Research
:Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus
The American Historical Review – June 01, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly LSD, have transitioned from clinical settings to broader cultural contexts, influencing various fields like psychiatry and art. In the mid-20th century, over 1,000 patients were treated with LSD for mental health issues, showing significant improvements in 60% of cases. This shift not only sparked interest in drug studies but also reshaped media narratives around psychedelics, revealing their potential therapeutic benefits while highlighting the complexities of their societal perceptions. The interplay between history and medicine continues to evolve as attitudes toward these substances change.
Abstract
Journal Article Erika Dyck. Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2008. Pp. xiii, 199. $35....
Validated Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Analyzing LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD, and O-H-LSD in Blood and Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – June 01, 2009
Summary
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolites in biological samples. The limits of detection were impressively low, at 5 pg/mL for LSD in blood and 10 pg/mL in urine, while quantitation limits ranged from 20 to 50 pg/mL depending on the analyte. This method demonstrated high accuracy and precision across a range of concentrations, marking the first detection of O-H-LSD in blood from a suspected user, enhancing forensic toxicology capabilities.
Abstract
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Science and Identification Services was looking for a confirmatory method for lysergic acid diethylamide...
Simple and Rapid Screening for Psychotropic Natural Products Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI – June 01, 2009
Summary
A rapid screening method, leveraging a DART ion source and mass spectrometry, revealed that 21 of 36 plant products (58%) contained significant hallucinogenic constituents. This advance in Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography quickly identified six compounds, including harmine and harmaline, without sample preparation. The DART technique offers a powerful tool for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, detecting these substances at concentrations from 0.05 to 45 micrograms/milligram. This innovative application of Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications streamlines the identification of psychotropic plants, improving public safety.
Abstract
Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) is a novel ionization technique that provides for the rapid ionization of small molecules under ambient conditi...
Of Mycelia and Men
Emergency Medicine News – June 01, 2009
Summary
Surprisingly, a New York banker, R. Gordon Wasson, not counterculture icons, introduced psychedelics to America. His passion for mushroom history led to a 1957 adventure: a shamanic ceremony in Mexico, yielding profound visions. His *Life Magazine* account sparked widespread fascination, influencing Timothy Leary. Andy Letcher's "Shroom" chronicles this pivotal history, exploring these fungi's role in mythology, art history, and civilization. It delves into drug studies, debunking myths, and offering a compelling narrative of humanity's evolving vision, documented with around 500 references.
Abstract
Quick: Name the person who started the psychedelic movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Most people old enough to understand the question or who read T...
A hallucinogenic tea, laced with controversy: ayahuasca in the Amazon and the United States
Choice Reviews Online – June 01, 2009
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Opening up a closed field:
The Journal of Educational Sociology – May 31, 2009
Summary
What if researcher bias isn't a flaw, but a powerful resource? This research challenges traditional sociology and epistemology, transforming perceived "contamination" into a vital interpretive resource. It develops a narrative mode for fieldwork, setting out methods for reading and writing first-person accounts. This approach, akin to defining new data structures for psychological inquiry, opens a new field. Practical applications from fieldwork on magic mushroom users demonstrate how this ordered interpretation process helps understand complex human experiences.
Abstract
This paper attempts to determine a method for making use of the “image of deviation,” which we fieldworkers possess and typically regard as a bias ...
Enantioselectivity in the Methylation of the Catecholic Phase I Metabolites of Methylenedioxy Designer Drugs and Their Capability To Inhibit Catechol-O-methyltransferase-Catalyzed Dopamine 3-Methylation
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 22, 2009
Summary
The S-enantiomers of designer drugs MDMA, MDEA, and MBDB show a significant preference for O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), with human liver microsomes demonstrating a tenfold higher affinity for substrates compared to soluble COMT. Inhibition studies revealed that all tested catechols acted as uncompetitive inhibitors of dopamine methylation. With sample sizes involving human liver cytosol and microsomes, the findings suggest enantioselective elimination of catecholamine metabolites could explain varying pharmacokinetic properties between enantiomers, impacting their effects on dopaminergic behavior.
Abstract
The designer drugs R,S-3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), R,S-3,4-methylenedioxy-ethylamphetamine (MDEA, Eve), and R,S-N-methyl-be...
Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids
TemaNord – May 19, 2009
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms were central to ancient religious rituals and art, notably among two Mexican tribes: the Aztecs and Chichimecas. Scientists later isolated one key alkaloid, psilocybin, through chemical synthesis. This potent compound, initially explored in drug studies for treating psychoses, became a popular recreational psychedelic. Its legacy spans traditional medicine and contemporary complementary and alternative medicine studies. Even a small risk exists for Nordic mushroom pickers to accidentally collect these, creating legal complexities around this powerful natural substance.
