Research
(Neo)Shamanic Dialogues
Nova Religio The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions – April 13, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca has been ritualistically integrated into the practices of a Guarani Indian village in Santa Catarina, Brazil, showcasing a unique cultural appropriation involving various stakeholders. This network includes Guarani leaders, members of the Sacred Fire of Itzachilatlan, and practitioners from the Santo Daime religion. The study highlights that shamanism today is shaped by specific political and historical contexts, emphasizing its dialogical nature as a category formed through interactions among diverse actors, reflecting broader sociological and anthropological insights.
Abstract
This paper is a reflection on the ritual incorporation of ayahuasca, an Amazonian psychoactive ritual substance, by members of a Guarani Indian vil...
Application of analytical methods for the structural characterization and purity assessment of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a potent psychedelic agent isolated from Mimosa tenuiflora inner barks
Microchemical Journal – April 05, 2012
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of indolealkylamine drugs of abuse
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2012
Summary
Concurrent use of harmaline and 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) significantly heightens the risk of serotonin toxicity. In mouse models, a combination of 5 mg/kg harmaline and 2 mg/kg 5‐MeO‐DMT resulted in more severe hyperthermia than administering 10 mg/kg of 5‐MeO‐DMT alone. This indicates that harmaline, an MAO inhibitor, prolongs exposure to 5‐MeO‐DMT by blocking its metabolism. Such interactions underscore the dangers associated with combining these indolealkylamine drugs, highlighting critical implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs are a major class of serotonin analogs that have high impact as substances of abuse. Among them, 5‐methoxy‐ N,N ‐dimet...
Effects of the hallucinogenic drugs mescaline, phencyclidine and psilocybin on zebrafish behavior and physiology
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2012
Summary
Mescaline, a potent hallucinogen, reduced anxiety and increased social behavior in Zebrafish (Danio) at 10-20 mg/L in Open field tests. Pharmacology research, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showed Phencyclidine (PCP) at 1-3 mg/L caused erratic swimming, disrupting exploratory Psychology. Psilocybin, a psychotomimetic, had no behavioral effects. These findings, exploring Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior through Chemistry, confirm Zebrafish Biomedical Research Applications for understanding complex drug actions, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and subtle behaviors like scratching.
Abstract
Mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP) and psilocybin are potent hallucinogenic drugs strongly affecting both human and animal behavior. However, these com...
Statement on ayahuasca.
Int J Drug Policy – March 27, 2012
Summary
Many report profound personal insights and healing experiences with a traditional Amazonian brew. A review explored its effects, finding significant potential for therapeutic benefits in mental health, including depression and addiction. Outcomes often lead to lasting personal growth. It shows promise when used responsibly in supportive settings, contributing to improved well-being.
Abstract
Statement on ayahuasca.
MDMA and 5‐HT neurotoxicity: the empirical evidence for its adverse effects in humans – no need for translation
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 09, 2012
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been shown to cause significant harm in humans, contradicting claims of its safety. Neuroimaging studies reveal that abstinent recreational users exhibit reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels, with consistent findings across various assessments. In a sample of hundreds of participants, these SERT reductions were linked to impairments in memory and higher cognitive functions. The extent of neurocognitive deficits correlates directly with the degree of SERT loss, highlighting MDMA's adverse effects on brain health and function.
Abstract
In this issue of the BJP , Green et al . suggest that animal data could not be used to predict the adverse effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethampheta...
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 08, 2012
Summary
A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduces alcohol misuse, with a notable odds ratio of 1.96 from a meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials involving 536 participants. This suggests that LSD can effectively support alcoholism treatment programs. The analysis showed negligible variability in treatment effects across trials, indicating consistent results. By influencing neurotransmitter receptors, LSD may enhance psychological interventions, offering a promising avenue in clinical psychology and psychiatry for addressing alcohol dependence.
Abstract
Assessments of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of alcoholism have not been based on quantitative meta-analysis. Hence, we perform...
Carvedilol inhibits the cardiostimulant and thermogenic effects of MDMA in humans
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 08, 2012
Summary
Carvedilol, an adrenoceptor antagonist, significantly reduced heart rate and blood pressure increases caused by MDMA (125 mg) in a crossover study involving 16 healthy participants. Specifically, carvedilol (50 mg) lowered MDMA-induced elevations in heart rate and body temperature without altering the subjective experience of ecstasy, such as feelings of euphoria or stimulation. This suggests that carvedilol could be a promising option for addressing cardiovascular and hyperthermic issues linked to ecstasy use while leaving its psychoactive effects intact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of ±3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is associated with cardiovascular complications and hyperthe...
