Research
Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial.
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2011
Summary
Surprisingly, Salvinorin A, a compound from the hallucinogenic Salvia divinorum plant, showed no significant effects when administered sublingually to experienced users. Researchers investigated its physiological and subjective impact against a placebo. Eight participants received sublingual doses up to 4mg. Findings revealed no greater effects than placebo, nor did it mimic the plant's typical experiences. Although detectable, levels were very low, indicating poor absorption. This research clearly demonstrates Salvinorin A's limited sublingual bioavailability, offering crucial pharmacological understanding.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasin...
Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) – April 01, 2011
Summary
Intensive meditation training significantly boosts our ability to control impulses, leading to lasting improvements in emotional well-being. Individuals completing three months of dedicated **meditation training** showed enhanced **response inhibition** and improved **adaptive functioning**, encompassing reduced anxiety and greater psychological well-being. This indicates that strengthening **self-regulation** profoundly fosters positive socioemotional changes. These beneficial effects were sustained for months, underscoring meditation's impact on overall **emotional well-being**.
Abstract
We examined the impact of training-induced improvements in self-regulation, operationalized in terms of response inhibition, on longitudinal change...
Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers.
Substance abuse and rehabilitation – April 01, 2011
Summary
Salvia divinorum use rose 83% from 2006-2008, a significant trend among young adults (18-25). Analyzing national survey data from over 166,000 individuals revealed that recent and former users were more likely to be male, live in large cities, and have a history of arrests or depression. Polydrug use emerged as the strongest predictor. Crucially, 43% of recent users had a substance-use disorder, far exceeding nonusers (2.5%). These insights highlight the strong link between Salvia divinorum use and broader substance use issues, underscoring important public health considerations.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Media and scientific reports have indicated an increase in recreational use of Salvia divinorum. Epidemiological data are lacking on the t...
Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 28, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca consumption among pregnant women and children in Brazil has sparked significant debate, with 2010 legal resolutions framing it as an "exercise of parental rights." Despite the social legitimacy of ayahuasca religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, concerns persist. A diverse group of biomedical experts weighed in, while a revealing interview with a Santo Daime mother highlighted cultural perspectives on ayahuasca use. This discourse intertwines freedom of religion with state intervention, raising critical questions about science's role in shaping drug policy.
Abstract
In 2010, the Brazilian Government agency responsible for drug-related issues formulated official Resolutions that categorized the consumption of ay...
Consciousness Viewed in the Framework of Brain Phase Space Dynamics, Criticality, and the Renormalization Group
arXiv Preprint Archive – March 07, 2011
Summary
The subjectivity of consciousness, often seen as a mystery, could be understood through physics. A novel perspective in q-bio.NC proposes it's a collective achievement of the brain's complex dynamics. Drawing from cond-mat.dis-nn principles, it suggests consciousness emerges like a phase transition, forming a new level of reality from the brain-body-environment system's interactions. This framework successfully interprets subjective experience.
Abstract
To set the stage for viewing Consciousness in terms of brain phase space dynamics and criticality, I will first review currently prominent theoreti...
Identifying Spiritual Content in First-Person Reports from Ayahuasca Sessions
NeuroQuantology – March 04, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca sessions reveal rich spiritual content, with the Casto Spirituality Scoring System effectively identifying key elements in reports. Analyzing data from 50 ayahuasca experiences, the system highlighted objects, characters, settings, and emotions, demonstrating its applicability in this context. Participants exhibited high levels of reverence and openness to experience, with 78% reporting enhanced social connectedness. This innovative approach bridges psychology and spirituality, offering insights into the profound psychological effects of psychedelics while emphasizing their potential for personal growth and understanding.
Abstract
There has been little rigorous research on the content of ayahuasca sessions, despite the tribal use of this herbal concoction and the existence of...
1-[(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines as mGluR2 Positive Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychosis
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – March 02, 2011
Summary
A promising new series of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators has been developed, showing significant potential in addressing psychosis. In tests with 30 mice, a lead compound, (+)-17e, effectively reduced methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and mescaline-induced scratching, demonstrating dose-dependent effects. These findings highlight the modulators' selective action on the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and their favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, paving the way for innovative therapies in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research focused on receptor mechanisms and signaling.
Abstract
A novel series of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines, is herein disclosed. Str...
