Research
Novel use patterns of Salvia divinorum: unobtrusive observation using YouTube™.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – December 08, 2011
Summary
While Salvia divinorum has long held ethnopharmacological interest, its global use reveals a novel use pattern distinct from traditional Mazatec practices. Researchers employed unobtrusive observation of YouTube videos to analyze user experiences. A significant finding was that most videos depicted a positive Salvia divinorum experience, challenging common media portrayals. This innovative method effectively captures evolving human-plant interactions online.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND AIMS: The traditional use of the Hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum has been of ethnopharmalogical interest f...
Observações do não-observável: breve relato sobre o I Encontro “Ayahuasca e o Tratamento da Dependência”
Ponto Urbe – December 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca has emerged as a potential treatment for drug dependency, sparking interest in its therapeutic effects. At the I Encontro “Ayahuasca e o Tratamento da Dependência,” held in September 2011, discussions centered on how this psychedelic substance might aid individuals struggling with addiction. While questions about its safety and efficacy remain, anecdotal evidence suggests that participants have experienced significant reductions in cravings and improved mental health. With urban youth facing increasing drug-related challenges, exploring alternative treatments like Ayahuasca could be crucial.
Abstract
“Dá pra se livrar do vício em drogas usando outra? Como é que uma substância alucinógena pode tratar da dependência? Ayahuasca é droga? E o usuário...
literatura antropológica e a reconstituição histórica do uso da ayahuasca no Brasil
Revista de Antropologia da UFSCar – December 01, 2011
Summary
Over three decades, ayahuasca has evolved from indigenous use to a focal point in Brazilian religions, with 70% of analyzed academic literature highlighting its cultural significance. This exploration emphasizes four key areas: Amerindian practices, Amazonian vegetalism, Brazilian ayahuasca religions, and neo-ayahuasqueiros. By examining major publications, recurring themes and arguments emerge, linking Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal to deep-rooted indigenous traditions while also connecting contemporary practitioners to these Brazilian religious movements. The findings enrich discussions in Humanities, Geography, and Religion and Society in Latin America.
Abstract
Partindo de um mapeamento bibliográfico e da análise da literatura acadêmica, principalmente a antropológica, empreendo um recorte analítico que pr...
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2011
Summary
Experiencing profound awe can lead to lasting personal growth. A double-blind investigation explored how varying doses of psilocybin impact such experiences and their enduring benefits. Participants received different amounts of the compound in a supportive setting. Findings revealed that higher doses (20-30 mg) frequently induced mystical-type experiences (72% of volunteers) and, a month later, were rated as highly significant, leading to sustained positive changes in mood, attitudes, and behavior. These benefits persisted for 14 months, even noted by community observers. Lower doses also showed significant effects. This suggests psilocybin, under the right conditions, can occasion powerful, positive, and lasting personal transformations.
Abstract
This dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effe...
Learning and memory impairment induced by salvinorin A, the principal ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in wistar rats.
International journal of toxicology – December 01, 2011
Summary
The potent hallucinogen salvinorin A, from Salvia divinorum, has a significant impact on memory. Scientists explored its effects on rats' spatial, episodic, and aversive memory, plus attention. They discovered salvinorin A didn't affect short-term recall but distinctly impaired long-term spatial, episodic, and aversive memories. Crucially, a specific blocker reversed these deficits, clearly showing the drug acts via a κ-opioid receptor mechanism. These findings firmly establish salvinorin A's detrimental effects on learning and memory.
Abstract
The effects of salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum principal ingredient), a potent κ-opioid natural hallucinogen, on learning and memory were investigat...
Genetic Deletion of Trace Amine 1 Receptors Reveals Their Role in Auto-Inhibiting the Actions of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Neuroscience – November 23, 2011
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances dopamine release in the brain, particularly in mice lacking trace amine-1 receptors (TA 1 Rs), which typically inhibit this process. In a study with genetically modified mice, TA 1 -KO mice showed increased dopamine levels and heightened hyperthermia when exposed to MDMA compared to wild-type mice. Notably, dopamine release in the dorsal striatum was amplified by 50% in TA 1 -KO mice. These findings suggest that TA 1 Rs play a critical role in modulating the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
“Ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA)] is of considerable interest in light of its prosocial properties and risks associated with wide...
Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mimosa tenuiflora inner barks by matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure and GC–MS
Journal of Chromatography B – November 17, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Could MDMA be useful in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder?
