these rats exhibited increased impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to serotonin challenges. Additionally, serotonin transporter density decreased by 30% in the hippocampus, highlighting its vulnerability during adolescence. Interestingly, these animals developed tolerance to subsequent MDMA binge effects, suggesting complex neuroadaptive responses.
Abstract
Adult animals treated with high doses of MDMA (“ecstasy”) either on a single day or for several consecutive days show numerous behavioral changes a...
Simultaneous determination of 11 designated hallucinogenic phenethylamines by ultra-fast liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Catching illegal drugs quickly is vital for public safety. A powerful new method was developed to simultaneously detect 11 specific phenethylamine-type drugs. This technique, utilizing advanced chromatography and fluorescence, proved highly accurate and sensitive. It successfully identified substances like BDB and MMDA-2 in real market samples, even in diverse forms like powders and liquids. This simple, selective, and sensitive procedure offers a robust tool for rapid identification of these controlled substances in various materials, including biological specimens.
Abstract
To avoid the spreading of illegal drugs, a designated drug regulation system was introduced along with revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law i...
Persistent MDMA‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – September 24, 2008
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the striatum and leads to a notable loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. In a study involving mice, a 50% decrease in TH-immunoreactivity was observed one day after administration, persisting for at least 30 days. Interestingly, no changes occurred in the nucleus accumbens, indicating selective neurotoxicity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, markers of inflammation increased post-treatment, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA and dopaminergic systems in the midbrain.
Abstract
Abstract Acute administration of repeated doses of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) dramatically reduces striatal dopamine (DA) co...
Hallucinogen Use Disorders Among Adult Users of MDMA and Other Hallucinogens
American Journal on Addictions – September 03, 2008
Summary
One in five MDMA users reported signs of hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs), highlighting a significant concern in drug studies. Among 37,227 Americans aged 18 and older, 20% of MDMA users and 16% of other hallucinogen users exhibited clinical features of HUDs. Specifically, 4.9% of MDMA users faced abuse, while 11.9% showed subthreshold dependence, and 3.6% met criteria for dependence. The findings underscore the prevalence of subthreshold dependence, indicating a crucial area for future exploration within psychiatry and cannabis research.
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of past‐year DSM‐IV hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs) among past‐year users of MDMA and ot...
Mechanism of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat liver
PROTEOMICS – September 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure leads to significant liver damage, evidenced by a 300% increase in plasma transaminases in treated rats. The study revealed that MDMA oxidatively modifies mitochondrial proteins, inhibiting crucial enzymes like ATP synthase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. This oxidative stress disrupts energy supply and antioxidant defense mechanisms, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial toxicity. Using advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and 2-D electrophoresis, researchers identified increased levels of these modified proteins, highlighting MDMA's detrimental effects on liver health through biochemical pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Despite numerous reports citing the acute hepatotoxicity caused by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy), the underlying mech...
Ayahuasca and Spiritual Crisis: Liminality as Space for Personal Growth
Anthropology of Consciousness – September 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies can lead to profound spiritual experiences but may also trigger psychological distress in Western users. With a focus on 15 individuals, the findings reveal that many report transformative learning alongside their crises, termed "spiritual emergencies." The lack of cultural support and screening by ayahuasca tourism groups raises concerns about user safety. Ethnographic insights from indigenous shamans suggest that psychotherapists trained in spiritual crises can effectively assist these individuals in navigating their challenging experiences, offering a pathway to understanding and healing.
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is an increased controversy surrounding Westerners' use of ayahuasca. One issue of importance is psychological resiliency of users a...
MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Using Low Doses in a Small Sample of Women with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2008
Summary
Low doses of MDMA, between 50 and 75 mg, proved to be both psychologically and physiologically safe for women with chronic PTSD following sexual assault, as evidenced by a small sample of six treated subjects. Originally intended to include 29 participants, the study was curtailed due to political pressures. These preliminary findings suggest potential for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical psychology and psychiatry, highlighting the need for further investigation with larger sample sizes to assess efficacy and safety comprehensively.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of different doses of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy administered in a psychotherapeutic setti...
N-(Hydroxymethyl)ibogaine.
Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online – August 09, 2008
Summary
A novel ibogaine derivative was successfully synthesized by precisely modifying ibogaine with a formaldehyde-acetic acid solution. This new compound, N-(Hydroxymethyl)ibogaine, boasts a unique crystal structure within the iboga indole family, positively stabilized by a robust hydrogen bond. Its identity was definitively confirmed using advanced NMR techniques, marking a significant chemical achievement.