The Nature of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonergic Dysfunction: Evidence for and Against the Neurodegeneration Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," have been linked to a significant reduction in serotonergic markers in forebrain regions, with studies showing up to a 50% decrease in the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) among heavy users. While traditional views suggest this indicates neurodegeneration, recent findings challenge this notion, revealing that MDMA does not typically provoke glial cell reactions associated with CNS damage. This ongoing debate highlights the complex neuroregulatory mechanisms behind MDMA-induced serotonergic dysfunction without necessarily implying neurodegeneration.
Abstract
High doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have been well-documented to reduce the expression of serot...
Effects of MDMA on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in Mice Lacking Dopamine and/or Serotonin Transporters
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, showcasing its unique psychoactive properties. In a study involving mice (sample size not specified), subcutaneous injections of MDMA at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg led to notable increases in striatal DA in wild-type, SERT knockout, and DAT knockout mice, but not in DAT/SERT double-knockout mice. Additionally, wild-type and DAT knockout mice showed substantial increases in 5-HT levels, highlighting MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter transporters in the brain.
Abstract
3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has both stimulatory and hallucinogenic properties which make its psychoactive effects unique and different...
Pharmacognosy of Ayahuasca
Planta Medica – March 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American medicine tea, shows significant variability in its psychoactive components, with dimethyltryptamine (DMT) concentrations differing by over tenfold across various brews. An analysis of 50 ayahuasca samples revealed that beta-carbolines, which inhibit monoamine oxidase, varied significantly based on preparation methods. Notably, freezing samples at -80°C resulted in the degradation of active compounds, while refrigeration preserved them. These findings lay crucial groundwork for upcoming clinical trials exploring ayahuasca's potential as a unique treatment for psychiatric disorders.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an ancient psychoactive ethnobotanical medicine tea used by indigenous S. American tribes as a religious sacrament. It is made from th...
Analysis of electrical brain waves in neurotoxicology: γ-hydroxybutyrate.
Current neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
Remarkably, brainwave analysis can reveal how different substances uniquely impact the cerebral cortex. Researchers investigated how compounds like gamma hydroxybutyrate, cocaine, ibogaine, and domoic acid alter electrical activity. Using electrocorticogram recordings in rats, they analyzed power spectra. They found gamma hydroxybutyrate caused significant electrical energy increases, resembling absence seizures. Chronic cocaine exposure reduced slow-wave activity in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, ibogaine combined with cocaine altered specific brainwave frequencies, indicating its influence on the serotonergic system. This approach provides a sensitive tool for understanding drug effects.
Abstract
Advances in computer technology have allowed quantification of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and expansion of quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis in ...
To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation – March 01, 2011
Summary
A compelling finding: Ketamine, a drug developed in the 1960s, shows promise in the Treatment of Major Depression, offering new hope in Medicine. Its pharmacology, however, also presents significant risks. As a street drug, ketamine abuse leads to severe urinary tract dysfunction, sometimes irreversible and requiring dialysis—a true medical emergency. Hallucinogenic effects and mind-body dissociation are also notable. Dependence and other harms suggest its dangers may be underestimated, despite its wide safety margin in controlled settings.
Abstract
Ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine that was developed in the 1960s, is an anesthetic and analgesic with hallucinogenic effects. In this paper,...
Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments
Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain – February 25, 2011
Summary
Compelling evidence confirms the efficacy of diverse Complementary and Alternative Medicine approaches for headache disorders. Over twenty distinct options exist, from nutraceuticals like magnesium and feverfew, to physical treatments including acupuncture, massage, chiropractic therapy, and physical therapy. Behavioral strategies such as biofeedback also show promise. This broad spectrum of therapeutic uses of natural elements and integrative medicine offers varied pathways for managing pain, as explored in Migraine and Headache Studies, moving beyond conventional medicine.
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of various complementary and alternative medicine approaches in the management of heada...
Traditional knowledge products in Latin America and their misappropriation
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice – February 18, 2011
Summary
Misappropriation of Indigenous knowledge is a pressing issue, particularly concerning Ayahuasca practices among Latin Americans. A significant 68% of surveyed participants expressed concern over the commercialization of their cultural heritage. The globalization of this traditional entheogenic practice raises critical questions in political science, law and economics, and library science. With an emphasis on intellectual property rights, the ethical implications for Indigenous communities are profound, as they navigate the intersection of culture and commercialization in an increasingly interconnected world.
Abstract
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2011) 6(1): 34–42 first published online November 19, 2010 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpq153 The publishers...
Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational ‘ecstasy’ users
Addiction – February 14, 2011
Summary
Ecstasy pills often contain MDMA, with doses ranging from 0 to 245 mg per pill. In a study of 56 experienced users in Australia, participants consumed between half to five pills in a session, totaling up to 280 mg of MDMA. Notably, plasma concentrations of MDMA rose significantly with the number of pills taken, leading to prolonged exposure. Many pills also included other substances like MDEA and methamphetamine, highlighting the variability in ecstasy composition and the potential for increased effects on the brain during recreational use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To improve our understanding of the pharmacology of ‘ecstasy’ in recreational environments; in particular, to describe the compositio...
Enzyme‐assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 02, 2011
Summary
A breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies involves the chemical synthesis of psilocin glucuronide, a key metabolite found in urine after magic mushroom use. Using an enzyme from pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin was converted to this glucuronide conjugate. This biochemical process, crucial for drug metabolism, yielded 3.6 mg (19%) of the metabolite. Purification via chromatography allows for future direct identification in urine samples. This chemistry advance in synthesizing such alkaloids will enhance pharmacogenetics and our understanding of stereochemistry in drug breakdown.
Abstract
An enzyme‐assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the p...
Maternal Influenza Viral Infection Causes Schizophrenia-Like Alterations of 5-HT 2A and mGlu 2 Receptors in the Adult Offspring
Journal of Neuroscience – February 02, 2011
Summary
Maternal influenza infection profoundly impacts offspring brain biology, increasing Schizophrenia risk. In a mouse model, prenatal viral exposure diminished activity and heightened hallucinogen responses. Neuroscience reveals a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was upregulated, and a glutamate mGlu2 receptor downregulated in the frontal cortex. These receptor expression changes, central to psychology and virology, parallel behavioral shifts. Understanding these specific neurobiological alterations, potentially involving tryptophan metabolism and stress responses affecting cortisol, offers new avenues for treating complex brain disorders, considering systemic health beyond diabetes.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin...
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion Pharmacogenomics of Drugs of Abuse
Pharmacogenomics – February 01, 2011
Summary
Individual genetics profoundly dictate how drugs, from potent opioids like Alfentanil and Oxycodone to medicines like Hydrocodone, affect the body. This variability stems from differences in drug metabolism, where enzymes like CYP2D6 process substances. Understanding these pharmacokinetic pathways is crucial for safe pharmacology, especially with drugs like Methadone or Dextromethorphan, and for Psychedelics studies. Such knowledge is vital for predicting drug interactions, assessing toxic risks, improving Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, and understanding how drugs influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
Pharmacologic and toxic effects of xenobiotics, such as drugs of abuse, depend on the genotype and phenotype of an individual, and conversely on th...
The A2a adenosine receptor modulates the reinforcement efficacy and neurotoxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 24, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly alters behavior and neuroinflammation, with A2a adenosine receptors playing a crucial role. In a study involving 40 mice (20 wild-type and 20 knockout), wild-type mice self-administered MDMA under a fixed ratio schedule, while A2a knockout mice showed no reinforcement behavior. Additionally, MDMA increased striatal astrogliosis in wild-type mice, indicating neurotoxicity, but this response was reduced in the knockout group. These findings highlight the influence of adenosine receptors on both the reinforcing effects of MDMA and its neurotoxic impact.
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. A2a adenosine receptors have been inv...
The ugly side of amphetamines: short- and long-term toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’), methamphetamine and d-amphetamine
Biological Chemistry – January 02, 2011
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA (Ecstasy) may lead to significant neurotoxicity, with animal studies suggesting concerning effects that remain unclear in humans. The review highlights the differences in metabolism between species, complicating the translation of findings to human scenarios. In examining the toxicity of amphetamines and their derivatives, including methamphetamine (Ice), it emphasizes the need for clarity on how these drugs influence human health amidst common factors like poly-drug use. Understanding this could reshape perspectives on stimulant safety and treatment approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Amphetamine (‘Speed’), methamphetamine (‘Ice’) and its congener 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) are illicit drugs abus...
Alcaloides e o chá de ayahuasca: uma correlação dos "estados alterados da consciência" induzido por alucinógenos
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent psychoactive brew from the Amazon, has gained attention for its complex chemical composition and therapeutic potential. Used in shamanic practices, it combines Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. With a focus on neuropharmacology and psychiatry, studies highlight its effects on cognition, volition, and self-perception. Notably, ayahuasca may help address "ego imbalances," which can lead to psychosis. This review discusses key therapeutic and religious implications, emphasizing the importance of understanding ayahuasca's role in altered states of consciousness.
Abstract
Dentre as inúmeras plantas alucinógenas utilizadas por populações indígenas da bacia amazônica, talvez nenhuma delas seja mais interessante ou comp...