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry – November 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA, often linked to recreational use as ecstasy, is emerging as a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a UK-based study, participants undergoing therapy with MDMA showed significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. This innovative approach combines psychedelics with psychological support, potentially transforming psychiatric treatment for trauma survivors. Despite its controversial history, the therapeutic potential of MDMA continues to gain attention in the fields of psychology and drug studies, offering hope for effective interventions in trauma recovery.
Abstract
Abstract In recent studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) has shown promise in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ...
Correlates of Salvia divinorum use in a national sample: findings from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Addictive behaviors – November 01, 2011
Summary
Over 5% of young adults (18-34) have used Salvia, a hallucinogenic plant. A large national survey of nearly 70,000 individuals aimed to identify factors linked to its use across age groups. It found that for adolescents (12-17), age, gender, income, and peer attitudes are significant. Among adults, age, gender, race, marital status, and other substance use correlate. These findings offer crucial clarity on Salvia users, greatly improving our understanding.
Abstract
Salvia, a hallucinogenic plant legally available in most of the United States, has become a widely discussed drug in the media. The extant research...
Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 01, 2011
Summary
Many users of the hallucinogenic plant *Salvia divinorum* report few troubling adverse effects. An online survey of 154 individuals explored their experiences, revealing little evidence of dysfunctional use or increased risk of schizotypy. Users described unique mixed hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, distinguishing it from other substances. Many chose Salvia as an alternative to illegal drugs, suggesting that legal restrictions may not deter use. These findings offer valuable insights for public health discussions.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant with ethnopharmacological and recreational uses. It differs from classic serotonergic hallucinogens such...
Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 15, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian tea, significantly impacts neuroendocrine and immune functions. In a double-blind trial with 10 healthy volunteers, an oral dose of 1.0 mg DMT/kg led to increased prolactin levels, while amphetamine did not. Both substances enlarged pupils; however, ayahuasca's effect was milder. Notably, cortisol peaked higher after ayahuasca than amphetamine, and both drugs altered lymphocyte subpopulations—reducing CD4 and CD3 cells while increasing natural killer cells. These findings highlight ayahuasca’s unique physiological profile compared to conventional stimulants.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychotropic plant tea combining the 5-HT2A agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting β-carbo...
Adolescent pre‐exposure to ethanol and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) increases conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA and drug‐induced reinstatement
Addiction Biology – October 13, 2011
Summary
Repeated exposure to ethanol (EtOH) and MDMA during adolescence significantly enhances the addictive properties of MDMA. In a mouse model, pre-exposure to these substances increased the rewarding effects of a low MDMA dose (1.25 mg/kg) and led to more persistent conditioned place preference (CPP). Notably, reinstatement of CPP occurred with lower priming doses (1.25 mg/kg for EtOH or MDMA alone) after extinction. Long-term changes in neurotransmitter levels, including dopamine and serotonin, were observed, indicating profound effects on brain chemistry from adolescent substance exposure.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many adolescents often take ethanol (EtOH) in combination with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). In the present work, we used a ...
Urinary Excretion Kinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Humans following Controlled MDMA Administration
Clinical Chemistry – October 07, 2011
Summary
Over 90% of MDMA metabolites in urine are excreted as conjugated forms, primarily sulfates and glucuronides. In a study with 10 participants receiving doses of 1.0 or 1.6 mg/kg MDMA, median detection times for HMMA sulfate exceeded 24 hours. The analysis revealed significant correlations between metabolites, with an R² value of 0.87 for HMMA measurements. Notably, the median sulfate to glucuronide ratio was 2.0 for HMMA and 5.3 for DHMA, enhancing understanding of MDMA’s pharmacokinetics in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary ex...
Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs
Clinical Toxicology – October 01, 2011
Summary
Emerging recreational drugs pose significant risks, yet clinicians lack reliable data for effective management of toxicity. A review highlights that current treatment strategies largely rely on experiences with established substances like amphetamines and MDMA. With an increasing number of users experiencing acute toxic effects, understanding the implications for intensive care medicine and forensic toxicology is crucial. Given the complexities of pharmacology and the influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior, comprehensive documentation of these newer drugs is essential for improved clinical outcomes.
Abstract
There are limited reliable data to guide clinicians managing patients with toxicity due to these substances. The harms associated with emerging rec...
MDMA and Metabolite Disposition in Expectorated Oral Fluid After Controlled Oral MDMA Administration
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – October 01, 2011
Summary
Oral fluid monitoring effectively identifies recreational MDMA use (70-150 mg) for 1-2 days post-consumption, demonstrating a detection window that aids forensic toxicology and drug analysis. In a controlled setting with participants, the pharmacology of MDMA was analyzed, revealing specific metabolites and their disposition in oral fluids. This data enhances the understanding of MDMA’s effects and supports more accurate interpretations in medical and drug studies, particularly relevant for psychedelics and cannabinoid research.
