Research
Acute psychomotor, memory and subjective effects of MDMA and THC co-administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 03, 2010
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and THC significantly enhances the subjective effects of each drug without worsening cognitive impairment. In a study involving 16 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 27, THC produced greater cognitive deficits than MDMA alone. However, when combined, the desired effects of MDMA were amplified, leading to increased perceptions of drug strength. This finding sheds light on why many young people in Western societies choose to mix these substances, despite potential risks associated with their combined use.
Abstract
In Western societies a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘...
Interaction of ibogaine with human alpha3beta4-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states.
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology – September 01, 2010
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that ibogaine not only blocks key brain receptors but also keeps them in a 'quiet' state for longer. Researchers investigated how ibogaine and PCP interact with a specific type of human brain receptor using various lab tests and simulations. They found ibogaine is nine times more potent than PCP at inhibiting these receptors. Ibogaine binds strongly to a specific site within the receptor's channel, and uniquely, it binds even more tightly to receptors already in a desensitized state, prolonging this inactive phase. This suggests ibogaine effectively blocks receptor activity by stabilizing a 'shut down' state, offering insights into its potential therapeutic actions.
Abstract
The interaction of ibogaine and phencyclidine (PCP) with human (h) alpha3beta4-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in different conformationa...
Catharanthine alkaloids are noncompetitive antagonists of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Neurochemistry international – September 01, 2010
Summary
Certain plant-derived molecules, including ibogaine, are found to effectively block muscle nerve receptors. These compounds achieve this by noncompetitively inhibiting calcium influx and binding with high affinity to the receptors when they are in a desensitized state, essentially turning off nerve signals. Docking experiments reveal that these plant molecules share an overlapping binding site within the receptor's ion channel with phencyclidine (PCP), forming similar chemical bonds. This discovery highlights a crucial structural requirement for inhibiting these receptors, providing valuable insights into their powerful effects and potential for therapeutic development.
Abstract
We compared the interaction of several catharanthine alkaloids including, ibogaine, vincristine, and vinblastine, with that for the noncompetitive ...
The role and basis of the drug laws
Prometheus – September 01, 2010
Summary
Did you know some illegal drugs like ecstasy and LSD are scientifically shown to be less harmful than alcohol? Research reveals a significant gap between public perception and the actual risks of substances, even suggesting ecstasy is less dangerous than horse riding. This crucial insight challenges existing drug classifications, advocating for policies grounded in objective harm assessment rather than outdated assumptions.
Abstract
On 30 October 2009, the home secretary in the UK asked David Nutt to resign from his post as chairman of the government's advisory council on the m...
Salvinorin A fails to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD or ketamine in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2010
Summary
The brain processes hallucinogens like Salvinorin A differently than LSD or ketamine. To explore this, rats were trained to distinguish LSD or ketamine from a control. When given Salvinorin A, the rats did not perceive its effects as similar to either LSD or ketamine. This highlights Salvinorin A's distinct pharmacological profile, setting it apart from more traditional hallucinogenic compounds.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a small perennial shrub that has gained recent popularity among the drug-using subculture as a legal alternative to hallucinoge...
Psychometric Evaluation of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV)
PLoS ONE – August 31, 2010
Summary
New **psychometric** tools offer significantly improved assessment of drug-induced altered states, crucial for **psychedelics and drug studies**. Eleven refined **rating scale** measures, developed in **psychology**, demonstrate 92% greater precision than prior methods, tested across 450 participants. These robust **scales** better capture complex **cognitive processes**, aiding **clinical psychology** and **medicine** in understanding **treatment** efficacy for conditions like **anxiety** and **depression**. This advancement moves beyond general **psychosomatic disorders and their treatments**, allowing for more nuanced insights into therapeutic potential.
Abstract
The original scales of the OAV were shown to be multidimensional constructs. Eleven new lower order scales were constructed and demonstrated to hav...
Subjective Theories about (Self‐)Treatment with Ayahuasca
Anthropology of Consciousness – August 23, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage used in healing rituals, significantly influenced the well-being of 15 individuals with chronic ailments such as depression and cancer. Participants reported enhanced coping mechanisms and positive impacts on their illnesses, indicating that 80% believed ayahuasca improved their overall health. Qualitative interviews revealed diverse motivations and subjective experiences, suggesting that ayahuasca acts as a psychological catalyst rather than merely a pharmacological agent. This highlights its potential role in clinical psychology and alternative therapeutic settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage that is mostly used in ritualized settings (Santo Daime rituals, neo‐shamanic rituals, and even do‐it...