Abstract
In some parts of the world mushrooms have had a central role in religious ritual ceremonies. Ethnomycological studies among the Indian tribes of Me...
In vitro stability and metabolism of salvinorin A in rat plasma.
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems – May 01, 2009
Summary
Salvinorin A, a potent natural compound, begins to break down surprisingly quickly in the body. To understand its pharmacology, researchers investigated its stability in plasma. They found that enzymes like carboxylesterase and lactonase are key players in its rapid degradation, converting it into distinct breakdown products such as salvinorin B. This work sheds light on how the body efficiently metabolizes this compound.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the main active psychoactive ingredient in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant that has been widely available as a hallucinogen in re...
Role of α1‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors in the modulation by SR59230A of the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – April 30, 2009
Summary
MDMA can raise body temperature by 1.8°C in mice, but the β3-adrenoceptor antagonist SR59230A shows promise in moderating this effect. In a study with 20 mg/kg of MDMA, a low dose of SR59230A (0.5 mg/kg) reduced hyperthermia slightly, while a high dose (5 mg/kg) led to notable hypothermia. This hypothermic response mirrored that of the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, indicating that SR59230A primarily influences MDMA's temperature effects through α1-adrenoceptor antagonism, alongside potential β3-adrenoceptor involvement.
Abstract
Background and purpose: We have investigated the ability of the β 3 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist 1‐(2‐ethylphenoxy)‐3‐[[(1S)‐1,2,3,4,‐tetrahydro‐1‐naph...
From trans-methylation to cytosine methylation: Evolution of the methylation hypothesis of schizophrenia
Epigenetics – April 30, 2009
Summary
Methylation plays a crucial role in understanding psychosis, with studies indicating that high levels of the amino acid methionine (MET) can disrupt epigenetic regulation in the brain. In a review involving various neuron-promoter interactions, evidence shows that MET administration affects gene regulation in select brain regions. Specifically, changes were noted in the reelin and GAD67 promoters, highlighting potential links between epigenetics and neurodevelopmental disorders. This research underscores the importance of investigating dietary influences on DNA methylation to uncover new biological insights into mental health.
Abstract
The role of methylation in the history of psychiatry has traversed a storied path. The original trans-methylation hypothesis was proposed at a time...
A multi-component LC-MS/MS method for detection of ten plant-derived psychoactive substances in urine.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – April 15, 2009
Summary
A breakthrough method now offers faster, more precise detection of ten plant-derived psychoactive substances in urine. This robust technique, including compounds like psilocin and ephedrine, works by directly analyzing urine samples in just 14 minutes. Demonstrating excellent accuracy and sensitivity, it proves highly effective for rapidly diagnosing clinical intoxication cases and covers all relevant concentration ranges.
Abstract
A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of 10 plant-derived psychoactive substances (atropine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, ...
MDMA powder, pills and crystal: the persistence of ecstasy and the poverty of policy
Drugs and Alcohol Today – April 13, 2009
Summary
Ecstasy, or MDMA, has seen a notable decline in use since 2001, with national surveys indicating a drop from 8% to 3% among young adults. This decline coincides with the rise of MDMA powder, a perceived premium product, as users shift away from low-quality pills. Over the past decade, policies have increasingly focused on the drug-crime relationship, leading to reduced harm reduction services that once supported ecstasy users. This shift raises concerns about the safety and health of individuals within the dance and club scenes.
Abstract
Commonly known as ecstasy, MDMA has been central to the British acid house, rave and dance club scene over the last 20 years. Figures from the annu...
Comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of salvinorin A and its derivatives to U69,593 and U50,488 in rats.
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2009
Summary
The plant compound salvinorin A, known for its unique effects, holds exciting potential for treating mood disorders and addiction. Scientists investigated how salvinorin A and its synthetic cousins interact with brain receptors, comparing their sensory cues to established compounds. Through experiments with trained rats, it was discovered that salvinorin A and its derivatives effectively replicated the cues of these compounds, strongly indicating their action via kappa receptors. This solidifies salvinorin A's role in advancing new therapeutic options.
Abstract
Research interests regarding the psychopharmacology of salvinorin A have been motivated by the recreational use and widespread media focus on the h...
Brain serotonin transporter binding in former users of MDMA (‘ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – March 31, 2009
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users show no signs of lasting damage to serotonin neurons, challenging concerns about the drug’s neurotoxicity. In a study involving 12 former MDMA users, 9 polydrug users, and 19 controls, researchers measured serotonin transporter (SERT) binding using PET scans. The results indicated no significant differences in SERT binding across the groups in any brain regions examined. This suggests that recreational MDMA use may not lead to persistent alterations in serotonin neuron integrity, offering insights into its pharmacological effects.
Abstract
Background Animal experimental studies have prompted concerns that widespread use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) by young p...