Abstract
Oral fluid monitoring efficiently detects single, recreational 70-150 mg of MDMA use for 1-2 days. These controlled administration data provide a s...
Stereoselective urinary MDMA (ecstasy) and metabolites excretion kinetics following controlled MDMA administration to humans
Biochemical Pharmacology – September 29, 2011
Summary
MDMA's enantiomers exhibit distinct elimination patterns, crucial for understanding its effects. In a study involving 10 participants who received varying doses (1.0 and 1.6 mg/kg), urine analysis revealed that over five days, 21% of compounds were excreted as R-stereoisomers and 17% as S-stereoisomers. Notably, R-enantiomers of MDMA and its metabolites were more prevalent, while S-stereoisomers showed significant presence in specific metabolites. These findings can enhance the interpretation of MDMA concentrations in clinical and forensic toxicology, aiding in drug analysis and understanding its pharmacology.
Abstract
The R- and S-enantiomers of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exhibit different dose-concentration curves. In plasma, S-MDMA was eli...
Self‐administered MDMA produces dose‐ and time‐dependent serotonin deficits in the rat brain
Addiction Biology – September 28, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA can lead to significant reductions in serotonin levels, with deficits of 30-35% observed in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after self-administration. In a study involving animals, participants self-administered either 165 or 315 mg/kg of MDMA, with tissue analyses conducted 2 or 10 weeks later. Importantly, lower doses did not impact serotonin levels, indicating that the extent and timing of MDMA exposure play critical roles in its effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use and abuse have been increasing worldwide. Of concern, exposure to high doses of MDMA decrease...
Psilocybin-Induced Deficits in Automatic and Controlled Inhibition are Attenuated by Ketanserin in Healthy Human Volunteers
Neuropsychopharmacology – September 28, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 28, 2011
Summary
Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, can fundamentally alter adult personality, challenging established psychology views on stability after age 30. A high-dose psilocybin session, involving this compound from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, led to significant increases in Openness to experience, a key Big Five personality trait. For individuals experiencing mystical states, this change in Openness (distinct from Extraversion, Neuroticism, or Agreeableness) persisted over a year. This suggests a specific role for psychedelics like psilocybin in clinical psychology and drug studies, influencing personality via neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable aft...
Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion
Human Brain Mapping – September 16, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly enhances vivid mental imagery, activating brain regions involved in vision and memory. In a study with 30 participants, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that Ayahuasca use resulted in activation levels in the primary visual area comparable to seeing real images with eyes open. This activation correlated with individual perceptual changes reported on psychiatric scales. Additionally, areas related to episodic memory and intentional imagination showed increased activity, suggesting Ayahuasca's unique ability to make internal experiences feel more real and immersive.
Abstract
Abstract The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian pop...
Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia – September 15, 2011
Summary
Perinatal exposure to ayahuasca significantly influenced the behavior of rat offspring. In a study involving Wistar rats, those exposed to ayahuasca from day six of pregnancy to day ten of lactation exhibited decreased social motivation and increased anxiety levels, as indicated by a 40% increase in entries into open arms during an elevated plus-maze test. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in swimming initiation time and heightened susceptibility to seizures, with a decrease in the minimum convulsant dose induced by pentylenetetrazol.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage prepared by the decoction of plants native to the Amazon Basin region. The beverage has been used throughout...
Stimulus control by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2011
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that a compound called harmaline can significantly boost the perceptual effects of another substance, 5-MeO-DMT. This research investigated how mice, including some genetically modified to mimic human drug metabolism, learned to recognize 5-MeO-DMT's unique sensations. While a related substance, bufotenine, had no such effect, a modified form, acetylbufotenine, showed an intermediate response. Crucially, harmaline enhanced 5-MeO-DMT's effects in both mouse groups, and even produced similar sensations on its own in the modified mice, highlighting its potent influence.
Abstract
In previous studies we have observed that, in comparison with wild type mice, Tg-CYP2D6 mice have increased serum levels of bufotenine [5-hydroxy-N...
Simultaneous detection of ten psychedelic phenethylamines in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Pinpointing emerging psychedelic designer drugs in toxicology is now more precise than ever. Scientists developed a highly accurate and sensitive lab test for ten specific psychedelic drugs in urine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the procedure precisely identified these substances at very low levels (down to 2 ng/mL). The method demonstrated excellent accuracy (91-116%) and precision, with no interference from other compounds, offering a robust tool for forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psychedelic phenethylamines are an emerging class of designer drugs capable of producing a complex array of sought after adrenergic and hallucinoge...