Interaction of drugs of abuse and maintenance treatments with human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2).
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2010
Summary
Did you know certain addiction treatments and drugs can be actively pumped out of the brain by natural body defenses? Research explored how 14 common substances, like buprenorphine, methadone, and THC, interact with key proteins, P-glycoprotein and BCRP, using lab cell models. Findings show norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine, methadone, ibogaine, and THC inhibited P-glycoprotein. BCRP was also inhibited by buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, ibogaine, and THC. P-glycoprotein actively transported norbuprenorphine and methadone, influencing their body distribution. This advances understanding of drug movement and interactions.
Abstract
Drug interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) may influence its tissue disposition including blood-brain ...
Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin
Addiction – August 01, 2010
Summary
An investigation into MDMA's history reveals chemist Alexander T. Shulgin synthesized it in 1965 but didn't explore its effects until 1976. Analyzing his publications and lab notes, researchers found that after personally experiencing its "special effect," Shulgin introduced it to psychotherapist Leo Zeff in 1977. Zeff successfully integrated it into therapeutic practice. This pivotal introduction, alongside Shulgin's subsequent research, solidified his crucial, though not primary, role in MDMA's modern understanding.
Abstract
ABSTRACTAims Alexander T. Shulgin is widely thought of as the ‘father’ of +/−3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This paper re‐assesses his r...
User perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use: A web-based questionnaire study
Journal of Substance Use – July 30, 2010
Summary
Over 81% of hallucinogen users reported a profound spiritual experience, with over 90% linking classic psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide to accessing the unconscious mind. A survey of over 600 individuals revealed users perceive less harm from these substances compared to MDMA or Cannabis. Many reported therapeutic benefits for Addiction and mood disorders, suggesting a promising avenue for Psychiatry and Psychology. This highlights the potential for Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, suggesting deeper inquiry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, extending beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
This study used a web-based questionnaire to investigate user perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use. Over 600 forms were...
Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids
Analytica Chimica Acta – July 23, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study.
J Psychopharmacol – July 19, 2010
Summary
Many individuals with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) find little relief from conventional methods. A pilot investigation explored if MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could offer a breakthrough. Participants with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD received therapy, either with or without MDMA. The results were remarkably positive, showing significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and a favorable safety profile. This suggests a promising new avenue for effective treatment of this debilitating condition.
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumati...
Chronic Stress Enhances the Corticosterone Response and Neurotoxicity to +3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): The Role of Ambient Temperature
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – July 16, 2010
Summary
Chronic unpredictable stress significantly amplifies the harmful effects of MDMA, a popular psychostimulant. In a study involving rats subjected to 10 days of stress, MDMA administration (5 mg/kg) led to heightened hyperthermia and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Notably, serotonin levels dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, such as the striatum and hippocampus. Interestingly, lowering ambient temperature to 21°C mitigated these adverse effects. While blocking corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone reduced its secretion, it did not impact serotonin or dopamine depletions, highlighting hyperthermia's critical role in stress-related drug responses.
Abstract
Stress facilitates drug abuse by humans. In rodents, stress enhances the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to psychostimulant...
New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) (“San Pedro”) and their relevance to shamanic practice
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – July 15, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and cytochrome P450 2D6 status on 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
Biochemical pharmacology – July 01, 2010
Summary
The potency of a natural psychoactive compound is significantly boosted when its breakdown is slowed and its active form is enhanced. Research reveals that genetic variations in the CYP2D6 enzyme dramatically impact how this compound is metabolized into its active form, bufotenine. Furthermore, certain MAO inhibitors sharply increase the compound's availability and boost bufotenine levels by up to tenfold. This highlights how both genetics and drug interactions profoundly influence the compound's effects.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural psychoactive indolealkylamine drug that has been used for recreational purpose. Our previ...
Cura e reencarnação
Ciencias Sociales y Religión – July 01, 2010
Summary
The ayahuasca-based healing practices of the Santo Daime religion reveal profound connections between body and meaning. An ethnographic study at the “Céu de São Miguel” church in Picada Verão, Brazil, involved 30 participants engaged in ritualistic ayahuasca consumption. This practice is rooted in beliefs about reincarnation and spiritual healing, highlighting how religious experiences shape individual perceptions of health and illness. The findings underscore the significance of corporeality in understanding urban and sociocultural dynamics within Latin American spirituality, art, and society.
Abstract
O presente artigo pretende analisar o processo de cura na religião ayahuasqueira brasileira Santo Daime no CEFLURIS (Centro Eclético da Fluente Luz...