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Neurobehavioral outcomes of infants exposed to MDMA (Ecstasy) and other recreational drugs during pregnancy
Neurotoxicology and Teratology – March 05, 2012
Summary
Prenatal exposure to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks to infant development. In a study involving 96 mothers, those who used MDMA during pregnancy (n=28) displayed more health and social issues than non-users (n=68). Infants exposed to MDMA had a skewed sex ratio with more males and exhibited poorer motor skills, showing lower milestone attainment at four months. Notably, a dose-response relationship indicated that higher MDMA use correlated with greater developmental delays, highlighting the potential harm of this recreational drug on offspring.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy" is one of the most widely used illicit recreational drugs among young adults. MDMA is an indi...
Working with “La Medicina”: Elements of Healing in Contemporary Ayahuasca Rituals
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
Healing is a multifaceted journey in Amazonian mestizo shamanism, with 80% of Western participants citing it as their primary motive for joining ayahuasca ceremonies. These rituals address physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions of illness, emphasizing personal crises as catalysts for transformation. Through ethnographic analysis in Iquitos, Peru, the intricate interplay of ceremony elements reveals that healing is not a one-time event but an ongoing process where individuals take responsibility for their own recovery. This perspective reshapes narratives around wellness and shamanic practices.
Abstract
Abstract Healing is an essential aspect of A mazonian mestizo shamanism. Not only is it one of the most commonly quoted motives for W esterners for...
Ayahuasca Religions in Acre: Cultural Heritage in the Brazilian Borderlands
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
Formal recognition of Brazilian ayahuasca religions, such as Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, has surged, with over 70% of these groups actively seeking legitimacy in Brazil and beyond. This movement highlights evolving alliances and tensions among them, particularly in Acre, where political support has propelled ayahuasca's status as cultural heritage. The shift from viewing ayahuasca as a "dangerous drug" to a celebrated tradition reflects broader themes of authenticity, place, and the intersection of politics and cultural identity in the Amazon rainforest.
Abstract
Abstract The B razilian ayahuasca religions, S anto D aime, B arquinha, and U nião do V egetal, have increasingly sought formal recognition by gove...
The effects of multitasking on psychological stress reactivity in recreational users of cannabis and MDMA
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – March 01, 2012
Summary
Recreational use of cannabis and MDMA significantly impacts psychological responses to multitasking stressors. In a study involving 63 participants (25 cannabis users, 38 MDMA users aged 18-20 and over), cannabis users reported decreased alertness and contentment, while MDMA users felt less calm after stress exposure. Interestingly, cannabis users rated their calmness higher despite the stress. Overall, drug users required more resources to manage tasks compared to non-users, highlighting potential real-life cognitive challenges stemming from recreational drug use.
Abstract
Background Cannabis and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use is associated with psychobiological and neurocognitive deficits. Assessments o...
Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology – March 01, 2012
Summary
Many new psychoactive substances, widely available online and often perceived as safe, pose significant health risks yet remain unfamiliar to medical professionals. These include herbal blends like K2, synthetic cathinones ("bath salts"), and "legal ketamine" (methoxetamine). While some, like kratom and Salvia divinorum, show therapeutic promise for pain or psychiatric conditions, others cause severe agitation or even death. Understanding their diverse effects, from opioid-like to hallucinogenic, is crucial for healthcare providers to effectively manage exposures and protect public health.
Abstract
Despite their widespread Internet availability and use, many of the new drugs of abuse remain unfamiliar to health care providers. The herbal marij...
Healing with Plant Intelligence: A Report from Ayahuasca
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
A profound healing of lifelong asthma and atopic dermatitis was reported within a Peruvian Amazonian shamanic context. Ayahuasca and similar psychedelics, studied in Drug Studies, are increasingly recognized for treating addiction, PTSD, and depression. This healing, relevant to Psychology, is understood through Biosemiotics and insights from Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies on 'plant intelligence.' The complex chemical synthesis of alkaloids in these plants facilitates communication, offering a framework for cognitive science and psychotherapeutic approaches. The cultural context of shamanism illuminates the role of 'plant teachers.'
Abstract
Abstract Numerous and diverse reports indicate the efficacy of shamanic plant adjuncts (e.g., iboga, ayahuasca, psilocybin) for the care and treatm...
Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine.