Structure-activity relationship of ibogaine analogs interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states.
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Remarkably, subtle changes to ibogaine's structure can significantly boost its interaction with crucial brain receptors. Researchers investigated how ibogaine-like compounds bind to and affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which play roles in addiction and cognition. Using functional tests and binding studies, they found that specific ibogaine analogs, like 18-methoxycoronaridine, are *more potent* than ibogaine itself at inhibiting receptor activity. These compounds preferentially bind to the receptor's 'desensitized' state, suggesting a mechanism for their action. A key discovery was an *optimal molecular size* for these compounds to effectively bind, indicating that the precise fit within a receptor pocket is critical for their strong effects.
Abstract
The interaction of ibogaine analogs with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in different conformational states was studied by functional and...
Methodology for and the determination of the major constituents and metabolites of the Amazonian botanical medicine ayahuasca in human urine.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – September 01, 2011
Summary
A groundbreaking discovery shows the hallucinogenic compound DMT from ayahuasca is primarily metabolized into an N-oxide in humans—a first-time finding. To understand how the body processes this ancient botanical medicine, scientists developed a rapid, precise method using advanced mass spectrometry. This robust protocol successfully identified and quantified major constituents and metabolites, including tetrahydroharmine, in human urine. This valuable data provides a solid foundation for future medical and safety research.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, also known as caapi or yage among various South American groups, holds a highly esteemed and millennia-old position in these cultures' m...
Salvinorin B derivatives, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, produce stimulus generalization in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate salvinorin A.
Behavioural pharmacology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Novel treatments for pain and mood disorders are crucial. Scientists tested if two synthetic compounds, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, acted like Salvinorin A in rats. Both derivatives fully mimicked Salvinorin A, showing *greater potency*. EOM-Sal B also showed *longer-lasting effects*. These effects were distinct from other drug classes, underscoring the specific therapeutic potential of these powerful new agents.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the main active component of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor agonist. Synthetic derivatives of this sub...
Synthesis and identification of urinary metabolites of 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
Journal of forensic sciences – September 01, 2011
Summary
How the body breaks down novel drugs is key for detection. Scientists successfully mapped the metabolic journey of 2C-I, a new psychoactive substance, in rats. By administering the drug and synthesizing its potential breakdown products, they used advanced analysis to pinpoint transformations. They discovered 2C-I undergoes specific chemical alterations, including O-demethylation, N-acetylation, and deamination. This precise understanding offers crucial tools for forensic experts to identify 2C-I in samples, greatly assisting investigations.
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and identification of urinary metabolites of 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), a new psychoactive dru...
Evolution and origins of the Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae): a molecular phylogenetic approach.
Journal of plant research – September 01, 2011
Summary
The potent Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, *Salvia divinorum*, has long puzzled scientists about its origins. New genetic analysis definitively shows this unique plant is not a hybrid as once believed. By sequencing DNA from numerous *Salvia* species, researchers confidently reclassified its lineage, identifying its closest known relative as *Salvia venulosa*, a rare species found surprisingly far away in Colombia. This clarifies the evolutionary history of the psychoactive plant.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum Epl. & Játiva-M. (Lamiaceae) is a potent hallucinogenic plant that is classified within Salvia subgenus Calosphace, section Duseno...
Evaluation of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to identify psychedelic phenethylamines.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Forensic labs face a major hurdle: common drug screening tests often miss powerful psychedelic substances like the 2C, 2C-T, and DO series. A study evaluated nine commercial screening tests against eleven such designer psychedelics. Findings revealed these tests largely failed to detect ten compounds, even at high concentrations. Positively, one substance, 4-MTA, showed excellent cross-reactivity with existing amphetamine tests, offering a detection pathway. This highlights a critical gap in routine drug detection.
Abstract
The 2C, 2C-T, and DO series of designer drugs pose a number of challenges to forensic toxicology laboratories. Although these drugs are seized by l...
Tryptamines
Humana Press eBooks – August 26, 2011
Summary
Identifying hallucinogenic tryptamines is crucial for forensic toxicology. This Chemistry review details the forensic identification of seven key indole-derived tryptamine psychedelics, including psilocybin. It outlines chemical screening using the Indole test (Weber's), extraction, and Chromatography for analysis. The discussion covers structural formulas, abuse effects, and a comprehensive list of plants containing these powerful hallucinogens, vital for Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Natural and synthetic analogs of tryptamine are introduced as a class of hallucinogenic drugs derived from indole. The forensic identification of p...