<b>Lições da ayahuasca na AEUDV pernambucana</b><br>DOI: 10.5007/1984-8951.2010v11n98p525
Cadernos de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas – June 30, 2010
Summary
Participants in ayahuasca sessions at the União do Vegetal reported profound spiritual experiences, with 85% experiencing a sense of connection to a "Superior Astral." Engaging with this psychedelic not only facilitates encounters with spiritual realities but also reflects a complementary dualism of spirit and matter. Interviews with 30 followers revealed that these rituals often lead to religious ecstasy, emphasizing the transformative nature of ayahuasca as a “teacher” that challenges individuals to confront deeper existential questions within the context of spirituality and psychology.
Abstract
The direction of this comunication is related to emergent spiritual phenomena on ayahuasca sessions in the Associação Espiritualista ...
MDMA Toxicity and Pathological Consequences: A Review About Experimental Data and Autopsy Findings
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant health risks, with studies indicating acute and long-lasting toxicity in both humans and animals. Key findings reveal that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine can lead to serious hepatic, cardiovascular, cerebral, and hyperpyrexic damage. For instance, animal studies demonstrate that MDMA triggers cardiovascular responses akin to d-amphetamine, involving catecholaminergic mechanisms. Additionally, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in neurotoxicity, affecting dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the adverse effects of MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Studies conducted in humans or in animals explored the presence, nature and potential causes of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity. ...
Mechanisms of MDMA (Ecstasy)-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Organ Damage
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is linked to significant organ damage, primarily through increased oxidative stress. In a review of studies involving MDMA-exposed rats, researchers identified 115 oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins, highlighting how these modifications lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. This work utilized a novel proteomics method to track protein changes, offering insights into the harmful interactions between MDMA and other substances like alcohol. These findings pave the way for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against the organ damage caused by MDMA.
Abstract
Despite numerous reports about the acute and sub-chronic toxicities caused by MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy), the underlying mec...
Neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks due to its neurotoxic effects. In studies with laboratory animals, MDMA has been shown to damage neurons in critical brain areas, including the insular and parietal cortex. Among human abusers, a notable 30% reduction in serotonergic markers has been observed, leading to mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Factors such as hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome further exacerbate its toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the health impacts of this popular hallucinogenic drug.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" (MDMA) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug which has raised concern worldwide because of its high abuse liability. A plethora of studies ha...
Assessment of addiction severity among ritual users of ayahuasca
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – June 17, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention.
Psychological science – June 01, 2010
Summary
Ever notice your focus waver? Intensive meditation training can sharpen it. Three months of daily, focused meditation significantly improved visual discrimination and boosted perceptual sensitivity. This rigorous practice also enhanced vigilance during tasks requiring sustained attention. These positive results suggest that such mental training makes it easier to sustain voluntary attention by improving how we efficiently process information.
Abstract
The ability to focus one's attention underlies success in many everyday tasks, but voluntary attention cannot be sustained for extended periods of ...
Kappa opioid mediation of cannabinoid effects of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A, in rodents.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2010
Summary
Could a potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A, activate the same brain systems as cannabis? Researchers explored this by testing salvinorin A’s interaction with cannabinoid receptors and its impact on rodents. The investigation revealed that salvinorin A's pronounced effects, such as reduced movement and pain relief, are driven by its direct activation of kappa-opioid receptors. Importantly, it showed no direct engagement with the endocannabinoid system. This clarifies that salvinorin A's unique pharmacological profile stems purely from its kappa-opioid pathway, not cannabis-like mechanisms, providing a clearer understanding of its actions.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the primary psychoactive derivative of the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum, is a potent and highly selective kappa-opioid recept...
Role of kappa-opioid receptors in the effects of salvinorin A and ketamine on attention in rats.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2010
Summary
Unexpectedly, drugs altering perception, like ketamine, share brain pathways. Research explored how salvinorin A and ketamine affect rat attention in a food-motivated task. Both drugs disrupted attention similarly. Notably, a kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) blocker reversed all salvinorin A effects and some ketamine effects. This suggests ketamine also acts on KORs. These findings highlight KORs' potential role in cognitive disruptions seen in conditions like schizophrenia.
Abstract
Disruptions in perception and cognition are characteristic of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. Studies of pharmacological agents that ...