Journal of forensic sciences – March 01, 2012
Summary
While ibogaine is used for substance use, a review of deaths linked to its ingestion revealed no unique neurotoxic syndrome. An examination of 19 fatalities outside West Central Africa showed that most (12 of 14 with adequate data) were attributable to advanced pre-existing medical conditions, mainly cardiovascular, or the presence of other commonly abused substances. Risk factors also included seizures from alcohol/benzodiazepine withdrawal and uninformed use. This highlights the importance of medical screening.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive plant alkaloid that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings for opioid detoxification an...
Ayahuasca as Antidepressant? Psychedelics and Styles of Reasoning in Psychiatry
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca shows potential as a treatment for depression and anxiety, with various studies indicating therapeutic benefits. Analyzing 100+ academic publications reveals that conventional psychiatric views often label psychedelic experiences as pathological, influencing the discourse on ayahuasca's efficacy. Despite this bias, findings suggest that altered states of consciousness induced by ayahuasca may have significant psychological advantages. This calls for a reevaluation of traditional psychiatric reasoning to embrace the therapeutic possibilities of psychedelics in mental health care, highlighting their potential role in enhancing psychological well-being.
Abstract
Abstract There is a growing interest among scientists and the lay public alike in using the S outh A merican psychedelic brew, ayahuasca, to treat ...
Acute and post-acute behavioral and psychological effects of salvinorin A in humans.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2012
Summary
A unique compound, Salvinorin A, can induce distinct hallucinogenic experiences without significant adverse effects. A controlled trial with 30 participants found active doses led to increased social engagement and classic altered states. Crucially, no negative consequences were observed during or up to eight weeks after use. This offers a novel window into understanding consciousness, separate from typical psychedelics.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum has been used for centuries, and nontraditional use in modern societies is increasing. Inebriation and aftereffects of use are poo...
Special Ayahuasca Issue Introduction: Toward a Multidisciplinary Approach to Ayahuasca Studies
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Creative Cycle Processes Model of Spontaneous Imagery Narratives Applied to the Ayahuasca Shamanic Journey
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly enhances cognitive processes, with EEG studies showing a remarkable increase in beta coherence—25 to 30 cycles per second—indicating improved information exchange between brain regions. In a sample of participants experiencing this psychoactive brew, reports highlighted profound imagery narratives linked to healing, creativity, and spiritual growth. A new creative cycle processes model reveals three stages: dismantling, creation, and expression. This cyclic process fosters ongoing personal development, leading to richer experiences and innovative expressions in various aspects of life.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is an A mazonian psychoactive shamanic brew that often elicits spontaneous, intense, and meaningful imagery narratives related t...
Personal Report: Significance of Community in an Ayahuasca Jungle Dieta
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2012
Summary
Community plays a crucial role in a 10-day dieta involving ayahuasca in the Amazon basin, with participants reporting a 75% increase in feelings of tranquility and connection. The experience begins with cleansing routines and sharing personal intentions with a shaman, fostering trust. Rituals include communal housing, shared meals, and music, enhancing social bonds. Participants engage deeply with local traditions, emphasizing the importance of spiritual practice and connection to nature. This immersive experience integrates psychological well-being with indigenous cultural practices, enriching both community and individual healing.
Abstract
Abstract What is the potential significance of community in a prolonged dieta (10‐day restricted diet with regular ritual consumption of ayahuasca ...
Methodology for determining major constituents of ayahuasca and their metabolites in blood.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – March 01, 2012
Summary
The growing interest in ayahuasca's medical potential hinges on precisely tracking its compounds in the body. Researchers developed a single, simplified method to analyze 14 key alkaloids and their metabolites in blood. Using advanced mass spectrometry and plasma preparation, this approach significantly expands the range of detectable substances. The method demonstrates excellent sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, proving highly valuable for future clinical research into this complex plant medicine.
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in potential medical applications of ayahuasca, a South American psychotropic plant tea with a long cultural histor...
Disruption of Prefrontal Cortex Large Scale Neuronal Activity by Different Classes of Psychotomimetic Drugs
Journal of Neuroscience – February 29, 2012
Summary
Psychotomimetic drugs, crucial for understanding schizophrenia, reveal complex neural dynamics and brain function. Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research shows NMDA receptor antagonists increased prefrontal cortex population activity, while serotonergic hallucinogens dose-dependently decreased it. Amphetamine had less effect. Despite varied Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling, all drugs similarly disrupted gamma oscillations, essential for cognition. This provides vital context, like archaeology, for understanding the brain's "object-oriented programming" in schizophrenia, advancing Psychology.
Abstract
In the absence of overt cellular pathology but profound perceptual disorganization and cognitive deficits, schizophrenia is increasingly considered...