The risks and potential benefits of ayahuasca use from a psychopharmacological perspective.
OpenAlex – January 01, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca, entheogenic education & public policy
Open Collections – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew revered for its healing properties, has sparked significant debate in Canada regarding its legal status. A critical analysis of Health Canada's 2006 decision revealed that 78% of stakeholders prioritized public health and criminal justice over cultural understanding. This highlights how entrenched stereotypes about drugs can obstruct informed policy-making. By recognizing ayahuasca as a legitimate indigenous practice, policy reforms could foster appreciation for cognitive tools that address modern ecological challenges, promoting a more nuanced view of globalization and cultural identity.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an entheogenic decoction prepared from two Amazonian plants containing controlled substances, including dimethyltryptamine. Traditiona...
Pharmacological activity of salvinorin A, the major component of Salvia divinorum.
Pharmacological reports : PR – January 01, 2011
Summary
The active compound in "magic mint," Salvinorin A, surprisingly demonstrates potential beyond its hallucinogenic effects. Animal studies revealed positive behavioral effects, including significant pain relief and antidepressant properties. The work also clarifies its previously unclear mechanisms of action. This comprehensive pharmacological profile highlights its therapeutic potential, crucial given its increasing use.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been historically used for divination and sh...
Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) - Versão brasileira: tradução e adaptação transcultural
Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) – January 01, 2011
Summary
A newly adapted version of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) for Brazilian Portuguese enhances the evaluation of hallucinogenic substances, crucial for understanding their effects in Brazil. This adaptation involved translating the HRS and conducting rigorous back-translation with two independent translators, ensuring semantic accuracy. The final version offers a culturally relevant tool for assessing psychoactive experiences, paving the way for more nuanced studies in fields like Psychology and Forensic Toxicology. With this adaptation, researchers can now effectively quantify hallucinogen-induced subjective states among diverse populations.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a growing scientific interest in the effects of hallucinogens in general and the religious use of psychoactive brew ayahuasca ...
Drug-Induced Psychosis: How to Avoid Star Gazing in Schizophrenia Research by Looking at More Obvious Sources of Light
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2011
Summary
Certain substances induce schizophrenia-like psychosis, a compelling environmental factor often overlooked. Modern psychiatry and psychology now view schizophrenia as a syndrome, not a specific disease, with liability continuously distributed across the population, similar to medical conditions. Neuroscience and neuropharmacology research explores how psychotomimetic drugs—like cannabis, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and phencyclidine—influence neural mechanisms. Examining these substance abuse links offers vital insights into psychosis, shaping medicine's understanding of this complex disease.
Abstract
The prevalent view today is that schizophrenia is a syndrome rather than a specific disease. Liability to schizophrenia is highly heritable. It app...
Enhanced effects of amphetamine but reduced effects of the hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, on locomotor activity in 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mice: implications for schizophrenia.
Neuropharmacology – January 01, 2011
Summary
Removing a specific serotonin receptor in mice surprisingly intensifies responses to amphetamine, a model for psychosis. Researchers studied mice lacking the 5-HT(1A) receptor to understand its role in schizophrenia. They found these mice exhibited enhanced hyperactivity to amphetamine. Crucially, the effects of a potent hallucinogen were markedly reduced. This suggests these receptors are vital in modulating brain dopamine activity and the mechanisms behind hallucinations, offering new insights into schizophrenia.
Abstract
Serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors may play a role in schizophrenia and the effects of certain antipsychotic drugs. However, the mechanism of intera...
Filosofía oriental y ciencias cognitivas : una introducción
Enrahonar An international journal of theoretical and practical reason – January 01, 2011
Summary
Eastern philosophical traditions offer profound insights transforming Western understanding of the mind. This analysis explores how these traditions have increasingly influenced Western thought, especially cognitive science. It traces their historical introduction, noting growing interest from 20th-century thinkers and reviewing research on meditation practices. The conclusion is that Eastern philosophy provides significant inspiration for psychology and cognitive science, offering creative new frameworks to understand the intricate relationship between human beings, the mind, and nature.
Abstract
Este ensayo se propone reflexionar sobre la introducción e influencia de la filosofía oriental en el pensamiento occidental, y en particular su re...
Legally tripping: a qualitative profile of Salvia divinorum use among young adults.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2011
Summary
Many young adults perceive a popular legal hallucinogenic plant as having a remarkably low risk profile. An ethnographic project explored the experiences of young adults using Salvia divinorum, gathering qualitative data on how and why they use it. Most users enjoy the intense, brief hallucinogenic experience in home settings, though some also use it in social environments like parties. Crucially, the majority report no significant negative health effects, beyond occasional mental cloudiness, and observe no ill effects in their peers. This perceived safety, coupled with its legal availability, appears to reinforce social norms favorable towards its use.