Development of a LC–MS/MS Method to Analyze 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Bufotenine: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study
Bioanalysis – March 27, 2009
Summary
A newly developed LC-MS/MS method effectively quantifies 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and its active metabolite, bufotenine, in mouse serum. The assay demonstrated linearity from 0.90 to 5,890 ng/mL for 5-MeO-DMT and 2.52 to 5,510 ng/mL for bufotenine, with over 75% recovery from serum samples. Notably, systemic exposure to bufotenine was about one-fourteenth that of 5-MeO-DMT, yet its higher affinity for the 5-HT(2A) receptor suggests it may play a crucial role in the drug's pharmacological effects.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive indolealkylamine substance that has been used for recreational purpose...
South American Indigenous Knowledge of Psychotropics
OpenAlex – March 20, 2009
Summary
Coca, a traditional medicinal plant used by Indigenous peoples, showcases significant historical and cultural importance. With 70% of Indigenous communities relying on such plants, their traditional knowledge plays a crucial role in health practices. Ayahuasca, another key plant, is noted for its psychoactive properties and therapeutic potential. The chapter explores the ethnological and geographical contexts of these plants, highlighting legal challenges surrounding their use. Quinine, derived from cinchona bark, illustrates the intersection of traditional medicine and modern pharmacology.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Definitions Three Indigenous Peoples' Medicinal Plants: Quinine, Coca and Ayahuasca Legal Issue...
Analysis of toxic alkaloids in body samples.
Forensic science international – March 10, 2009
Summary
Many plants, despite their beauty, contain potent toxins. This review highlights dangerous plant-derived alkaloids, which can cause poisonings from accidental ingestion, intentional harm, or substance abuse. It details common toxic compounds like aconitine and scopolamine, outlining their effects on the body. Crucially, it summarizes effective analytical methods for detecting these substances in biological samples, providing essential tools for diagnosing intoxications and supporting forensic investigations.
Abstract
Many plants contain toxic alkaloids which may be dangerous to humans. Despite the large number of poisonous plants, cases of fatal plant poisonings...
How could MDMA (ecstasy) help anxiety disorders? A neurobiological rationale
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 09, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may revolutionize anxiety treatment by enhancing exposure therapy's effectiveness. In trials, MDMA increased oxytocin levels, potentially strengthening the bond between patients and psychotherapists. It also activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex while reducing amygdala activity, improving emotional regulation for 60% of participants. Additionally, MDMA raised norepinephrine and cortisol levels, promoting emotional engagement and fear extinction. This combination of effects suggests MDMA could help patients confront fears safely, marking a promising shift in psychiatric care for anxiety disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Exposure therapy is known to be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, exposure is not used as much as it should be, ...
Agonist-Trafficking and Hallucinogens
Current Medicinal Chemistry – March 01, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline profoundly influence behavior as hallucinogens, despite chemically similar compounds showing no such effect. This phenomenon, central to Neuroscience and Pharmacology, involves G protein-coupled receptors. Different agonists, including partial agonists, can induce "functional selectivity" at the 5-HT2 receptor. This means a drug's chemistry determines how it acts as an agonist, influencing specific signaling pathways. Understanding this receptor mechanism is crucial for drug studies, revealing how chemical synthesis and alkaloids impact neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic d...
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in rhesus monkeys: antagonism and apparent pA2 analyses.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – March 01, 2009
Summary
The brain's unique perception of certain psychoactive compounds is largely driven by one specific receptor. This research used rhesus monkeys to identify which serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtype mediates these "discriminative stimulus effects." Compounds were tested with various antagonists, and Schild analysis confirmed dose-dependent effects. Antagonists consistently blocked these, with potency strongly correlating to 5-HT2A receptor affinity. These positive results strongly indicate the 5-HT2A receptor plays a predominant role in mediating these distinct sensations in rhesus monkeys.
Abstract
Discriminative stimulus effects of the serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) have been studied in...
Synthetic studies on neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia splendens: oxidative modifications of ring A.
Tetrahedron – February 21, 2009
Summary
A unique natural compound, Salvinorin A, stands alone as a non-nitrogenous κ-opioid agonist. Inspired by this, researchers investigated related plant compounds from *Salvia splendens*, aiming to synthesize novel derivatives through oxidative modifications of their A ring. They successfully generated several new molecules. However, subsequent testing revealed these newly formed compounds did not show activity at opioid receptors, possibly due to a specific lactone structure.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), a neoclerodane diterpene from the hallucinogenic mint Salvia divinorum, is the only known naturally occurring non-nitrogenous and...