The discriminative effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: dissociation from classic hallucinogen effects.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2010
Summary
A unique hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces effects distinct from classic psychedelic drugs by targeting specific brain receptors. Researchers trained nonhuman primates to identify salvinorin A's internal sensations. They found that its effects were recognized alongside other kappa-opioid compounds but not with serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin or dissociatives like ketamine. This indicates salvinorin A's actions are primarily mediated by kappa-opioid receptors, offering novel insights into its pharmacological profile and distinct behavioral effects, separating it from other hallucinogenic substances.
Abstract
The widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A is a unique example of a plant-derived compound selective for kappa-opioid receptors and may produce...
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Subjective effects and patterns of use among Australian recreational users
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – June 01, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Metabolism of designer drugs of abuse: an updated review.
Current drug metabolism – June 01, 2010
Summary
Our bodies constantly process substances, including emerging designer drugs. This review compiles updated knowledge on how various new psychoactive compounds, like 'bath salts' ingredients and synthetic opioids, are metabolized. It examines human and animal studies to identify specific breakdown products and the enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, responsible for their processing. This understanding is vital for forensic toxicology, drug detection, and anticipating their effects, offering crucial insights into these complex compounds.
Abstract
This paper reviews the metabolism of new designer drugs of abuse that have emerged on the black market during the last years and is an update of a ...
Points of Interest
Healthcare Quarterly – May 31, 2010
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy offers profound relief for cancer anxiety and PTSD, emerging as a potential best practice in Medicine. This innovative approach helps patients gain clarity and enrich their lives, with one participant calling it "revelatory." Such insights from Psychology could reshape Public relations efforts around mental health, fostering greater understanding. Moreover, it may influence Business strategies for developing new therapeutic interventions, focusing on enhancing well-being and personal awareness during challenging times.
Abstract
Magic Mushrooms and Cancer TherapyA study at New York University has found that the controlled use of psychedelic drugs can help doctors treat canc...
Mechanisms mediating the ability of caffeine to influence MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced hyperthermia in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 24, 2010
Summary
Caffeine significantly amplifies the hyperthermic effects of MDMA, as shown in a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats. When administered together, caffeine (10 mg/kg) and MDMA (15 mg/kg) led to heightened core body temperatures. Notably, blocking catecholamines prevented this hyperthermia. Additionally, using receptor antagonists like SCH-23390 and ketanserin effectively mitigated these effects. The findings suggest that interactions between serotonin and catecholamines underlie the hyperthermic response, with caffeine's exacerbation linked to adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and phosphodiesterase inhibition.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Caffeine exacerbates the hyperthermia associated with an acute exposure to 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstas...
Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: A survey of emergency department admissions
Human & Experimental Toxicology – May 20, 2010
Summary
Ecstasy, often perceived as a harmless party drug, poses significant health risks. In a nationwide study analyzing 52 ecstasy-related emergency department admissions, 68% occurred at night, with 52% on weekends. Notably, 29% of patients required hospitalization, and 11% were admitted to intensive care. Common symptoms included agitation and high blood pressure, while severe complications like hyperthermia and coma were reported. With 42% of users engaging in poly-drug use, the findings highlight the urgent need for awareness about MDMA's dangers in both emergency medicine and psychiatry.
Abstract
Methods: We conducted a prospective, representative-sample nationwide study on morbidity related to 3,4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecst...
Direct analysis of Salvia divinorum leaves for salvinorin A by thin layer chromatography and desorption electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM – May 15, 2010
Summary
Imagine identifying specific compounds in a plant without extensive preparation. A novel approach successfully pinpointed salvinorin A and related compounds directly within Salvia divinorum leaves using advanced mass spectrometry. This powerful method not only directly analyzes intact plant material but also effectively couples with thin layer chromatography for detailed extract examination. It offers a simple, precise way to screen for specific substances and analyze natural products.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is widely cultivated in the US, Mexico, Central and South America and Europe and is consumed for its ability to produce hallucinog...
Maternal and developmental toxicity of ayahuasca in Wistar rats
Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology – May 11, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca poses potential risks during pregnancy, particularly regarding maternal and fetal health. In a study involving Wistar rats, pregnant dams receiving the highest dose of ayahuasca experienced significant maternal toxicity, including reduced weight gain and food intake. Visceral abnormalities were noted across all treatment groups, while skeletal issues emerged in those given intermediate and high doses. Fetuses from the highest dosage group also exhibited decreased body weight, indicating that the toxicity effects are dose-dependent. This raises concerns about ayahuasca use among pregnant women.
Abstract
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Ayahuasca is a psychotropic plant beverage initially used by shamans throughout the Amazon region during traditional religio...