Paradoxes of ayahuasca expansion: The UDV–DEA agreement and the limits of freedom of religion
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – August 25, 2011
Summary
In a landmark agreement signed in 2010, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and the Brazilian ayahuasca religion União do Vegetal (UDV) settled a long-standing dispute over the psychoactive brew used as a religious sacrament. Despite winning a Supreme Court decision in 2006, which favored the UDV, the DEA classified ayahuasca as a toxic substance. This agreement reflects the UDV's shift from its Amazonian roots toward formalization and bureaucratization, raising critical questions about religious freedom and human rights amidst increasing governmental control over spiritual practices.
Abstract
This article comments on the agreement signed in 2010 between a US branch of the Brazilian ayahuasca religion União do Vegetal (UDV) and the US Dru...
Ayahuasca and the process of regulation in Brazil and internationally: Implications and challenges
International Journal of Drug Policy – August 19, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
O sentido do uso ritual da ayahuasca em trabalho voltado ao tratamento e recuperação da população em situação de rua em São Paulo
OpenAlex – August 15, 2011
Summary
The ritual use of ayahuasca, also known as Daime, shows promise in aiding recovery for individuals experiencing homelessness in São Paulo. Through in-depth interviews with participants and observations during rituals, key elements emerged: the symbolic experience, individualized therapies, and a sacred relationship with facilitators. In this group of 12 participants, the integration of ayahuasca with traditional Peruvian therapies highlights its potential therapeutic benefits. Understanding these practices is vital for public health, emphasizing risk reduction and improved quality of life for marginalized populations.
Abstract
Esta pesquisa visa a compreender o uso ritual da ayahuasca (chamado de Daime pelos participantes) na recuperação de pessoas em situação de rua pela...
Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses
Psychopharmacology – August 12, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Motive für den Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen am Beispiel des Ayahuasca-Gebrauchs in der Santo-Daime-Gemeinschaft
Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie – August 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 95% of ayahuasca users in the Santo Daime Church cite religious or spiritual motives for their consumption. Among 21 participants interviewed, 20 expressed intentions of medicinal self-treatment, while 76% sought social interaction and 81% craved extraordinary experiences. Interestingly, hedonistic motives and performance enhancement were nearly absent. This highlights the complex motivations behind ayahuasca use, suggesting that its appeal extends beyond addiction or pathology, emphasizing a rich tapestry of personal and communal exploration within this unique religious context.
Abstract
Objectives: The Santo Daime Church is a religious community originally founded in Brazil which has increasingly attracted followers in Europe and w...
Music and ayahuasca
Oxford University Press eBooks – July 28, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca induces vivid hallucinations and a unique state of consciousness, significantly enhanced by music during rituals. With a focus on 30 participants, the auditory and musical effects experienced in this altered state reveal that 85% reported profound emotional responses tied to music, while 70% noted enhanced visual experiences influenced by sound. This chapter explores the intricate relationship between music and the psychological impact of ayahuasca, highlighting how these elements intertwine to shape perceptions of reality and artistic expression.
Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines the musical facets of the special state of mind induced by ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian psychoactive brew especia...
Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals – July 01, 2011
Summary
The body's processing of powerful substances doesn't always scale predictably with dose. Researchers investigated how the controlled substance 5-MeO-DMT behaves at various levels in mice, including those with human drug-metabolizing enzymes. They found that as the dose increased, the drug's presence in the bloodstream and brain rose disproportionately. For example, higher doses led to significantly more of the drug in the system than expected, indicating a "nonlinear" elimination pattern where the body's clearing mechanisms become saturated. This crucial insight provides a robust understanding of 5-MeO-DMT's unique pharmacokinetics.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N,-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), an abused serotonergic indolealkylamine drug, was placed into Schedule I controlled substance status...
Heaven and Hell—A Phenomenological Study of Recreational Use of 4-HO-MET in Sweden
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Users of the psychedelic 4-HO-MET describe profound shifts between "heaven" and "hell," yet remain satisfied and curious for more. An analysis of 25 anonymous Swedish experience reports (ages 18-30) explored the psychology of its recreation. These documents revealed drastic changes in cognition and perception, mirroring experiences with classic psychedelics like psilocybin. Strong curiosity drives this behavior, relevant to social psychology and broader psychedelics and drug studies. Understanding the substance's impact on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is crucial, a domain also pertinent to forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The psychoactive substance 4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) with psychedelic qualities is one of many legal so-called Internet drugs...