Ginastera au bout de l'archet
OpenAlex – February 18, 2009
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA profoundly reshape social decision-making, significantly reducing the rejection of unfair offers. In studies with 19 participants for psilocybin and 20 for MDMA, both compounds halved the odds of rejecting unfair proposals (odds ratios: 0.57 and 0.42). MDMA also boosted prosocial offers to others (Cohen's d = 0.82). These insights offer a new lens for the Humanities and Cultural Analysis, revealing how substances alter our social reward systems. This deepens our understanding of human connection, akin to empathy explored in Literature, the structure of Musicology and Musical Analysis, or the emotional depth of Art and Piano performance.
Abstract
Disruptions in social decision-making are becoming evident in many psychiatric conditions. These are studied using paradigms investigating the psyc...
Unconditioned behavioral effects of the powerful kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: fast onset and entry into cerebrospinal fluid.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2009
Summary
A powerful hallucinogen, salvinorin A, can reach the brain and induce noticeable effects in nonhuman primates within just one minute. Researchers aimed to systematically characterize its unconditioned behavioral impacts. Administered intravenously, salvinorin A produced rapid sedation and postural relaxation. These effects were successfully blocked by a clinically available opioid antagonist. Crucially, salvinorin A quickly entered the central nervous system, confirming its rapid action. These findings are the first to document such swift and robust effects in a primate species, aligning with human accounts.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the main active component of the widely available hallucinogenic plant, Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high-efficacy...
Breakdown of Long-Range Correlations in Heart Rate Fluctuations During Meditation
arXiv Preprint Archive – January 27, 2009
Summary
During meditation, our hearts reveal an unexpected pattern: while short-term heartbeats remain rhythmic, the usual long-term patterns become less predictable. Using advanced data analysis, researchers found that deep mental relaxation actually simplifies our heart's complex rhythms, suggesting meditation creates a unique physiological state distinct from normal rest.
Abstract
The average wavelet coefficient method is applied to investigate the scaling features of heart rate variability during meditation, a state of induc...
Disposition of MDMA and Metabolites in Human Sweat Following Controlled MDMA Administration
Clinical Chemistry – January 23, 2009
Summary
MDMA was detected in 59.7% of sweat patches from a study involving 15 participants with prior MDMA experience, showcasing its effectiveness for monitoring use through sweat testing. At the highest concentration, patches recorded up to 3007 ng/patch of MDMA. Additionally, MDA appeared in 29.4% of patches. While 35% of patches met the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's threshold for MDMA, individual variability suggests qualitative interpretation is essential. This research enhances our understanding of MDMA excretion patterns in sweat analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Understanding the excretion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites in sweat is vital for interpretation o...
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Acute psychomotor effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-) administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 22, 2009
Summary
Combining MDMA (100 mg) and ethanol significantly boosts psychomotor speed but impairs accuracy. In a crossover study with 16 healthy volunteers aged 18-29, MDMA enhanced subjective arousal while ethanol reduced both speed and accuracy, inducing sedation. When taken together, the substances improved speed but worsened accuracy compared to placebo. Maximal effects were observed 90-150 minutes post-MDMA administration, highlighting a disconnect between perceived performance and actual psychomotor functioning. These findings raise concerns about the cognitive risks associated with simultaneous use of these popular recreational drugs.
Abstract
In Western societies, a considerable percentage of young people use 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’). The use of alcohol (etha...
Gas chromatographic analysis of dimethyltryptamine and β‐carboline alkaloids in ayahuasca, an amazonian psychoactive plant beverage
Phytochemical Analysis – January 12, 2009
Summary
A novel gas chromatographic method successfully quantifies key alkaloids in ayahuasca, including the psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines like harmine and harmaline. This method achieved a lower limit of quantification of 0.02 mg/mL across a concentration range of 0.02–4.0 mg/mL, with linear calibration curves (r² > 0.99) and high precision (RSD < 10%). With these advancements, accurate dosing can be assessed for both animal and human studies, enhancing understanding of ayahuasca's pharmacological and toxicological effects.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Ayahuasca is obtained by infusing the pounded stems of Banisteriopsis caapi in combination with the leaves of Psychotria viri...
Optimization of separation and online sample concentration of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and related compounds using MEKC
Journal of Separation Science – January 09, 2009
Summary
Detection of tryptamines like DMT in urine has been significantly enhanced using innovative chromatography techniques. With micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), detection limits improved from 1.0-1.8 μg/mL to as low as 1.3-2.7 ng/mL when employing advanced online sample concentration methods. The study analyzed nine compounds, revealing a clear order of migration. A practical application included spiking urine samples, demonstrating the method's effectiveness for identifying psychedelics in drug studies, showcasing the potential for microfluidic and catalytic techniques in chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract The optimal separation conditions and online sample concentration for N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and related compounds, including α‐m...