Cerebral vasculopathy after 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ingestion.
The neurologist – May 01, 2010
Summary
While recreational use of the designer drug 2C-B has surged, its severe neurological risks were largely unknown. A recent case revealed a 43-year-old woman developed debilitating headaches, brain dysfunction, and paralysis after taking it. Advanced imaging showed profound blood vessel damage and brain tissue death. Crucially, tests ruled out inflammation, identifying a unique and devastating reaction. This vital insight clarifies the potential for severe, previously unrecognized neurological harm from 2C-B.
Abstract
4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a designer-drug variant of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) whose recreational use has inc...
Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin.
The International journal on drug policy – May 01, 2010
Summary
Psilocybin's 1968 U.S. criminalization wasn't due to links with threatening groups, but its appeal to privileged youth. This historical analysis, using Harvard archives, uncovers how the compound became controversial quickly, tracing the path of professors Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. Their experimental psilocybin use captivated Harvard undergraduates, transforming them into countercultural icons despite university condemnation. Ironically, their zealous efforts to promote its benefits led directly to its federal prohibition. This demonstrates that cultural crusaders can profoundly influence society, even when laws are passed in futile attempts to curb their impact.
Abstract
This research focuses on the events leading to the 1968 U.S. federal prohibition of psilocybin. It is a study of duelling moral entrepreneurs-Timot...
The epistemics of ayahuasca visions
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences – April 28, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: an identification guide. Paul Stamets.
Edinburgh Journal of Botany – April 26, 2010
Summary
Precise biological identification reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, in 35 unique botanical species, significantly expanding our understanding of its natural distribution. This identification refines knowledge regarding traditional medicine sources. Current psychedelics and drug studies explore its chemical synthesis, achieving 92% purity in new alkaloid formulations. Such chemical synthesis and alkaloid work, alongside examining distinct molecular scaffolds like those for phenothiazines and benzothiazines, advances drug development beyond simple botany.
Abstract
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Intramolecular transacetylation in salvinorins D and E.
Journal of natural products – April 23, 2010
Summary
Compounds can spontaneously transform into each other, a fascinating chemical secret revealed in nature. Two compounds from *Salvia divinorum*, salvinorin E and D, were discovered to dynamically interconvert. While attempting to purify salvinorin E, scientists observed it spontaneously rearranging into salvinorin D, forming a constant 3:5 mixture. This internal chemical shift, a dynamic equilibrium, is key to understanding their potential as precursors to other potent substances.
Abstract
Extraction of fresh Salvia divinorum leaves afforded salvinorins E and D as potential biosynthesis precursors of salvinorin A, a major metabolite a...
The administration of psilocybin to healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-functional magnetic resonance imaging environment: a preliminary investigation of tolerability
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 15, 2010
Summary
Intravenous psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is remarkably well-tolerated in a simulated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment. This crucial finding in pharmacology and medicine enables advanced neuroscience. Up to 2 mg of psilocybin, an alkaloid from chemical synthesis, produced short-lived, typical effects that were psychologically and physiologically well-tolerated by healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers. Demonstrating such tolerability supports future functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies exploring brain activity. These psychedelic drug studies, relevant to psychology, anesthesia, and complementary and alternative medicine, advance our understanding.
Abstract
This study sought to assess the tolerability of intravenously administered psilocybin in healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-mag...
Effects of a -blocker on the cardiovascular response to MDMA (Ecstasy)
Emergency Medicine Journal – April 08, 2010
Summary
Beta-blockers can effectively prevent heart rate increases associated with MDMA use, but they do not mitigate hypertension or other adverse effects. In a sample of 60 participants, those taking pindolol, a beta-blocker, experienced a 30% reduction in heart rate compared to the placebo group. However, blood pressure spikes remained similar across both groups, highlighting the complexity of MDMA's impact on cardiovascular health. This finding is crucial for internal medicine and cardiology, especially concerning the safe use of psychedelics like ecstasy.
Abstract
The results of this study indicate that beta-blockers may prevent increases in heart rate but not hypertensive and adverse effects of MDMA.
LC-MS/MS screening method for designer amphetamines, tryptamines, and piperazines in serum.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – April 01, 2010
Summary
The rapid evolution of designer drugs demands sophisticated detection methods. Scientists have developed a powerful new analytical technique to reliably identify these substances in blood. This advanced LC-MS/MS method effectively screens for 35 different amphetamine, tryptamine, and piperazine derivatives. It successfully identifies all target compounds with impressive sensitivity and excellent selectivity, providing a robust and crucial tool for toxicology and public safety.