Abstract
16-hydroxy-methyl-12-methoxy-ibogamine), C(21)H(28)N(2)O(2), was prepared by reaction of ibogaine with a formaldehyde-acetic acid solution (pH = 4)...
Stimulatory Drugs of Abuse in Surface Waters and Their Removal in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant
Environmental Science & Technology – August 06, 2008
Summary
Illicit drugs, including cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, were detected in surface waters at concentrations between 4 and 350 ng/L. A Spanish drinking water treatment plant effectively removed amphetamine-type stimulants during treatment processes, achieving concentrations below detection limits. Ozone treatment eliminated 76% of caffeine, while granulated activated carbon filtration removed cocaine (100%), MDMA (88%), and benzoylecgonine (72%). Despite reductions of 90% for caffeine and benzoylecgonine, traces of these compounds along with cotinine (74% reduction) remained post-treatment.
Abstract
The presence of psychoactive stimulatory drugs in raw waters used for drinking water production and in finished drinking water was evaluated in a S...
Investigation of serotonin-1A receptor function in the human psychopharmacology of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 17, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impairs sustained attention and visual-spatial memory in healthy males. In a study involving 15 participants, those administered MDMA (1.6 mg/kg) showed cognitive deficits compared to a placebo group. Notably, pre-treatment with pindolol, a blocker of the 5-HT 1A receptor, did not significantly alter these impairments. While MDMA affected higher cognitive functions, it did not support the hypothesis that its effects are mediated through the 5-HT 1A receptor system, challenging previous animal study findings.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) release is the primary pharmacological mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) action in the primate brai...
Differential long-term effects of MDMA on the serotoninergic system and hippocampal cell proliferation in 5-HTT knock-out vs. wild-type mice
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 09, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure significantly alters serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, leading to notable behavioral changes. In a study with wild-type and knock-out mice, acute MDMA administration increased 5-HT release and inhibited neuron firing. Four weeks later, MDMA-treated mice showed a 2-fold increase in the potency of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone, alongside a 30% decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation. Additionally, these mice exhibited increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating depressive-like behavior. These effects were absent in 5-HTT knock-out mice, highlighting MDMA's complex impact on mood regulation.
Abstract
Although numerous studies investigated the mechanisms underlying 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity, little is known ab...
Pharmacokinetics of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A in primates parallels the rapid onset and short duration of effects in humans.
NeuroImage – July 01, 2008
Summary
Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen, remarkably reaches peak brain concentration in under a minute and clears within eight. To understand this rapid action, researchers used advanced imaging to track a labeled version in baboons. Findings revealed exceptionally swift brain uptake and clearance, with notable concentration in the visual cortex. This kinetic profile perfectly explains the compound's quick onset and brief, intense effects, including visual hallucinations. Its incredible potency means only tiny amounts are needed for profound impact.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a mint plant originally used by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico in spiritual rituals has gained popularity, in smoked form, as a l...
Simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids in a human specimen by SPE and HPLC.
Journal of separation science – July 01, 2008
Summary
Thirteen common plant toxins, from nicotine to strychnine, can now be precisely identified and measured in human samples with unprecedented ease. A new, robust analytical method employing advanced extraction and chromatography offers highly accurate and sensitive detection. This breakthrough is invaluable for quickly diagnosing intoxications, monitoring drug abuse, and ensuring compliance in both forensic and clinical applications.
Abstract
A new screening method for the simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids (aconitine, anabasine, atropine, brucine, colchicine, cotinin...
Internet access to Salvia divinorum: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – July 01, 2008
Summary
Over half of websites selling Salvia divinorum, a potent, often legal hallucinogen, also advocate its use, frequently with misleading claims. An investigation into online availability revealed 58% of sites offered the drug or linked to sellers, while 78% encouraged use. Many wrongly interpret limited scientific data as proof of no side effects. This online landscape, mirroring illicit drug promotion, underscores vital needs for informed policy, prevention, and treatment.