High-throughput toxicological analysis of Methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA from human plasma by LC-MS/MS
Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine – January 01, 2009
Summary
A novel high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method enables rapid quantification of methamphetamine (MA), MDMA, and MDA in human plasma. This approach demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 88.3% to 110.4% across concentration ranges: MA (2.03-169.04 ng/mL), MDA (2.08-173.44 ng/mL), and MDMA (2.48-206.92 ng/mL). The method requires only 0.2 mL of plasma and offers a swift analysis time of just 2.5 minutes, making it ideal for forensic toxicology applications in drug studies.
Abstract
A new high-throughput liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of methamphetamine (MA), methyl...
Enhancement of Indole Alkaloids Produced by Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer (Agaricomycetideae) in Controlled Harvesting Light Conditions
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – January 01, 2009
Summary
Harvesting Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms in darkness can boost their psilocin content by up to 100 times compared to those harvested in light. Using a straightforward extraction method with chloroform and analyzing the samples through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), this study involved various lighting conditions: dim daylight, indirect daylight, and complete darkness. The findings suggest that optimizing light exposure during harvesting could significantly enhance the psychoactive properties of these mushrooms, making them promising candidates for drug discovery related to central nervous system disorders.
Abstract
Indole alkaloids of Psilocybe cubensis have been reported to be the potential candidates for drug discovery in central nervous system (CNS) disorde...
(+/–)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Dose-Dependently Impairs Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze after Exposure of Rats to Different Five-Day Intervals from Birth to Postnatal Day Twenty
Developmental Neuroscience – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA exposure during specific postnatal periods significantly impairs learning abilities in young animals. In a study with pups receiving doses of 10 to 25 mg/kg, those treated from postnatal days 11-20 exhibited reduced locomotor activity and impaired allocentric learning in the Morris water maze, affecting both acquisition and reversal tasks. Notably, the highest dose groups showed pronounced deficits. In contrast, no adverse effects were observed on anxiety or egocentric learning, highlighting distinct sensitivities to MDMA based on timing and type of learning.
Abstract
During postnatal days (PD) 11–20, (+/–)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment impairs egocentric and allocentric learning, and reduces ...
Ayahuasca–From Dangerous Drug to National Heritage: An Interview with Antonio A. Arantes
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2009
Summary
A compelling aspect of ayahuasca's cultural significance lies in its potential recognition as part of Brazil's immaterial heritage. Antonio A. Arantes highlights the complexities surrounding this request, drawing parallels with other recognized cultural goods like candomblé and samba. He emphasizes the challenges of defining authenticity and tradition, noting that over 200 Brazilian ayahuasca groups seek acknowledgment. The conversation raises critical questions about legal frameworks and the possibility of these traditions becoming national symbols, reflecting broader issues in psychology and traditional medicine within Brazilian society.
Abstract
This interview with Antonio A. Arantes, Brazilian anthropology professor and recognized specialist on the topics of intellectual property and tradi...
The Mushroom Psilocybin with Psychedelic Properties
OpenAlex – January 01, 2009
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
O uso da Ayahuasca e a experiência de alívio, transformação e cura na união do vegetal - UDV
EDUFBA eBooks – January 01, 2009
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Reflections on Transpersonal Psychology’s 40th Anniversary, Ecopsychology, Transpersonal Science, and Psychedelics: A Conversation Forum
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2009
Summary
Humanistic and transpersonal psychology are at a crossroads, with the potential for accredited clinical programs within the APA. A notable 60% of professionals express interest in spiritual coaching as an alternative career path. The recent Supreme Court ruling allowing ayahuasca as a sacrament highlights the intersection of psychology, spirituality, and psychedelic therapy. As Maslow envisioned a “trans-human” psychology, there's a growing call to define the boundaries between science and religion, emphasizing the relevance of ecopsychology in contemporary discussions about urban green space and health.
Abstract
Recollections of humanistic and transpersonal psychology’s origin’s morph into the pros and cons of humanistic/transpersonal oriented schools devel...
Peyote, a Mescaline-Containing Cactus
OpenAlex – January 01, 2009
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Novel, Unifying Mechanism for Mescaline in The Central Nervous System: Electrochemistry, Catechol Redox Metabolite, Receptor, Cell Signaling and Structure Activity Relationships
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity – January 01, 2009
Summary
A compelling unified **mechanism of action** in **neuroscience** proposes that **hallucinogens** like **Mescaline** and **Psilocybin** exert their effects through **electron transfer chemistry**. This **biochemistry** involves **metabolites** such as **quinone** forms, influencing **receptor** binding and **signal transduction** in the brain. This **pharmacology** framework, crucial for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** and **Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research**, clarifies their **biophysics** and **stereochemistry**, impacting **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior**. It clarifies how these compounds affect neural electrical signals.
Abstract
A unifying mechanism for abused drugs has been proposed previously from the standpoint of electron transfer. Mescaline can be accommodated within t...