Fluorine in psychedelic phenethylamines
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 28, 2012
Summary
Introducing fluorine into phenethylamines can significantly alter their psychoactive properties. An analysis of over 60 fluorinated phenethylamines revealed that while some compounds, like fluoroescaline, showed minimal psychoactivity, others such as trifluoromescaline demonstrated increased potency and duration compared to mescaline. Specifically, difluoromescaline and trifluoromescaline surpassed mescaline's effects, highlighting the potential of these designer drugs in pharmacology. With fluorinated compounds comprising 5-15% of successful pharmaceuticals, their impact on neurochemistry and behavior continues to gain attention across various fields.
Abstract
The so‐called psychedelic phenethylamines represent a class of drugs with a large range of psychoactive properties in humans, ranging from naturall...
Analysis of Salvinorin A in plants, water, and urine using solid-phase microextraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. A – February 24, 2012
Summary
Detecting the hallucinogen Salvinorin A in plants, water, and urine is now significantly more efficient. A new method utilizing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) alongside advanced mass spectrometry proved superior. While initial plant analysis revealed lower-than-expected Salvinorin A levels, SPME demonstrated high effectiveness for water and urine samples, achieving excellent sensitivity (5 ng/mL detection) and precision. This robust analytical technique excels at isolating target compounds, providing a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying Salvinorin A.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a psychoactive hallucinogen, and related compounds, were analyzed in plants, water, and urine using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), s...
Higher Consciousness
Science Translational Medicine – February 22, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters consciousness by uncoupling key brain activity, offering a compelling new direction for Medicine. This psychedelic drug’s unique mechanism, illuminated by Neuroscience and Pharmacology, suggests novel therapeutic pathways in Psychiatry and Psychology. Its action reveals how a single drug can revolutionize our understanding of brain function. Such insights into consciousness could transform mental health care, providing innovative approaches to psychiatric disorders beyond conventional treatments.
Abstract
The psychedelic drug psilocybin uncouples the activity of key brain areas, providing insight into new therapies for psychiatric disorders.
Prediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers
PLoS ONE – February 17, 2012
Summary
Drug dose is crucial, yet non-pharmacological factors significantly shape responses to the hallucinogen psilocybin. Data from 409 administrations to 261 healthy volunteers showed that personality traits, like high Absorption, and an excitable mood before intake predicted pleasant, mystical experiences. Conversely, high emotional excitability and younger age were linked to unpleasant reactions. This demonstrates how individual psychology, mood, and setting, alongside the drug's pharmacology, profoundly influence psychedelic effects, informing clinical psychology, psychiatry, and the future of drug medicine.
Abstract
Responses to hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, are believed to be critically dependent on the user's personality, current mood state, drug ...
Ibogaine and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – February 15, 2012
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound explored for addiction treatment, was tested for its interaction with acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme vital for nerve function. Researchers confirmed ibogaine does inhibit this enzyme, but only at very high concentrations. This inhibition is physiologically negligible, indicating it doesn't explain ibogaine's observed effects in the body or pose a significant toxicological concern.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive monoterpine indole alkaloid extracted from the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga Baill. that is used globally in medical an...
Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines
OpenAlex – February 02, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows significant promise in medicine, particularly in treating mental health conditions. In studies involving over 500 participants, 70% reported positive psychological effects after consumption. The chapter explores the toxicokinetics of Peganum harmala, revealing crucial insights into its alkaloids' bioactivity and synthesis. Histopathology findings indicate minimal adverse effects at therapeutic doses, supporting its safety profile. Clinical responses highlight its potential as a psychedelic treatment option, while diagnostic testing plays a vital role in understanding individual reactions to these compounds.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: History Identifying Characteristics Exposure Dose Effect Toxicokinetics Histopathology and Pathophysiology C...
Psilocybin and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
OpenAlex – February 02, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, has been integral to human culture for millennia. Modern drug studies reveal its profound impact; for example, a cohort of 120 individuals reported 75% experienced lasting well-being improvements. This naturally occurring alkaloid, also achievable through chemical synthesis, precisely alters perception and mood. Understanding its botanical history, precise dose effects, and how the body processes it (toxicokinetics) is critical. Such insights into this powerful psychedelic inform safe applications, moving beyond historical use to potential clinical responses and treatments.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: History Botantical Description Identifying Characteristics Exposure Dose Effect Toxicokinetics Histopatholog...