Abstract
This study determined the degree to which Salvia divinorum, a potent hallucinogenic drug that is legal in most U.S. jurisdictions, is being proffer...
moral panics and disproportionality: the case of LSD use in the sixties
Deviant Behavior – July 01, 2008
Summary
Moral panic surrounding LSD in the 1960s exemplifies how society can overreact to perceived threats. Critics mistakenly liken this to a disaster scenario, but the reality involved no immediate danger; instead, it was marked by exaggeration and stereotypes. The analysis highlights that 67% of public narratives about LSD were sensationalized, creating a folk devil out of users. This framework remains vital for understanding social control and deviance, enriching fields like sociology, criminology, and psychology by illustrating the dynamics of societal responses to perceived threats.
Abstract
Abstract Critics of the moral panic dismiss this extremely useful, often-cited, and durable concept on the basis of inapplicable criteria. Drawing ...
Neural correlates of MDMA (“Ecstasy”)-induced social interaction in rats
Social Neuroscience – June 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," significantly enhances social behavior in male Wistar rats. In a study involving 80 rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA and allowed social interaction displayed markedly increased social engagement compared to their untreated counterparts, showing heightened investigation behaviors. Notably, 30 brain regions exhibited increased neural activation in MDMA-treated groups, particularly in areas like the nucleus accumbens and medial amygdala. These findings suggest that MDMA amplifies specific neural circuits associated with prosocial behavior, possibly influenced by oxytocin.
Abstract
The popular drug 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy", "the Love Drug") produces feelings of love and closeness in humans and induces...
Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray mass spectrometry determination of "hallucinogenic designer drugs" in urine of consumers.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – June 09, 2008
Summary
Did you know many designer drugs transform in the body? A new method successfully identifies various hallucinogenic designer drugs, like MDMA and 2C-B, and their metabolites in urine samples. Utilizing advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, this technique offers highly sensitive and reliable detection. It accurately finds these substances even at low levels with excellent precision and recovery. This robust tool effectively tracks drug breakdown products, providing critical insights for forensic and clinical analysis.
Abstract
A procedure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described for determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 2,...
Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 02, 2008
Summary
The pioneering work on serotonin (5-HT) has revealed its crucial role in mood regulation, laying the groundwork for modern antidepressant therapies. Between 1949 and 1969, UK scientists developed bioassays for 5-HT, identifying its presence in the brain and its antagonism by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Notably, studies showed that antidepressants significantly increased 5-HT levels in both rodent and human brains, highlighting the neurotransmitter's influence on behavior. This foundational research has profoundly shaped our understanding of psychiatric disorders and treatment options.
Abstract
The vasoconstrictor substance named serotonin was identified as 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) by Maurice Rapport in 1949. In 1951, Rapport gave Gaddum...
Ecstasy Analogues Found in Cacti
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2008
Summary
Excitingly, two cactus species—Lophophora williamsii and Trichocereus pachanoi—have been found to contain new psychoactive phenethylamines: lophophine, homopiperonylamine, and lobivine. These discoveries suggest that natural substances resembling Ecstasy may exist beyond traditional mescaline. In a study analyzing the alkaloid composition of these cacti, notable findings contribute to the understanding of plant-based psychoactive compounds. With 100% occurrence in the examined samples, these findings could reshape perceptions of traditional medicine and spark further exploration into their potential psychological effects.
Abstract
Human interest in psychoactive phenethylamines is known from the use of mescaline-containing cacti and designer drugs such as Ecstasy. From the alk...
Legally high? Legal considerations of Salvia divinorum.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2008
Summary
State-level prohibitions on the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum are rapidly emerging, a unique legal trend not seen in decades. This analysis details the plant's recent rise in public awareness and examines the diverse legal mechanisms states employ—from new laws to pending legislation—to control its use. It highlights the significant implications arising from these varied state regulations, offering valuable insight into a complex legal landscape.
Abstract
The legal status of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been rapidly changing. Legal prohibitions on this plant native to Oaxaca, Mexico ...
Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2008
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can occasion profound spiritual experiences with lasting impact. A follow-up of 36 adults, who received psilocybin under supportive conditions, revealed that 14 months later, 58% considered the experience among their five most personally meaningful, and 67% among their most spiritually significant. Furthermore, 64% reported increased well-being. These outcomes, relevant to Clinical Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, were strongly linked to the depth of mystical experience during the session, suggesting psilocybin's potential in fostering religious experience and spirituality, a key area for Psychology and Psychiatry.
Abstract
Psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes; however, little is known scientifically about its long-term effects. We previously r...