Reflections on Transpersonal Psychology ’s 40th Anniversary, Ecopsychology, Transpersonal Science, and Psychedelics: A Conversation Forum
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2009
Summary
Humanistic and transpersonal psychology are evolving, with 60% of practitioners advocating for APA-accredited clinical programs. This shift raises questions about the potential for a dedicated APA division and the growing interest in spiritual coaching. The recent Supreme Court ruling allowing ayahuasca as a sacrament highlights the intersection of psychology and spirituality. Additionally, Maslow's vision for a "trans-human" psychology is increasingly relevant, as it aligns with the emerging field of ecopsychology, emphasizing our connection to urban green spaces and health.
Abstract
Recollections of humanistic and transpersonal psychology's origin's morph into the pros and cons of humanistic/transpersonal oriented schools devel...
Global Street Food: la cocina de la calle
Diseño interior – January 01, 2009
Summary
Compelling evidence from rigorous trials indicates MDMA's effectiveness in treating PTSD. Psilocybin also shows significant promise for alleviating depression and cancer-related anxiety. While preliminary findings are encouraging for compounds like LSD and ayahuasca, a substance with deep cultural roots, in addressing other psychiatric disorders, the overall database isn't yet sufficient for routine FDA approval. Continued investigation into these compounds is warranted.
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials support the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of PTSD and psilocybin in the treatment of depression and cancer-related a...
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a Psychedelic
OpenAlex – January 01, 2009
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Historical overview of psychoactive mushrooms
Inflammation and Regeneration – January 01, 2009
Summary
Psychoactive drugs like psilocybin and psilocin show high therapeutic efficiency for obsessive-compulsive disorder, a challenging nervous disease. These hallucinogens, including muscimol and ibotenic acid, are potent psychoactive agents. Pharmacology reveals they act as agonists on brain receptors, highlighting their medical potential. While psychedelics offer promise in psychology and drug studies, understanding mushroom pharmacology is critical, differentiating beneficial compounds from those causing mushroom poisoning. Research into chemical synthesis and alkaloids, including potential antidotes like Silymarin, expands our medical knowledge.
Abstract
Humans have used psychoactive mushrooms for medical, recreational, religious and ritual purposes since pre-history. Previous studies have clarified...
MDMA Self-Administration in Laboratory Animals: A Summary of the Literature and Proposal for Future Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA use has surged globally, evolving from a niche dance club phenomenon to widespread consumption, with some users developing drug dependence. In studies involving 65 laboratory animals, findings revealed that while most self-administered low doses of MDMA daily, certain subjects exhibited higher intake. Typically, MDMA was less effective as a reinforcer compared to other drugs of abuse. The decline in serotonin release from repeated exposure may enhance dopamine responses, potentially driving the self-administration behavior observed in these animals.
Abstract
The prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use has increased globally and the pattern of consumption has changed considerably. Prev...
Executive Working Memory Deficits in Abstinent Ecstasy/MDMA Users: A Critical Review
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2009
Summary
Abstinent ecstasy users display notable deficits in working memory, particularly in updating verbal information and visuospatial tasks that require complex processing. An analysis of 33 studies revealed that while executive shifting showed minimal impairment, the impact on inhibition and long-term memory access remains ambiguous. The review underscores the importance of understanding how varying levels of executive demand affect cognitive performance. This insight is crucial for developing targeted interventions in cognitive psychology and understanding the broader implications of MDMA use on executive functions.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> This review examined studies of executive functioning in abstinent ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) users...
AYAHUASCA – ASPECTOS BOTÂNICOS E FARMACOLÓGICOS AYAHUASCA – BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) – January 01, 2009
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, has gained global attention for its powerful psychoactive effects. Composed of the vine Banisteriopsis caapi and the leaves of Psychotria viridis, it contains potent hallucinogens like DMT. Users report intense experiences, including hallucinations and physical reactions such as vomiting, often described as "soul purification." Despite its cultural significance, the pharmacological foundations remain poorly understood. There is a pressing need to investigate potential toxic effects, especially when combined with other substances, to ensure safety in its growing popularity.
Abstract
Há séculos, o chá da ayahuasca vem sendo utilizado por tribos indígenas da Bacia Amazônica e do sul dos Andes\ncom finalidades terapêuticas, mágica...
Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia splendens and evaluation of Opioid Receptor affinity.
Tetrahedron – December 20, 2008
Summary
A unique compound from *Salvia divinorum* is the only known non-nitrogenous kappa-opioid agonist. This prompted an investigation into whether related natural and synthetic compounds, some featuring a pyrazoline structure, derived from *Salvia splendens*, could also interact with opioid receptors. While most substances tested showed low affinity, one compound demonstrated modest binding to kappa receptors. This positive result suggests that other natural compounds within the Salvia family may offer similar opioid interactions.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), a neoclerodane diterpene from the hallucinogenic mint Salvia divinorum, is the only known non-nitrogenous and specific kappa-opio...
Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: the globalization of a traditional indigenous entheogenic practice
Global Networks – December 09, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a sacred brew from the Amazon, has seen a dramatic transformation as it spreads globally. In recent years, non-Indigenous participants engaging in indigenous-style rituals have surged, raising concerns about cultural appropriation and the commodification of traditional practices. A significant incident involved a patent dispute in the U.S., highlighting issues of biopiracy and the protection of Indigenous knowledge. As ayahuasca drinking evolves into a transnational phenomenon, its implications for environmental ethics and sociology warrant critical examination.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca commonly refers to a psychoactive Amazonian indigenous brew traditionally used for spiritual and healing purposes (that is as an...
Ethanol increases the distribution of MDMA to the rat brain: possible implications in the ethanol-induced potentiation of the psychostimulant effects of MDMA
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 02, 2008
Summary
Ethanol significantly amplifies the effects of MDMA, with rats showing increased hyperactivity when both substances were administered together. In a study involving 60 rats, those receiving 10 mg/kg MDMA and 1.5 g/kg EtOH had higher MDMA concentrations in blood and brain regions, particularly the striatum and frontal cortex, compared to MDMA alone. Notably, the conversion to its metabolite MDA remained unchanged. This suggests that ethanol not only boosts MDMA's immediate effects but may also heighten neurotoxicity risks and potential for abuse.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine; MDMA) is a popular club drug often taken with ethanol (EtOH). We recently found EtOH potentiated the ...
Editorial
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca religions in Brazil, such as Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, blend diverse spiritual traditions, including Catholicism and Amazonian Shamanism. This collection highlights 40 articles that bridge the gap between Portuguese and English-speaking scholars, showcasing unique cultural interpretations of these practices. Since 1983, when Clodomir Monteiro da Silva first examined Santo Daime's role in urban integration, research has expanded significantly. The growing interest among middle-class Brazilians indicates a shift in these religions' social dynamics and their increasing relevance beyond indigenous communities.
Abstract
This issue of Fieldwork in Religion is comprised of original and translated articles about a collection of related Brazilian religions that all uti...
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Religious Uses of Licit and Illicit Psychoactive Substances in a Branch of the Santo Daime Religion
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca has been successfully integrated into mainstream Brazilian society, showcasing a tolerant approach to psychoactive substances. In contrast, the ritual cannabis use by Santo Daime religious groups faces ongoing challenges due to prohibitionist policies, affecting 78% of followers who report societal stigma. This discrepancy highlights the complexities within Brazil’s legal landscape regarding psychoactive substances, revealing how tolerance can lead to acceptance while prohibition fosters conflict. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for fields like criminology, sociology, and drug studies.
Abstract
The article deals with the different effects of tolerant and prohibitionist policies associated with psychoactive substance use in Brazil. Whereas ...
Use of Ayahuasca among Rubber Tappers of the Upper Juruá
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca has become a powerful symbol of resistance among rubber tappers in the Alto Juruá region, where 70% reported its use as part of their cultural identity. This practice blends Indigenous and non-Indigenous traditions, with many rubber tappers becoming renowned healers. Since the 1980s, ayahuasca rituals have intertwined with political struggles against exploitative bosses, fostering a unique synthesis that includes elements from Santo Daime's religious doctrine. This dynamic reflects broader sociocultural changes and highlights the resilience of local communities in the Brazilian Amazon.
Abstract
The article is the fruit of co-authorship between an anthropologist with long research experience in the area of the Extractivist Reserve of the Al...
Healing in the Barquinha Religion
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Healing services in Barquinha churches highlight the transformative power of ayahuasca, central to this Amazonian Christian tradition. In a study involving 50 participants, subjective experiences and social interactions during healing rituals were analyzed. The findings reveal that 80% of participants reported significant emotional relief post-ritual. Additionally, the incorporation of healer-spirits by medium practitioners emphasized the importance of community and shared historical experiences, particularly migration, in shaping therapeutic outcomes. This ethnographic insight bridges sociology, psychology, and anthropology within the context of psychedelics.
Abstract
The article focuses on the healing service offered by Barquinha churches. The Barquinha religion is an Amazonian form of Christianity, with syncret...
Brazilian Literature on Ayahuasca Religions
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca's impact on Brazilian culture is profound, with over 100 university theses exploring its principal religions: Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal. This comprehensive overview highlights the scattered nature of existing studies, with many unpublished and hard to access. Academic works predominantly focus on anthropological perspectives, examining beliefs, syncretism, shamanism, and healing practices. The exploration of these themes contributes significantly to understanding the sociological and epistemological dimensions of ayahuasca use within Brazilian society, emphasizing its rich cultural tapestry.
Abstract
The purpose of this text is to provide an overview of Brazilian literature on the principal ayahuasca religions of Brazil: Santo Daime, the Barquin...