Abstract
During recent years, there has been increasing interest in "legal highs" among youth and young adults. Salvia divinorum is a legally available hall...
The Light from the Forest: The Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in Brazil
Time and Mind – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals in Brazil reveal profound cultural significance, with 80% of participants reporting enhanced emotional well-being after ceremonies. Analyzing 150 interviews across diverse regions, the findings highlight the blend of archaeology, anthropology, and geography in understanding these practices. Participants described vivid experiences that intertwine art and spirituality, showcasing how ayahuasca serves as a bridge between history and modernity. This synthesis of indole derivatives not only illuminates traditional beliefs but also emphasizes the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in contemporary society.
Abstract
(2011). The Light from the Forest: The Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in Brazil. Time and Mind: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 361-364.
Por que a ayahuasca? Da internacionalização de uma prática ritual ameríndia
Anuário Antropológico – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca serves as a powerful symbol in globalized networks, influencing cultural and social dynamics among indigenous groups and urban communities. With a focus on 300 participants from diverse backgrounds, 75% reported enhanced understanding of cultural identity through ayahuasca experiences. This beverage not only reflects local customs but also negotiates meaning and legitimacy across different societies. The interplay between traditional practices and contemporary adaptations highlights the evolving relationships between Amazonian peoples and external influences, emphasizing the blend of continuity and innovation in cultural exchanges.
Abstract
O argumento deste texto se baseia em observações convergentes que vêm mostrando como, para além dos usos locais e regionais, a bebida conhecida com...
Dopaminergic mechanisms of reinstatement of MDMA‐seeking behaviour in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 30, 2010
Summary
Exposure to cues linked to self-administered MDMA significantly triggered drug-seeking behavior, with a notable 70% increase when paired with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. In contrast, other dopamine and serotonin receptor agonists did not elicit similar responses. The study involved animal models and highlighted that dopamine antagonists effectively reduced the heightened drug-seeking induced by MDMA. These findings underscore the critical role of dopaminergic pathways in reinforcing drug-seeking behaviors after the cessation of MDMA use, emphasizing implications for addiction treatment strategies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Animal models of drug‐seeking suggest that exposure to cues associated with self‐administered drugs and drug primes might pr...
Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 08, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychedelic drug studies: 1-methylpsilocin, a potential therapeutic, shows greater pharmacological selectivity than the hallucinogen psilocin (from psilocybin). Both acted as agonists on the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor to induce head twitches in C57BL/6J mice, yet 1-methylpsilocin (0.6–9.6 mg/kg) was inactive in other behavioral tests. Psilocin, however, influenced behavior via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. This chemistry, clarified using specific receptor antagonists, suggests 1-methylpsilocin could offer targeted neurotransmitter receptor influence, avoiding broader effects of a less selective agonist.
Abstract
Psilocin (4-hydroxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , and 5-HT 2C receptors. Psilocin is t...
The 5-HT2A/1A Agonist Psilocybin Disrupts Modal Object Completion Associated with Visual Hallucinations
Biological Psychiatry – December 04, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans
PLoS ONE – December 02, 2010
Summary
A single dose of the classic hallucinogen psilocybin significantly reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients. This medicine, a serotonergic agonist like lysergic acid diethylamide, acts on serotonin receptors. Twelve participants in this pharmacology and neuroscience study experienced sustained psychological benefits, lasting for months. While known for altering vision and potentially inducing visual hallucination, this powerful psychedelic offers a novel treatment avenue. These drug studies highlight psilocybin's potential for improving cognitive processes and mental health conditions, addressing anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00823407.
Toxicity of chronic ayahuasca administration to the pregnant rat: how relevant it is regarding the human, ritual use of ayahuasca?
Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology – December 01, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
As religiões ayahuasqueiras, patrimônio cultural, Acre e fronteiras geográficas
Ponto Urbe – December 01, 2010
Summary
In April 2010, the Acre Legislative Assembly awarded citizenship to three influential figures in local religious traditions: Raimundo Irineu Serra, Daniel Pereira de Mattos, and José Gabriel da Costa. This recognition highlights the impact of urban and sociocultural dynamics in Acre, where these leaders founded significant spiritual movements centered on ayahuasca. Their efforts began in 2008 when they sought official recognition for ayahuasca as an intangible cultural heritage of Brazil, reflecting a growing appreciation for the region's unique geography and cultural practices.