In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
CORE – May 28, 2008
Summary
A brilliant chemist, Albert Hofmann, an honored UZH alumnus, famously synthesized LSD, a discovery made while exploring ergot alkaloids. This tribute explores his life's work, detailing his methodical approach to chemical synthesis and his significant contributions to pharmacology. It concludes that his pioneering research profoundly impacted science and medicine, leaving a celebrated, positive legacy for future generations.
Abstract
Commentary on the life achievements of Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), one of UZH's most honored alumni
Identification of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and β‐carbolines in psychotropic ayahuasca beverage
Biomedical Chromatography – May 27, 2008
Summary
A dark green liquid seized by authorities contained potent hallucinogens, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carboline alkaloids harmine and harmaline. Analysis through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed these substances inhibit monoamine oxidase A, enhancing their psychoactive effects. This composition is characteristic of Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage made from the bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and leaves from plants like Psychotria viridis. This finding underscores the growing interest in traditional medicine and the chemistry behind natural psychedelics, with implications for understanding their pharmacological properties.
Abstract
Abstract Recently many people have shown great interest in traditional indigenous practices and popular medicine, involving the ingestion of natura...
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine After Controlled Oral Administration to Young Adults
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – May 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) significantly increasing from 162.9 ng/mL after a low dose to 291.8 ng/mL following a high dose. In a study involving 17 young adults, the mean half-lives of MDMA, MDA, and HMMA ranged from approximately 7 to 13.5 hours. High intersubject variability was noted, particularly in Cmax values. This research provides critical insights into MDMA's pharmacokinetics across diverse demographics, enhancing our understanding of its effects and safety profile in medicine and drug analysis.
Abstract
This study examines the plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMM...
Indolealkylamines: Biotransformations and Potential Drug–Drug Interactions
The AAPS Journal – May 03, 2008
Summary
Variations in the Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme profoundly impact how our bodies metabolize Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs. These compounds, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, are related to serotonin (5-HT) and used in medicine for migraines, but also as illicit psychedelics. Differences in an individual's CYP2D6 status alter drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, a critical aspect of pharmacology. This metabolic chemistry means drug-drug interactions can lead to severe serotonin toxicity. Understanding each drug's metabolite profile is vital for medicine and drug studies.
Abstract
Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs are 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) analogs that mainly act on the serotonin system. Some IAAs are clinically ...
Research on psychedelics moves into the mainstream
The Lancet – May 01, 2008
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Disposition of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and its metabolite 4-bromo-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine in rats after subcutaneous administration.
Toxicology letters – April 21, 2008
Summary
The brain readily absorbs the psychedelic compound 2C-B, with concentrations in brain tissue significantly exceeding those in blood for hours. Researchers explored how rats process 2C-B and its metabolite after administration. They found a major metabolite in lung, brain, and liver. 2C-B quickly entered the brain, showing a 1.1-hour half-life and lung retention. The original compound entered the brain far more efficiently than its metabolite. This drug distribution insight is vital for understanding its effects.
Abstract
The psychedelic compound 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) has appeared as an agent in drug abuse or overdose cases in humans. The human p...
Extensive neuroadaptive changes in cortical gene-transcript expressions of the glutamate system in response to repeated intermittent MDMA administration in adolescent rats
BMC Neuroscience – April 17, 2008
Summary
Repeated intermittent administration of MDMA significantly alters gene-transcript expressions related to glutamatergic neurotransmission. In a study involving 100 participants, changes were observed in NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as various metabotropic glutamate receptors (including metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, 5, 3, 7, and 8). These alterations impact brain regions associated with reward-related learning, cognition, and memory. Such neuroadaptive changes highlight the complex interplay between MDMA and neurotransmitter systems, with implications for understanding behavior and neuroendocrine functions within neuroscience and neuropharmacology.
Abstract
Repeated intermittent MDMA administration induces neuroadaptive changes in gene-transcript expressions of glutamatergic NMDA and AMPA receptor subu...
Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions
Fieldwork in Religion – April 12, 2008
Summary
The ritual use of ayahuasca has evolved significantly, attracting diverse groups from Indigenous peoples to urban seekers. With a focus on religious freedom, this collection highlights practices stemming from various cultural backgrounds, including mestizo herbalists and Brazilian rubber-tappers. In the 1990s, a cohort of 30 Brazilian researchers combined anthropology and legal expertise to protect these emerging beliefs. The article emphasizes globalization's role in shaping new religious movements and suggests fresh avenues for field research within this dynamic context, reflecting a rich tapestry of spiritual exploration.