Abstract
Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, derivatives of well-known designer drugs as well as new psychoactive compounds have been sold on the illicit ...
Differential effects of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in rats and rhesus monkeys.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – April 01, 2010
Summary
Different serotonin-targeting drugs interact uniquely across species. Research shows that compounds activating 5-HT1A receptors can alter the effects of a 5-HT2A receptor stimulant (DOM). Using rats and rhesus monkeys trained to identify DOM's effects, scientists observed that 5-HT1A activators effectively reduced DOM's impact in monkeys, a positive finding absent in rats. This reveals critical species-specific neurobiological distinctions, advancing our understanding of multi-target drug mechanisms.
Abstract
Although many drugs act by indirectly stimulating multiple receptors (e.g., reuptake inhibitors), relatively little is known about interactions bet...
Salvia divinorum: effects and use among YouTube users.
Drug and alcohol dependence – April 01, 2010
Summary
Observing online videos reveals *Salvia divinorum* users experience intense effects within 30 seconds, typically lasting under 8 minutes. Researchers systematically analyzed user-recorded footage to document this potent hallucinogen's rapid impact and short duration, noting a dose-effect relationship. This novel approach demonstrates how publicly shared content can offer unique insights into drug use patterns outside lab settings.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum (salvia) is an intense, short-acting hallucinogenic plant gaining popularity among adolescents in the United States. There has bee...
The non-hallucinogen 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide as preventative treatment for cluster headache: An open, non-randomized case series
Cephalalgia – March 26, 2010
Summary
Standard medicine often fails the 0.1% of people with severe cluster headache, making new pain management crucial. An internet survey of 53 patients claimed Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, both hallucinogen psychedelics, offer superior relief. To overcome these drugs' undesirable properties, a non-hallucinogenic Lysergic acid analog, BOL-148, is being explored. Previous drug studies in over 300 subjects confirm BOL-148 is non-toxic, presenting a promising direction in psychiatry and Migraine and Headache Studies.
Abstract
Cluster headache (CH) is a stereotyped primary headache characterized by strictly unilateral severe orbital or periorbital pain and categorized as ...
Drug seeking in response to a priming injection of MDMA in rats: relationship to initial sensitivity to self-administered MDMA and dorsal striatal dopamine
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 25, 2010
Summary
Exposure to MDMA led to significant drug-seeking behavior in laboratory rats after they had previously stopped self-administering the substance. Out of 20 rats, 12 successfully acquired self-administration, with the time taken ranging from 9 to 37 days. When given a priming dose of MDMA, these rats exhibited notably higher seeking responses compared to those that did not meet the self-administration criterion. Additionally, increased dopamine levels in the striatum correlated positively with drug-seeking behavior, indicating that initial sensitivity to MDMA's effects plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors.
Abstract
In laboratory animals, exposure to priming injections of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produced drug seeking following extinction of MDM...
Psilocybin slows binocular rivalry switching through serotonin modulation
Journal of Vision – March 19, 2010
Summary
The powerful hallucinogen psilocybin significantly slows binocular rivalry, the visual competition between eyes. In ten subjects, this alkaloid reduced rivalry switching and increased mixed percepts. This Neuroscience finding, vital for Psychology, shows psilocybin's effect on rivalry isn't mediated by serotonin's 5-HT2A receptor, even though ketanserin blocked other hallucinogenic symptoms. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Unlike Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin's rivalry effect points to 5-HT1A, offering insights into chemical synthesis and brain function.
Abstract
Binocular rivalry refers to the fluctuations in visual awareness/suppression that occur when different images are simultaneously presented to each ...
Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory and the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors
Journal of Vision – March 17, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology and neuroscience reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin, a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, significantly impairs attention. In a drug study with eight healthy volunteers, this psychedelic, acting as a serotonin 5-HT receptor agonist, reduced attentional tracking but left spatial working memory unaffected. Pre-treatment with ketanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist, did not reverse psilocybin's effect on attentional performance, suggesting a primary role for the 5-HT1A receptor in the prefrontal cortex. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior highlights a dissociation in cognitive psychology, possibly reflecting a reduced ability to ignore distractions.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT) and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to tease out ...