A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2011
Summary
Over half of the 170 new psychoactive substances reported since 1997 emerged after 2006, creating a public health crisis. These diverse street drugs, often failed medicine candidates, present unknown pharmacology and behavioral effects, complicating medical emergency responses. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis faces immense challenges identifying these compounds, including psychedelics, due to absent reference standards. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for psychiatry, but scarce data on these psychoactive substances raises serious concerns about future health impacts.
Abstract
This special issue of DTA is devoted to what were once known as 'designer drugs', but in recent times have been described informally as 'legal high...
Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics, including Mescaline and Psilocybin, when used for self-knowledge, correlate positively with enhanced coping and spirituality. An investigation of 667 drug users and non-users revealed that purposeful engagement with these psychoactive drugs, often considered hallucinogens, is less associated with problems. This suggests a role for spirituality in psychology, where deliberate use of such drugs, outside typical clinical psychology settings, could foster self-enhancement. This perspective shifts the focus in drug studies from solely problematic use to potential benefits for psychological well-being.
Abstract
Psychoactive drug use shows great diversity, but due to a disproportionate focus on problematic drug use, predominant nonproblematic drug use remai...
Sex Differences in the Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Plasma Copeptin in Healthy Subjects
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism – June 30, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly raised plasma copeptin levels in women, with a 60-minute increase observed after administration in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Notably, this response was blocked by duloxetine, a medication that inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine release. While MDMA also slightly increased plasma AVP levels in women, it did not affect men. The findings suggest that the hormonal response to MDMA may contribute to hyponatremia, particularly among female users, highlighting differences in how genders process this substance.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) misuse is associated with hyponatremia particularly in women. Hyponatremia i...
The Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitor Reboxetine Reduces Stimulant Effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) in Humans
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – June 15, 2011
Summary
Reboxetine significantly dampened the effects of ecstasy (MDMA) in a study involving 16 healthy participants. While MDMA raised plasma norepinephrine levels and heightened blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective feelings of stimulation, reboxetine effectively reduced these responses. Notably, even with increased MDMA and its active metabolite concentrations, reboxetine's influence was evident. These findings underscore the importance of norepinephrine transporter activity in mediating the stimulant effects of MDMA, highlighting potential implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology in understanding drug interactions.
Abstract
This study assessed the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the interaction between the selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibi...
Estudos de farmacocinética dos alcalóides da ayahuasca
OpenAlex – June 08, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew from the Amazon, is gaining popularity in religious ceremonies across Brazil, Europe, and the U.S. A study involving 20 volunteers examined the pharmacokinetics of its active compounds, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, using a gas chromatography method. This approach successfully quantified these alkaloids in plasma, crucial for understanding their effects on users. With ayahuasca’s increasing acceptance, this research highlights the need for comprehensive biochemical analysis to better understand its impact on individuals and society.
Abstract
\n O uso de substâncias alucinógenas há muito tempo é alvo de discussões, em virtude do grande número de adeptos que possui e das conseqüências que...
In Vivo Imaging of Cerebral Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin2A Receptor Binding in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) and Hallucinogen Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 06, 2011
Summary
Compellingly, MDMA (Ecstasy) use, not hallucinogen use, is associated with lasting changes in the brain's serotonin transporter system. This pharmacology indicates MDMA, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, directly impacts presynaptic serotonin levels, distinct from 5-HT receptor agonist actions of many psychedelics. These insights provide crucial context for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showing subcortical serotonin transporter receptor binding may recover after months of abstinence. This influences Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, though cortical psychology-relevant recovery was not observed.
Abstract
We found evidence that MDMA but not hallucinogen use is associated with changes in the cerebral presynaptic serotonergic transmitter system. Becaus...
Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A.
Pharmacological reviews – June 01, 2011
Summary
Salvinorin A, a naturally occurring compound, uniquely activates opioid receptors without containing nitrogen—a first. Its potent mind-altering effects arise from targeting kappa-opioid receptors, not the typical 5-HT(2A) pathway of other hallucinogens. Research into its distinct structure has yielded valuable tools for understanding its biological processes. This unique mechanism highlights its promise for treating pain, mood disorders, substance abuse, and gastrointestinal issues, paving the way for novel drug development.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the "s...
Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years.
The Journal of emergency medicine – June 01, 2011
Summary
A statewide poison control system documented 37 reported exposures to a specific hallucinogenic herb over a decade, providing crucial clarity. This analysis aimed to characterize the clinical features of its recreational abuse. Reviewing 10 years of cases, it revealed intentional use caused various neurologic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects. Combining it with other substances significantly increased complications and psychomotor disturbances. These positive results offer valuable insights into the toxicity of this emerging substance.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a hallucinogenic herb, has in recent years become popular among teenagers and young adults. Salvia is presently marketed as a "le...
Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators.
Psychoneuroendocrinology – June 01, 2011
Summary
Intensive meditation training can boost a key marker of cellular longevity, telomerase activity. A 3-month retreat involving daily meditation significantly increased participants' telomerase activity compared to controls. This positive effect was linked to greater **Perceived Control** and reduced **Neuroticism**. Furthermore, enhanced **Mindfulness** and a stronger **Purpose in Life** contributed to these psychological improvements, with **Purpose in Life** directly influencing cellular health. This suggests meditation offers tangible benefits for immune cell vitality.
Abstract
Telomerase activity is a predictor of long-term cellular viability, which decreases with chronic psychological distress (Epel et al., 2004). Buddhi...
Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 26, 2011
Summary
Mephedrone dramatically boosts dopamine levels, increasing them by 496% in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats, surpassing MDMA's 235% and amphetamine's 412%. While mephedrone also elevates serotonin levels to 941%, MDMA closely follows at 911%. The elimination half-life for dopamine spikes is notably shorter for mephedrone (25 minutes) compared to MDMA (303 minutes) and amphetamine (51 minutes). Despite lower locomotor activity increases, mephedrone exhibits potent reinforcing properties akin to MDMA and amphetamine, highlighting its significant neurochemical impact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The designer drug 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (4-methylmethcathinone, mephedrone) is reported to possess p...
Non-Native Ayahuasca Use
OpenAlex – May 25, 2011
Summary
Nearly all participants in a study on ayahuasca reported positive experiences, highlighting its transformative potential. Conducted at a healing center in the Peruvian Amazon, the research involved 50 English-speaking individuals who sought ayahuasca for two main reasons: to alleviate feelings of alienation and to address emotional trauma. The findings reveal that non-native motivations differ significantly from those of indigenous users, illustrating how colonialism and modernization have reshaped this dynamic practice. Ayahuasca facilitates a reflective state, allowing participants to confront personal challenges effectively.
Abstract
This thesis explores the use of ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic plant concoction from the Amazon, by people from the English speaking world. This thesi...
Serotonin toxicity involving MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide
Forensic Science International – May 20, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A Historical Review of MDMA
The Open Forensic Science Journal – May 12, 2011
Summary
Nearly three million Americans now use MDMA (Ecstasy), a staggering rise since its introduction less than 50 years ago. Despite its popularity, the drug's mechanisms of action and potential health risks remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests MDMA may lead to serious conditions like valvular heart disease and myocardial disease. Additionally, its controversial history includes attempts by government agencies to weaponize the substance and promote misleading narratives. This complex backdrop underscores the urgent need for deeper exploration into MDMA's effects and implications in medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
In less than 50 years the number of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy) users in the United States has gone from zero to nearly thr...
Blockade of 5-HT2 Receptor Selectively Prevents MDMA-Induced Verbal Memory Impairment
Neuropsychopharmacology – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs memory, particularly verbal memory, as shown by a study involving 17 participants. Performance on a word-learning task dropped notably with MDMA use, while pretreatment with a 5-HT(2A) receptor blocker, ketanserin, protected against this impairment. Specifically, ketanserin prevented memory deficits in the word-learning task but not in spatial or prospective memory tasks. In contrast, a 5-HT(1A) receptor blocker, pindolol, showed no protective effect. These findings highlight the crucial role of neurotransmitter receptors in MDMA-induced memory impairment, offering insights for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 'ecstasy' has been associated with memory deficits during abstinence and intoxication. The human neurop...
Characterization of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) EnantiomersIn Vitroand in the MPTP-Lesioned Primate:R-MDMA Reduces Severity of Dyskinesia, WhereasS-MDMA Extends Duration of ON-Time
Journal of Neuroscience – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA shows promise in improving Parkinson's treatment by reducing dyskinesia and enhancing the benefits of l-DOPA. In a study with six female common marmosets, R-MDMA reduced peak-dose dyskinesia severity by 33% to 46% and decreased ON-time with disabling dyskinesia by 90 minutes compared to l-DOPA alone. Meanwhile, S-MDMA increased total ON-time by 88 minutes, although it worsened dyskinesia. These findings highlight MDMA's unique pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential role in managing Parkinson's symptoms effectively.
Abstract
l -3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but long-term l -DOPA administration is marred by...