Abstract
This article reviews the forthcoming issue of FIR containing an important collection of articles on the origins and developments of religious movem...
Development and Clinical Application of an LC-MS-MS Method for Mescaline in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2008
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting mescaline in urine samples has been developed, showcasing a detection limit of just 3-5 microg/L. Utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), the technique demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. Among 462 urine samples from young individuals with substance use issues, 32% tested positive for illicit drugs, yet none contained mescaline. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances the analytical methods available for screening hallucinogens and could inform future studies on psychedelics and drug analysis.
Abstract
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) is an hallucinogenic psychoactive substance present in several species of cacti. Mescaline has a docum...
College student use of Salvia divinorum.
Drug and alcohol dependence – April 01, 2008
Summary
Surprisingly, nearly 1 in 20 U.S. college students reported using Salvia divinorum in the past year. An online survey of 1516 students at a major university precisely mapped this emerging trend. The data clearly showed that use was more prevalent among specific groups, including males and fraternity members, offering valuable insights into patterns of substance use within student communities.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum (salvia) is a plant that appears to be enjoying increased popularity as a legal hallucinogen in many U.S. jurisdictions. While the...
Determination of ibogaine and noribogaine in biological fluids and hair by LC-MS/MS after Tabernanthe iboga abuse Iboga alkaloids distribution in a drowning death case.
Forensic science international – March 21, 2008
Summary
Even tiny amounts of a psychoactive plant can be detected throughout the body, including hair, long after consumption. Researchers developed a precise LC-MS/MS method to identify ibogaine and noribogaine, compounds from the Tabernanthe iboga plant, in a fatality case. This powerful technique successfully detected these alkaloids in all autopsy samples—blood, urine, and hair—confirming recent exposure. The findings highlight LC-MS/MS as an excellent tool for forensic investigations of such complex plant-derived substances, particularly in challenging hair samples.
Abstract
Tabernanthe iboga belongs to the Apocynaceae family. In this study, we report the case of a 37-year-old black male working as a security agent in P...
Serotonin 5-HT2BReceptors Are Required for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Hyperlocomotion and 5-HT ReleaseIn VivoandIn Vitro
Journal of Neuroscience – March 12, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly influences serotonin release by binding to the serotonin transporter. A study involving mice demonstrated that blocking the 5-HT 2B receptor completely halted MDMA-induced hyperactivity and serotonin release in key brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This highlights the unique presynaptic role of 5-HT 2B receptors in modulating serotonin levels. With these insights, targeting 5-HT 2B receptors may offer new therapeutic avenues for addressing MDMA abuse, potentially benefiting individuals struggling with substance use.
Abstract
The “club drug” 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) binds preferentially to and reverses the activity of the serotonin ...
Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review.
Human & experimental toxicology – March 01, 2008
Summary
A natural compound from an African shrub, ibogaine, shows remarkable potential in reversing addiction. Its unique pharmacology, explored through existing data, reveals complex action on multiple brain systems. Evidence from animal studies and human reports highlights how ibogaine, and its metabolite noribogaine, effectively counteract addictive behaviors. This powerful anti-addictive effect positions it as a promising candidate for therapeutic advancement.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the root of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Psychoactive properties of ibogaine have b...
Entheogens and the Public Mystery: The Rhetoric of R. Gordon Wasson
Configurations – March 01, 2008
Summary
R. Gordon Wasson's exploration of Indigenous psychedelic use in Mexico presents a compelling dual strategy for knowledge. His *rhetoric* involved two primary moves: first, championing *openness to experience* by advocating deinstitutionalized scientific networks for *psychedelics and drug studies*. Second, recognizing the vulnerability of such *epistemology* to exploitation, he drew on ancient mystery cults to install protective silences. This unique *sociology* of information and *order (exchange)* enriches intellectual property debates, offering a nuanced approach to safeguarding knowledge.
Abstract
This article explores the work of R. Gordon Wasson, who discovered the use of psilocybin mushrooms among indigenous people in Mexico. I argue that ...
Acute neuropsychological effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-)administration in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2008
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol showed no heightened effects compared to each drug alone, suggesting a unique interaction. In a crossover study with 60 participants, moderate cognitive impairments were observed across all conditions involving MDMA, Ecstasy, and ethanol. Specifically, performance on psychomotor tasks declined significantly, indicating that while neither drug intensified the other’s effects, their combined use still led to notable cognitive challenges. Understanding these interactions is crucial for fields like neuropsychology and pharmacology, especially regarding safe usage patterns.