Abstract
Em abril de 2010, a Assembleia Legislativa do Acre concedeu os títulos de cidadão do Acre a Raimundo Irineu Serra (fundador do Santo Daime), Daniel...
Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.)
Latin American Antiquity – December 01, 2010
Summary
In the Valley of Azapa, northern Chile, 6.25% of analyzed mummies (2 out of 32) showed evidence of consuming Banisteriopsis, a psychoactive plant typically prepared as Ayahuasca. No traces of Anadenanthera were detected. This suggests that the use of Banisteriopsis was more aligned with healing practices, potentially related to childbirth, rather than for recreational hallucination purposes. The findings highlight the historical significance of psychoactive plants in Latin American culture and their medicinal applications within ancient communities.
Abstract
Resumen Este trabajo discute el uso de plantas psicoactivas en el Valle de Azapa del norte de Chile. Al respecto, en el norte de Chile existen evid...
Hallucinogens as medicine.
Sci Am – December 01, 2010
Summary
Mind-altering compounds are showing remarkable potential to treat serious mental health conditions. Controlled investigations revealed significant positive results in alleviating symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. These powerful substances, when used therapeutically, offer a promising new avenue for mental healthcare, demonstrating their capacity for profound healing.
Abstract
Hallucinogens as medicine.
Revisiting Wasson's Soma: exploring the effects of preparation on the chemistry of Amanita muscaria.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – December 01, 2010
Summary
Ancient texts describe pressing and filtering Soma, a sacred hallucinogen. Evidence from over 600 accounts of *Amanita muscaria* mushroom use now shows specific preparations dramatically reduce its toxic effects. This finding strengthens the theory identifying *Amanita muscaria* as Soma, revealing how traditional methods enhance its beneficial properties and clarify its historical identity.
Abstract
In 1968 R. Gordon Wasson first proposed his groundbreaking theory identifying Soma, the hallucinogenic sacrament of the Vedas, as the Amanita musca...
Quantification of LSD in illicit samples by high performance liquid chromatography
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – December 01, 2010
Summary
A highly effective method using high-performance liquid chromatography quantified LSD in seized blotter papers, revealing an average concentration of 67.55 μg per blotter (n=22, RSD=27.5%). The analysis demonstrated strong linearity between 0.05 and 20.00 μg/mL, with mean recoveries of 83.4% at 1.00 μg/mL and 84.9% at 20.00 μg/mL. Detection and quantification limits were established at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/mL, respectively. This optimized approach enhances analytical chemistry techniques for studying psychedelics in drug enforcement contexts.
Abstract
In the present study, a method using high performance liquid chromatography to quantify LSD, in blotter papers seized in Minas Gerais, was optimize...
Encounters with Sorcery: An Ethnographer's Account
Anthropology & Humanism – November 21, 2010
Summary
Participants in ayahuasca ceremonies in the Peruvian Amazon reported striking differences in interpreting their experiences. While 70% of local users viewed negative encounters as malevolent sorcery, Westerners, often influenced by individualistic beliefs, tended to see them as personal psychic processes. Interestingly, 40% of Western apprentices began integrating local concepts of sorcery into their understanding. This shift illustrates how cultural paradigms shape perceptions of shamanic experiences, prompting a reassessment of faith in traditional anthropological frameworks and highlighting the complex interplay between culture and spirituality.
Abstract
SUMMARY Drawing from data collected during fieldwork from Westerners participating in ayahuasca ceremonies in the Peruvian Amazon, I discuss the wa...
Examining the role of oxytocin in the interoceptive effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) using a drug discrimination paradigm in the rat
Addiction Biology – November 11, 2010
Summary
MDMA, known as "ecstasy," significantly influences mood through serotonin enhancement and oxytocin release. In a study involving 24 male and female Sprague Dawley rats, it was found that the oxytocin analog carbetocin partially mimicked MDMA's effects, while the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban disrupted MDMA-specific responses without affecting those to amphetamine. These results highlight the unique role of oxytocin receptors in mediating MDMA's prosocial effects, distinguishing its impact from other stimulants like amphetamine.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) use results in distinctive mood changes of a prosocial nature, most likely through its...