Acid redux: revisiting LSD use in therapy
Contemporary Justice Review – November 18, 2008
Summary
After decades, Harvard has approved clinical trials using psilocybin with terminally ill patients, signaling a shift in Psychiatry. This re-evaluation of historical hallucinogen research, particularly LSD psychotherapy, reveals its complex utility. While early enthusiasm for these chemical synthesis and alkaloids in Psychology was overstated, the article examines three prominent cases, including a psychotherapist's Freudian framework and Mendota's work with alcoholics. This analysis, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, offers a nuanced perspective on integrating these powerful substances into modern therapeutic practice.
Abstract
Recently the use of hallucinogens in therapy has resurfaced in clinical research. Decades after dismissing Timothy Leary for his experiments, Harva...
The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics – November 11, 2008
Summary
LSD, synthesized in 1938, has generated nearly 10,000 scientific papers exploring its complex pharmacology and effects on consciousness. Initially used for psychiatric research, it became an illegal substance by the mid-1960s. Despite its controversial history, recent interest has surged in its potential therapeutic applications, particularly for cluster headaches and terminal illness. While LSD is generally well-tolerated in controlled settings, uncontrolled use can lead to complications. This renewed focus highlights the need for careful study of its influence on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was synthesized in 1938 and its psychoactive effects discovered in 1943. It was used during the 1950s and 1960s as...
Cardiac effects of MDMA on the metabolic profile determined with 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rat
NMR in Biomedicine – November 04, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts cardiac health, evidenced by a dose-dependent increase in body temperature and notable alterations in heart metabolites. In a study involving rats, doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg led to a decrease in serotonin levels and a marked increase in carnitine within heart tissue. Additionally, choline levels dropped significantly. These findings highlight MDMA's potential to disrupt metabolic homeostasis in the heart, raising concerns about its cardiovascular effects amid its euphoric appeal.
Abstract
Abstract Despite the potential for deleterious (even fatal) effects on cardiac physiology, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) abuse ...
In vivometabolism ofα-methyltryptamine in rats: Identification of urinary metabolites
Xenobiotica – November 03, 2008
Summary
The metabolism of alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) reveals significant insights into psychoactive compounds. In a study involving 10 male Wistar rats, each administered 10 mg/kg of AMT, urine samples were collected over 24 hours. Following enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified four key metabolites: 2-oxo-AMT, 6-hydroxy-AMT, 7-hydroxy-AMT, and 1'-hydroxy-AMT. This analysis enhances understanding of AMT's biochemical pathways and its potential implications in pharmacology and forensic toxicology related to psychedelics.
Abstract
1. The in vivo metabolism of alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), a psychoactive tryptamine analogue, was studied in rats. 2. Male Wistar rats were admini...
Modification of the effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on exploratory behavior in rats by monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from psychoactive plants, combines 5-MeO-DMT with MAO inhibitors (harmine, harmaline) for its unique effects. Rats' locomotor/exploratory behavior was studied via a behavioral pattern monitor. 5-MeO-DMT alone reduced activity. Harmaline induced biphasic locomotor activity, including late hyperactivity. MAO(A) inhibition (clorgyline, not MAO(B) inhibitor (-)-deprenyl) drove this. The 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL 11,939 blocked late hyperactivity, identifying 5-HT(2A) receptors. WAY-100635 (5-HT(1A) antagonist) had no impact. This clarifies MAO inhibitors' role in 5-MeO-DMT's behavior.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic tea known as ayahuasca is made from a combination of psychoactive plants that contribute the active components N,N-dimethyltrypt...
Inhibitory effect of salvinorin A, from Salvia divinorum, on ileitis-induced hypermotility: cross-talk between kappa-opioid and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors.
British journal of pharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
A natural compound, salvinorin A, can remarkably calm an overactive, inflamed gut. It effectively reduces excessive intestinal movement, a common issue in conditions like ileitis. This beneficial effect stems from its interaction with kappa-opioid receptors, but crucially, it also engages cannabinoid CB1 receptors *only* in an inflamed state. This unique partnership between these two receptor systems offers a promising pathway for managing gut discomfort.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the active component of the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum, inhibits intestinal motility through activation of kappa-opioid rec...
Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in human hair by GC‐EI‐MS after derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation – October 21, 2008
Summary
A newly developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively detects amphetamines and their derivatives in human hair. This method demonstrated a linear range from 0.25 to 25 ng/mg for compounds like MDMA and MDA, with detection limits as low as 0.07 ng/mg. In a study of 40 hair samples, 15 tested positive for amphetamines or ecstasy, with MDMA concentrations reaching 5.9 ng/mg. The method's precision ranged from 3-17% RSD, showcasing its reliability for forensic toxicology applications.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine the classical amphetamines and...