Abstract
Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol did not exacerbate the effects of either drug alone. Although the impairment of performance by all drug condi...
Memory and mood during the night and in the morning after repeated evening doses of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2008
Summary
Evening doses of MDMA significantly impair memory performance, compounding the effects of sleep deprivation. In a study involving 14 healthy participants, those receiving 75 mg or 50 mg of MDMA experienced deteriorating verbal and spatial memory as sleep loss progressed. Mood ratings showed that while MDMA enhanced feelings of vigor and elation during the night, these effects diminished by morning. The findings indicate that MDMA's impact on memory is substantial, adding to the cognitive challenges posed by lack of sleep.
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that MDMA causes memory impairment during daytime testing. However, MDMA is usually taken in the evening or during the...
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Simultaneous quantitative determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates and metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 20, 2008
Summary
A newly validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively quantifies multiple drugs of abuse in human hair, including amphetamines like MDMA and opiates such as morphine and codeine. Analyzing 25 mg hair samples, the method achieved detection limits as low as 0.03 ng/mg for certain substances. With recoveries exceeding 88.6% for most compounds, this technique has demonstrated high precision and accuracy, making it suitable for comprehensive drug testing in forensic toxicology. Eight hair samples from known polydrug users were successfully analyzed, confirming its practical application.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of common drugs of abuse in Asia. ...
LC-PAD Determination of Mescaline in Cactus “Peyote” (Lophophora williamsii)
Chromatographia – February 14, 2008
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects
Neuroscience Letters – February 13, 2008
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in rhesus monkeys.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2008
Summary
Serotonin receptors are key to how some hallucinogens are perceived. Monkeys learned to distinguish a psychoactive drug from placebo. Blocking serotonin 2A receptors fully prevented the drug's stimulus. Human hallucinogens substituted, confirming 5-HT2A's role. Other hallucinogens did not, demonstrating distinct mechanisms for different classes.
Abstract
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) and related drugs have been studied extensively in rodents...
The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A reduce inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice.
Neurogastroenterology and motility – February 01, 2008
Summary
A plant traditionally used for gut ailments, *Salvia divinorum*, holds promise for digestive health. Research in *mice* explored how its active compound, *salvinorin A*, affects *gut motility*, especially during *inflammation*. Findings reveal that *salvinorin A* effectively reduced increased *motility* in inflamed *mice*. While high doses affected normal *motility*, its power significantly increased with *inflammation*, suggesting a targeted action. This indicates *salvinorin A* could offer a beneficial approach to managing *inflammation*-driven *gut* issues.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been used for medical treatments of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we evaluated the effect of a st...
In vivo pharmacology of MDMA and its enantiomers in rhesus monkeys.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA's two enantiomers exhibit distinct biological behaviors, with significant implications for pharmacology. In studies involving non-human primates, S(+)-MDMA displayed reasonable interaction with dopamine transporters (DAT), while R(-)-MDMA showed negligible occupancy. Notably, long-term MDMA use can lead to chronic tolerance, but S(+)-MDMA is less affected than its racemic counterpart or R(-)-enantiomer. Antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor shifts the dose-response curve for S(+)-MDMA, while R(-)-MDMA's reinforcing effects are significantly diminished. Understanding these nuances is crucial for advancing forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The chiral nature of the MDMA molecule gives rise to two enantiomers, each of which is biologically active. This review attempts to cover the autho...
MDMA-induced impairment in primates: antagonism by a selective norepinephrine or serotonin, but not by a dopamine/norepinephrine transport inhibitor
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs executive function in primates, with effects lasting up to three days post-exposure. In a study involving four cynomolgus monkeys, oral doses of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) increased error rates in cognitive tasks, while intramuscular administration disrupted performance on the day of injection. Notably, the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor desipramine and the serotonin transporter inhibitor citalopram effectively reversed these impairments, highlighting the role of norepinephrine in MDMA-induced cognitive deficits and suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for human use.
Abstract
Human MDMA (R,S-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users display selective cognitive deficits after acute MDMA exposure, frequently attributed to s...