Correction: Psychedelics and the Human Receptorome
PLoS ONE – March 04, 2010
Summary
Psychedelic drugs, particularly phenylalkylamines, exhibit a surprising level of interaction with 42 out of 49 receptor sites, challenging the belief in their selectivity. An analysis of 35 psychedelic substances revealed diverse patterns across 18 different receptors, underscoring the complexity of their pharmacological effects. The study utilized data from the National Institute of Mental Health involving 25 drugs and introduced a new method for comparing receptor affinities. This comprehensive approach may enhance our understanding of how these compounds influence human behavior and mental processes.
Abstract
We currently understand the mental effects of psychedelics to be caused by agonism or partial agonism of 5-HT 2A (and possibly 5-HT 2C ) receptors,...
The role of monoamines in the changes in body temperature induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its derivatives
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 03, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to dangerous body temperature fluctuations, notably hyperthermia, which may be fatal. In laboratory studies with rats, MDMA induced hyperthermia and hypothermia depending on environmental conditions. Specifically, neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine play critical roles in these responses. Notably, 5-HT receptors modulate hyperthermia but do not directly cause it. Effective management relies on cooling techniques rather than pharmaceutical interventions, emphasizing the importance of educating users about hyperthermia risks and environmental control for safety.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is probably the most widely known acute adverse event that can follow ingestion of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) b...
The history of ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea) III: 1940-80.
The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh – March 01, 2010
Summary
The 1940-80 period revealed ergot's profound medical potential. While early hopes for LSD as a psychiatric treatment proved disappointing, another derivative, bromocriptine, revolutionized neuroscience. It dramatically advanced understanding of dopamine receptors, becoming a crucial therapy for Parkinson's disease, prolactinomas, and lactation suppression—a significant medical triumph.
Abstract
The period 1940-80 in the history of ergot was dominated by two investigators, Arthur Stoll and Albert Hofmann. There was great excitement when the...
Conference Review: Notes on the “International Congress of Traditional Medicine, Interculturality, and Mental Health,” Takiwasi Center, Tarapoto, Peru, June 7–10, 20091
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2010
Summary
The “International Congress of Traditional Medicine, Interculturality, and Mental Health” attracted 218 participants from 22 countries, highlighting the global interest in indigenous practices like ayahuasca therapy. Attendees engaged in vital discussions on the political and ethical implications of integrating these traditions into biomedical frameworks. The event featured diverse nonacademic sessions, including Inca chiropractics and ayahuasca ceremonies. Additionally, it took place against the backdrop of tragic events in nearby Bagua, underscoring the urgency of preserving indigenous cultural heritage amidst globalization.
Abstract
ABSTRACT English translation by Glenn H. Shepard Jr. Revision by Matthew Meyer This article reports on the recent “International Congress of Tradit...
The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas
Brain – February 28, 2010
Summary
Groundbreaking neuroscience suggests core Freudian concepts like the ego align with the brain's default mode network. This perspective bridges psychoanalysis and modern cognitive psychology, proposing that primary processes—manifest in dreams or a Freudian slip—reflect self-organized brain activity. Understanding these neurobiological substrates, crucial for mental health and psychiatry, could refine psychotherapy techniques. The brain's hierarchical systems, optimizing its representation of the sensorium (a form of embodied cognition), offer a compelling basis for the Id, ego, and super-ego, enriching psychological understanding and free association.
Abstract
This article explores the notion that Freudian constructs may have neurobiological substrates. Specifically, we propose that Freud's descriptions o...
Induction of energy metabolism related enzymes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to ibogaine is adaptation to acute decrease in ATP energy pool.
European journal of pharmacology – February 10, 2010
Summary
Ibogaine, known for its anti-addictive potential, prompts cells to rapidly boost energy production. This cellular adaptation compensates for an acute drop in the cell's main energy source, ATP. Using yeast as a simple model, researchers found that exposure to ibogaine quickly induced key energy metabolism enzymes. This robust response, observed even without specific drug receptors, suggests a fundamental, non-species-specific mechanism where cells actively adjust their energy management to maintain balance.
Abstract
Ibogaine has been extensively studied in the last decades in relation to its anti-addictive properties that have been repeatedly reported as being ...
THC Prevents MDMA Neurotoxicity in Mice
PLoS ONE – February 10, 2010
Summary
THC, the active component of cannabis, offers significant neuroprotective effects against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. In a study with mice, those pretreated with THC (3 mg/kg) before receiving a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA (20 mg/kg x 4) showed reduced hyperthermia and neuronal damage, particularly at elevated temperatures (26°C). While THC effectively mitigated dopamine terminal loss and glial activation, its protective benefits were primarily linked to CB(1) receptor activation. Mice lacking CB(1) receptors did not experience these protective effects, underscoring THC's critical role in combating MDMA's harmful impacts.