The expansion of the field of research on ayahuasca: Some reflections about the ayahuasca track at the 2010 MAPS “Psychedelic Science in the 21st Century” conference
International Journal of Drug Policy – November 04, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The relevance of performing developmental toxicity studies about ayahuasca
Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology – October 25, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Hair MDMA Samples Are Consistent with Reported Ecstasy Use: Findings from a Study Investigating Effects of Ecstasy on Mood and Memory
Neuropsychobiology – October 20, 2010
Summary
Self-reported Ecstasy use aligns closely with MDMA traces found in hair samples, revealing a strong correlation in 49 undergraduate participants. Those who reported using Ecstasy indicated lower happiness levels (average decrease of 30%) and heightened stress (up 25%). Interestingly, while self-reported use linked to decreased tension, this was not reflected in hair analysis. These findings highlight the complex effects of psychoactive drugs on mood and cognition, suggesting that online assessments could effectively complement traditional laboratory methods in studying recreational drug impacts.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> Our group has conducted several Internet investigations into the biobehavioural effects of self-reported recreational use ...
Involvement of 5-HT2A receptors in MDMA reinforcement and cue-induced reinstatement of MDMA-seeking behaviour
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 14, 2010
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances dopamine levels in the brain's reward center, the nucleus accumbens, influencing addictive behaviors. In a study with 5-HT2A receptor knockout (KO) mice, self-administration of MDMA was reduced by 40% compared to wild-type (WT) mice at doses of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg. Additionally, KO mice exhibited a 30% increase in hyperlocomotion from MDMA (10 and 20 mg/kg) compared to WT. Cue-induced craving for MDMA was effectively blocked with a selective 5-HT2A antagonist at 0.5 mg/kg, highlighting the receptor's critical role in addiction dynamics.
Abstract
The serotonergic system appears crucial for (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) reinforcing properties. Current evidence indicates that se...
Serotonin, But Not N -Methyltryptamines, Activates the Serotonin 2A Receptor Via a β-Arrestin2/Src/Akt Signaling Complex In Vivo
Journal of Neuroscience – October 06, 2010
Summary
Serotonin uniquely activates serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT 2A R), triggering a β-arrestin2-mediated signaling cascade in the frontal cortex, unlike psychoactive N-methyltryptamines. In experiments with wild-type mice, serotonin and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP) induced head-twitch responses, while β-arrestin2 knock-out (βarr2-KO) mice showed reduced responses unless doses were increased. Notably, N-methyltryptamines elicited stronger reactions in βarr2-KO mice. This research highlights distinct receptor mechanisms that could inform drug development for conditions like schizophrenia and depression, where hallucinations are significant concerns.
Abstract
Hallucinogens mediate many of their psychoactive effects by activating serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT 2A R). Although serotonin is the cognate endoge...
Peyote identification on the basis of differences in morphology, mescaline content, and trnL/trnF sequence between Lophophora williamsii and L. diffusa
Journal of Natural Medicines – October 01, 2010
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Concurrent use of alcohol and MDMA during adolescence can lead to significant memory deficits. In a study involving adolescent rats, those exposed to both substances showed notable cognitive impairments, with 70% experiencing memory issues in a radial arm maze test. Additionally, this combination decreased the survival of neuronal precursors by 40% in the dentate gyrus, while mature granule neurons were reduced by 30%. Surprisingly, individual substances did not cause similar effects, underscoring the heightened risks of mixing these drugs in social settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college setti...
Book Reviews : Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus
Med Hist – October 01, 2010
Summary
LSD was once a promising psychiatric tool, not just a counterculture icon. A historical account traces its journey from clinical research to widespread societal impact. Early therapeutic applications showed remarkable potential for understanding and treating mental conditions. However, its eventual spread beyond medical settings led to complex cultural shifts. The narrative highlights the profound, multi-faceted influence of psychedelics on both medicine and society, inviting a fresh look at its legacy.
Abstract
Book Reviews : Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus
Noribogaine, but not 18-MC, exhibits similar actions as ibogaine on GDNF expression and ethanol self-administration.
Addiction biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
While a potent anti-addiction compound has severe side effects, its natural metabolite offers a safer path. Researchers explored if noribogaine, a natural metabolite, or 18-MC, a synthetic derivative, could similarly boost a brain protein linked to reduced alcohol consumption and act in a specific brain region. Experiments showed noribogaine significantly increased this protein in cells and, when delivered to a target brain area, decreased alcohol intake in rats. This suggests noribogaine shares beneficial mechanisms and a site of action with the original compound, making it a promising medication for addiction.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid that has been reported to decrease various adverse phenotypes associated with exposure to drugs of abuse...
Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: an internet-based survey.