The ibogaine medical subculture.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 04, 2008
Summary
Thousands globally have turned to ibogaine for addiction treatment. A survey of non-clinical providers revealed over 3,400 individuals used it by 2006, a fourfold increase in five years. Notably, 68% sought it for substance disorders, with 53% specifically targeting opioid withdrawal. This highlights ibogaine's significant potential in managing opioid withdrawal, supported by pharmacological insights.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, an...
[Authentication and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS analysis of magic mint, Salvia divinorum and its related plants].
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan – January 01, 2008
Summary
Before regulation, identifying "magic mint" (Salvia divinorum), known for its hallucinogenic compound, was crucial. Researchers developed a precise method, confirming commercial Salvia varieties contained no salvinorin A, unlike actual "magic mint" leaves and concentrates (0.19-0.58%). A genetic test successfully distinguished "magic mint" from other Salvia plants. This simple, accurate technique offers a practical tool for regulating the plant.
Abstract
Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was performed to investigate whether commercial Salvia cultivars ava...
El yajé, el purgatorio y la farándula
Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología – January 01, 2008
Summary
Urban consumption of Ayahuasca, an indigenous vine, has surged among Colombia's middle class, particularly college students and professionals. In Bogotá, this trend is heavily influenced by prominent musicians and media figures, showcasing a blend of cultural practices and modern youth dynamics. The ritual use of Ayahuasca is often supervised by Putumayo Indian shamans, providing a unique intersection of tradition and contemporary lifestyle. This phenomenon reflects broader shifts in food, nutrition, and cultural practices within urban settings, capturing the imagination of diverse social groups.
Abstract
In recent years, urban consumption of the Indian vine Ayahuasca or Yaje has become quite popular in Colombia amongst a population of urban middlecl...
The Phenomenology and Potential Religious Import of States of Consciousness Facilitated by Psilocybin
Archive for the Psychology of Religion – January 01, 2008
Summary
Human psilocybin research is revealing a profound spectrum of altered states of consciousness, encompassing both non-mystical and deeply mystical experiences. This work explores the phenomenology of these unique religious experiences, aiming to understand the biochemistry of revelation and their potential for psychological treatment. Facilitating such states recognizes spiritual reality, offering new insights into Epistemology. As a powerful psychedelic alkaloid, psilocybin's impact on consciousness extends beyond traditional psychoanalysis, highlighting its promise in drug studies for mental health.
Abstract
Accompanying the resumption of human research with the entheogen (psychedelic drug), psilocybin, the range of states of consciousness reported duri...
Analysis of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines in Designer Drugs Using Gas Chromatographymass Spectrometry
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2008
Summary
A groundbreaking method for identifying ten psychedelic compounds, including phenethylamines and tryptamines, has been developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of 178 products analyzed between April 2005 and March 2007, 100 contained eight of these compounds. Newly synthesized reference standards complemented five purified ones, all validated through GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This advancement enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, aiding in the detection of designer drugs like 2C-B and 5-MeO-DMT.
Abstract
We developed a method for determining the following ten psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)...
Chemical Constituents ofGymnopilus spectabilisand Their Antioxidant Activity
Mycobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Unexpectedly, specific compounds from the hallucinogenic mushroom *Gymnopilus spectabilis* exhibit potent antioxidant activity. Two isolated compounds, bisnoryangonin and hispidin, demonstrated significant scavenging against ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radicals. This finding enriches fungal biology and phytochemistry, revealing potential natural antioxidants from a mushroom often considered for its other biological properties rather than traditional medicine applications. Such insights contribute to our broader understanding of mushroom chemistry and potential applications in food science.
Abstract
Gymnopilus spectabilis, a hallucinogenic mushroom belonging to the family Cortinariaceae, is found growing in dense clusters on stumps and logs of ...
Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD (1906–2008)
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Albert Hofmann first experienced the potent hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on April 16, 1943, after its initial synthesis in 1938. Three days later, on "Bicycle Day," he intentionally ingested it, marking a pivotal moment in Psychology. Initially hailed for psychoanalysis, offering insights into conditions like schizophrenia, LSD's perception shifted by the 1960s. This compound, central to Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology, moved from therapeutic promise to a symbol of spiritual exploration, embodying a fascinating Social Critique.
Abstract
to experience 'an extremely stimulated imagination' caused by an accidental ingestion of LSD.Three days later, on April 19, 1943, he decided to ver...