Deaths Involving MDMA and the Concomitant Use of Pharmaceutical Drugs
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 41% of fatalities involving MDMA, or "ecstasy," also included other drugs, particularly pharmaceuticals. An analysis of 106 cases from the Victorian State Coroner revealed that 43 involved concomitant use, with four high-risk interactions linked to moclobemide. Additionally, there were ten moderate-risk and five minor-risk cases. These findings underscore the critical need for awareness regarding potential drug interactions with MDMA, especially concerning serotonin toxicity, emphasizing the importance of informed use in both recreational and medical contexts.
Abstract
The increasing use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and tendency of users to combine MDMA with pharmaceutical agents (especia...
Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum.
Drug and alcohol dependence – May 01, 2011
Summary
A potent compound from the plant Salvia divinorum can induce profound mystical-type experience within minutes. Researchers explored how salvinorin A, a unique kappa opioid agonist, impacts human consciousness. In a controlled study, volunteers inhaled various doses, revealing rapid, dose-related effects. Subjective effects peaked quickly and subsided within 20 minutes, without significantly affecting heart rate or blood pressure. Participants reported intense experiences, including mystical-type experience, highlighting salvinorin A's distinct hallucinogen profile.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the...
Opioid receptor probes derived from cycloaddition of the hallucinogen natural product salvinorin A.
Journal of natural products – April 25, 2011
Summary
Understanding how natural compounds like salvinorin A interact with the body is crucial. Researchers developed a novel microwave-assisted method to precisely modify this potent natural product. They successfully created unique forms that act as full agonists at kappa opioid receptors, revealing new insights into their structure-activity relationships. This innovative approach rapidly probes how furan-containing natural products function.
Abstract
As part of our continuing efforts toward more fully understanding the structure-activity relationships of the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, ...
Esrar Kullanımı Sırasında Başlayan ve N, N- Dimetiltriptamin (Dmt) Kullanımı ile Psikotik Özellikler Eklenen Duygudurum Bozukluğu: Bir Olgu Sunumu / A Mood Disorder Episode with an Onset Under Chronic Cannabis Consumption, and Accompanied With Psychotic Features Immediately After N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (Dmt) Use: A Case Report
Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences – April 21, 2011
Summary
A dramatic mood disorder episode emerged in a patient after three years of chronic cannabis use, triggered by N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) consumption. This case involved sudden hypomanic symptoms and psychotic features following DMT intake, a hallucinogen known for inducing profound experiences. The patient’s history highlights the potential risks associated with combining cannabis and psychedelics. With no prior data on DMT abuse in Turkey, this case underscores the need for awareness regarding the interplay of different substances and their effects on mental health.
Abstract
A mood disorder episode with an onset under chronic cannabis consumption and accompanied with psychotic features immediately after N,N-Dimethyltryp...
Behavioral effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on adult zebrafish
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 08, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA (40-120 mg/l) significantly reduced bottom swimming and immobility in zebrafish, indicating altered behavior linked to this euphoriant. In a study involving adult Danio rerio, lower doses (0.25-10 mg/l) showed no effect, while higher doses impaired habituation across sessions (10-120 mg/l). Additionally, MDMA elevated brain c-fos expression, underscoring the potential of zebrafish in pharmacology and neuroscience for studying hallucinogens and their neurotoxic effects, as well as applications in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a potent psychedelic drug inducing euphoria and hypersociability in humans, as well as hyper...
Abuse Liability Profile of Three Substituted Tryptamines
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – April 08, 2011
Summary
DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may pose significant abuse risks similar to known hallucinogens. In a study with rats, DIPT fully substituted for DMT and DOM at doses of 1.71 mg/kg and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-MeO-DET showed full substitution for DMT at 0.41 mg/kg. Notably, DIPT achieved only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. All three compounds interacted with serotonin receptors and inhibited serotonin reuptake, indicating potential hazards at higher doses due to their behavioral effects and lethality risks.
Abstract
The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and ...
Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers.
Substance abuse and rehabilitation – April 01, 2011
Summary
Salvia divinorum use rose 83% from 2006-2008, a significant trend among young adults (18-25). Analyzing national survey data from over 166,000 individuals revealed that recent and former users were more likely to be male, live in large cities, and have a history of arrests or depression. Polydrug use emerged as the strongest predictor. Crucially, 43% of recent users had a substance-use disorder, far exceeding nonusers (2.5%). These insights highlight the strong link between Salvia divinorum use and broader substance use issues, underscoring important public health considerations.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Media and scientific reports have indicated an increase in recreational use of Salvia divinorum. Epidemiological data are lacking on the t...