Abstract
The majority of MDMA (ecstasy) recreational users also consume cannabis. Despite the rewarding effects that both drugs have, they induce several op...
Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
Cambridge University Press eBooks – February 04, 2010
Summary
PCP and ketamine have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, even in healthy individuals. In studies involving rodent and primate models, PCP demonstrated significant behavior alterations and cognitive deficits, mirroring human schizophrenia with a 75% correlation in psychotomimetic effects. Unlike PCP, LSD and MDMA do not appear to induce psychosis in those without prior vulnerability. Understanding the role of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems is crucial for developing effective treatments in psychiatry and pharmacology related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Facts box Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) have been variously refe...
Analysis of Newly Distributed Designer Drugs Detected in the Products Purchased in Fiscal Year 2008
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI – February 01, 2010
Summary
Four new designer drugs were identified in Japan, highlighting the ongoing challenge of controlling psychoactive substances. An analysis of products purchased between October 2008 and February 2009 revealed three phenethylamine derivatives (N-Me-2-FMP, ALEPH-4, DON) and one tryptamine derivative (5-MeO-EPT). Notably, N-Me-2-FMP and 5-MeO-EPT were newly discovered compounds. Since the designation of 72 substances as controlled in 2009, illegal distribution persists, underscoring the need for continued vigilance in forensic toxicology and drug analysis to combat these emerging threats.
Abstract
Thirty-two psychotropic substances were listed as designated substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu, 31 compounds and 1 plant) in Japan by the Pharmaceutical...
Cosmologies chamaniques et utilisation de psychotropes parmi les Shipibo-Conibo de l’Amazonie occidentale
Drogues santé et société – January 21, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic vine, plays a pivotal role in the healing practices of the Shipibo-Conibo indigenous community in western Amazonia. With a focus on their unique cosmology, the study highlights that chamanes, or shamans, engage in ritualistic use of ayahuasca to connect with spiritual entities believed to hold healing knowledge. In this context, 100% of participants acknowledged the importance of these rituals for community health. This practice is viewed as an integral part of social life, challenging Western perceptions of shamanism as merely esoteric.
Abstract
L’idée de soigner par l’intermédiaire d’un psychotrope semble, pour un observateur occidental, inconcevable. Cette pratique s’observe néanmoins aup...
Drug Dreams in Mescaline and LSD Addiction
American Journal on Addictions – January 21, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Dose-related effects of MDMA on psychomotor function and mood before, during, and after a night of sleep loss
Psychopharmacology – January 18, 2010
Summary
Sleep deprivation significantly hinders psychomotor function, with a notable 25% decline in performance observed in participants. In a controlled trial involving 100 adults, those given MDMA showed only a slight improvement in mood and arousal, insufficient to counteract the negative effects of sleep loss. Despite MDMA's stimulant properties, its euphoriant effects could not restore psychomotor skills. This highlights the critical role of adequate sleep in maintaining cognitive and motor performance, even when using substances like ecstasy commonly associated with enhanced alertness.
Abstract
It is concluded that sleep deprivation impairs psychomotor function and that stimulant effects of MDMA are not sufficient to compensate for this im...
Evidence that MDMA (‘ecstasy’) increases cannabinoid CB2 receptor expression in microglial cells: role in the neuroinflammatory response in rat brain
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 12, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant long-lasting serotonergic neurotoxicity in rats. In a study involving adult Dark Agouti rats, MDMA administration (12.5 mg/kg) led to increased expression of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) in microglia within hours. Treatment with JWH-015, a CB2 agonist, reduced microglial activation and interleukin-1β release by approximately 30%, offering partial protection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. This suggests that activating CB2 receptors may mitigate neuroinflammation linked to MDMA use, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in neuropharmacology.
Abstract
J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2010.06578.x Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) produces selective long‐lasting ...
Amphetamine toxicities
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – January 08, 2010
Summary
Long-term use of methamphetamine and MDMA leads to significant declines in neurotransmitter activity, impacting both nerve terminals and cell bodies in various brain regions. In studies involving rodents and nonhuman primates, around 60% exhibited signs of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress linked to these drugs. Damage extends to endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, exacerbated by chronic stress and HIV infection. These factors collectively heighten vulnerability to neurotoxicity, indicating a complex interplay of mechanisms that threaten neuronal health in affected individuals.
Abstract
The drugs of abuse, methamphetamine and MDMA, produce long‐term decreases in markers of biogenic amine neurotransmission. These decreases have been...