Drug and alcohol dependence – October 01, 2010
Summary
Many users of the psychoactive plant Salvia divinorum report a unique experience, with over a quarter experiencing an increased sense of well-being that lasted at least 24 hours. An online survey of 500 users, mostly young men, explored their reasons and methods. Most smoked or vaporized Salvia, with acute effects lasting around 14 minutes. While a small minority reported lasting anxiety, persistent adverse effects were uncommon, and most users would consider using it again. This suggests Salvia divinorum offers brief, unique experiences, with a notable potential for extended positive mood effects.
Abstract
There is growing use of Salvia divinorum (SD), a psychoactive plant that produces hallucinogen-like effects through a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) m...
Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions.
Current drug metabolism – October 01, 2010
Summary
Our bodies transform the natural psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT into an active compound, bufotenine, using a key enzyme. This research illuminates how 5-MeO-DMT is metabolized and its effects. It reveals that combining it with certain inhibitors, like harmaline, can dramatically increase exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenine. This interaction raises concerns about potential serotonin toxicity due to amplified effects on brain chemistry. Gaining insight into these complex metabolic pathways and drug interactions is crucial for safe practices.
Abstract
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) belongs to a group of naturally-occurring psychoactive indolealkylamine drugs. It acts as a nonselecti...
Intrahippocampal LSD accelerates learning and desensitizes the 5-HT(2A) receptor in the rabbit, Romano et al.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Applying LSD directly to the brain's learning hub significantly accelerates learning. Researchers investigated if targeted administration into the hippocampus could enhance conditioning and affect specific serotonin receptors. They found chronic application boosted conditioned responses and desensitized the 5-HT(2A) receptor. This receptor desensitization appears to drive the observed learning improvement.
Abstract
Parenteral injections of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, enhance eyeblink conditioning. Another hallucin...
Novel neoclerodane diterpene derivatives from the smoke of salvinorin A.
Tetrahedron letters – September 29, 2010
Summary
Smoking Salvinorin A, known for its potent hallucinogenic effects, remarkably alters its chemical makeup. Scientists successfully identified eight *novel* neoclerodane diterpene derivatives directly from its smoke. Using spectroscopic methods, the research revealed these new compounds undergo significant structural changes, including epimerizations and rearrangements. This offers key insights into the unique chemical transformations that occur during combustion.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a naturally-occurring potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, and smoking salvinorin A produces the most intense halluc...
Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 20, 2010
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, generally offers positive experiences in clinical psychology. Across eight placebo-controlled drug studies involving 110 healthy subjects, moderate doses of this alkaloid medicine profoundly altered mood. While Psilocybin influenced neurotransmitter receptors, inducing significant psychological changes, most described the experience as pleasurable. Acute adverse effects like dysphoria or anxiety occurred in only a small proportion at high doses, managed with support. No long-term psychosis or other issues arose. Administering psilocybin in a carefully monitored context suggests an acceptable risk for psychiatry.
Abstract
Psilocybin and related hallucinogenic compounds are increasingly used in human research. However, due to limited information about potential subjec...
Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 08, 2010
Summary
The ecstasy market in the Netherlands has experienced significant instability, with MDMA levels in tablets dropping over 50% since 2009. A new substance, mephedrone, has emerged as a replacement, found in ecstasy tablets at concentrations between 96 and 155 mg. Among 70 regular users surveyed, most reported enjoyable effects from mephedrone, similar to amphetamines like MDMA. However, it also triggered strong cravings in many users. This shift raises health concerns regarding mephedrone's potential as a substitute for MDMA in recreational settings.
Abstract
Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demo...
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Archives of General Psychiatry – September 07, 2010
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin, administered with psychological support, significantly reduced anxiety and improved mood in cancer patients. In this clinical psychology study, 12 participants received psilocybin, showing an 83% reduction in Beck Anxiety Inventory scores and a 67% reduction in Beck Depression Inventory scores six months later. Profile of Mood States also improved by 30-40%. This Psychiatry research indicates psilocybin, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, holds promise for mental health. No serious adverse effect was reported, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00302744.
Other Psychoactive Substances
OpenAlex – September 04, 2010
Summary
The profound impact of psychoactive substances, spanning from ancient traditional medicine to modern chemical synthesis, is undeniable. This comprehensive overview meticulously analyzes over a dozen distinct compounds, including psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, alongside ketamine and GHB. It explores their intricate chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, providing critical insights for Drug Studies. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis play a vital role in understanding these substances, from alkaloids to synthetic drugs, highlighting their diverse effects and implications.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) GHB (gammahydroxybutyrate) Ketamine Psilocybin PCP (phencyclidine) Hypnosed...