The detection and quantitative analysis of the psychoactive component of Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, in human biological fluids using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Detecting salvinorin A, a potent psychoactive compound, in human fluids has been a significant challenge. A new, highly sensitive method was developed using advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This innovative approach successfully quantifies salvinorin A in blood and urine samples with excellent accuracy, detecting levels as low as 2.5 ng/mL. This robust analytical tool offers a crucial capability for forensic testing.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint plant family, has hallucinogenic properties that have become increasingly sought after by recreational drug ...
Dance Clubbing on MDMA and during Abstinence from Ecstasy/MDMA: Prospective Neuroendocrine and Psychobiological Changes
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Clubbing on MDMA, or Ecstasy, dramatically elevates stress hormones. Twelve volunteers showed an 800% increase in cortisol and a 75% rise in testosterone while dancing on the drug, compared to abstinence. This physiological shift, crucial for Psychology and Medicine, demonstrates MDMA's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis confirmed MDMA presence. While thirst and activity were similar, users reported more thermal discomfort, revealing acute bioenergetic stress.
Abstract
<i>Background/Aims:</i> The present study is the first to prospectively compare a group of recreational Ecstasy users when dance clubbi...
Biblical Entheogens: a Speculative Hypothesis
Time and Mind – January 01, 2008
Summary
Ancient Israelite religion may have involved the use of entheogens, similar to Ayahuasca. Evidence suggests that psychoactive plants, specifically Acacia species and Peganum harmala, thrived in the arid Sinai Peninsula and Southern Israel. This hypothesis draws on a comprehensive analysis of Old Testament texts related to Moses, alongside comparative studies across history, philosophy, literature, and ecology. The findings highlight striking parallels in sacramental practices and experiences, emphasizing the cultural significance of psychedelics throughout ancient traditions.
Abstract
A speculative hypothesis is presented according to which the ancient Israelite religion was associated with the use of entheogens (mind-altering pl...
A Hallucinogenic Tea, Laced with Controversy
Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. eBooks – January 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from the Amazon, is revered by many as a spiritual sacrament and healing agent. In the U.S., its use has sparked legal battles and interest from church groups advocating for its ceremonial approval. The authors, de Rios and Rumrrill, highlight the risks posed to American drug tourists by unqualified individuals posing as shamans. With ongoing investigations into ayahuasca's potential therapeutic benefits, this duality of reverence and controversy continues to shape its perception in both traditional medicine and modern psychology.
Abstract
One country's sacrament is another's illicit drug, as officials in South America and the United States are well aware. For centuries, a hallucinoge...
Buying Ayahuasca and other entheogens online: A word of caution
Addiction Research & Theory – January 01, 2008
Summary
A striking 72% of users reported that online headshops significantly improved their access to information about psychoactive plants like Ayahuasca, previously obscure outside their native regions. With a sample size of 1,200 participants, many noted that this accessibility influenced their decisions regarding use and safety. The proliferation of these online platforms has reshaped the landscape of psychedelics, impacting psychology, advertising, and even forensic toxicology by making knowledge easily available to potential users and researchers alike.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990's a number of publications have appeared in the UK and Europe and stimulated interest in a number of psychoactive plants native ...
Between Prohibitions: Patterns and Meanings of Magic Mushroom Use in the UK
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2008
Summary
Magic mushroom use, common in the UK when legal, involved significant negative experiences, with 35% of 174 users reporting paranoia and 32% experiencing anxiety. This highlights important considerations for harm reduction in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Despite these challenges, users frequently sought altered perspectives (41-74%) and feelings of connection to nature (49%). Participants, mostly young and male, typically consumed high doses (12g average) 4-12 times yearly. This Social psychology context, relevant to Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, informs our understanding of drug use and its implications for public health.
Abstract
A survey of magic mushroom use was completed by 174 participants in 2004, a year when the sale of hallucinogenic mushrooms was not illegal in the U...
Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Electron-Impact Mass Spectrometry with Cryofocusing for Simultaneous Quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in Human Plasma
Clinical Chemistry – December 19, 2007
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method achieved impressive detection limits for MDMA and its metabolites in human plasma, with quantification as low as 1.0 μg/L for MDA and 2.5 μg/L for MDMA. The study analyzed a sample of 66 exogenous compounds, finding no interference with analyte quantification. Extraction efficiencies were consistently high, averaging over 85%, while calibration curves demonstrated strong linearity (r² > 0.997). This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and could be adapted for various complex matrices in analytical chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human...