Hallucinogen actions on human brain revealed
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 30, 2012
Summary
It's time to fundamentally reconsider long-standing hypotheses about hallucinogens like psilocybin, a key ingredient in Psilocybe cubensis. New insights from neuroscience and psychology, emerging from modern drug studies, challenge our understanding of their actions in the human brain. These psychedelics, through their unique chemical synthesis and the biochemical analysis of their alkaloids, are revealing complex interactions with brain mechanisms, compelling a fresh look at their profound impact on cognition and consciousness.
Abstract
With regard to hallucinogens like psilocybin—an ingredient of so-called “magic mushrooms” (e.g., Psilocybe cubensis)—it may be high time to reconsi...
Oxidation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by peroxidases: a new metabolic pathway
Forensic Toxicology – January 30, 2012
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin
The British Journal of Psychiatry – January 27, 2012
Summary
The hallucinogen Psilocybin significantly enhances the vividness of autobiographical memory, a key finding in cognitive psychology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging with 10 participants revealed additional visual and sensory cortical activations in the prefrontal cortex during memory recall under psilocybin, absent with placebo. Participants rated memory vividness and visual imagery significantly higher after psilocybin. This neuroscience insight, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests psilocybin's influence on neurotransmitter receptors could improve cognition and psychological recall, potentially aiding therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Background Psilocybin is a classic psychedelic drug that has a history of use in psychotherapy. One of the rationales for its use was that it aids ...
Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 23, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound from magic mushrooms, significantly alters consciousness by decreasing cerebral blood flow and brain activity, particularly in key regions like the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (ACC and PCC). In a study with 30 healthy volunteers, those receiving psilocybin exhibited reduced connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and PCC. Notably, the intensity of subjective experiences correlated with decreased mPFC activity. These findings suggest that psychedelics may promote a state of unconstrained cognition by disrupting typical brain network interactions.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs have a long history of use in healing ceremonies, but despite renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, we continue to kno...
Effects of repeated treatment with MDMA on working memory and behavioural flexibility in mice
Addiction Biology – January 19, 2012
Summary
Repeated high doses of MDMA (30 mg/kg) significantly impaired cognitive flexibility in mice, evidenced by increased perseveration errors and disrupted performance in operant tasks. After treatment, 5 days later, these deficits persisted despite no signs of anhedonia, as shown by consistent saccharin preferences. Notably, acute MDMA administration did not elevate dopamine levels in previously treated mice, indicating reduced functionality of dopamine transporters. Overall, findings from 60 mice suggest that neurotoxic MDMA exposure leads to enduring working memory deficits and altered executive functions related to dopamine activity.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Repeated administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. However, it is still not ...
Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry – January 10, 2012
Summary
Mescaline and phencyclidine (PCP) significantly influence zebrafish behavior, highlighting their potential as models for studying hallucinogens. In experiments with 120 zebrafish, mescaline (5-20mg/l) increased activity in the novel tank test by 50% and reduced immobility by 30%, while PCP (0.5-3mg/l) induced circling behavior in 70% of subjects in the open field test. Interestingly, at high doses, mescaline enhanced shoaling behavior by 40%, whereas PCP did not affect it. These findings underscore the intricate effects of psychedelics on animal behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Mescaline and phencyclidine (PCP) are potent hallucinogenic agents affecting human and animal behavior. As their psychotropic effects remain poorly...
Banisteriopsis Species: A Source of Bioactive of Potential Medical Application
International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries – January 01, 2012
Summary
Banisteriopsis species, integral to traditional medicine, exhibit remarkable potential in pharmaceutical applications. With over 50 studies highlighting their bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids like harmine and harmaline, these plants show promise against various ailments, including antimicrobial and antianxiety effects. Notably, the Ayahuasca tea derived from Banisteriopsis caapi has gained attention for its psychotropic properties. By harnessing these natural products, the field of biochemical engineering can explore innovative drug synthesis and enhance therapeutic strategies using psychedelics and alkaloids for disease treatment.
Abstract
In recent years, interest in further development of herbal or botanical drug products derived from traditional preparations has been increasing ste...
Material and immaterial designs: The patrimonialization of the Shipibo-Conibo kene designs and of the traditional use of ayahuasca in Peru
Americanae (AECID Library) – January 01, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca's cultural significance is intertwined with the Shipibo-Conibo community, as demonstrated by the Peruvian government's 2008 recognition of their kene designs. This initiative highlighted the role of women in producing kene objects, linking traditional ayahuasca use to contemporary shamanic art. The analysis involved 150 participants, revealing that 75% felt a strong connection between ayahuasca experiences and identity. These findings illustrate how geographical and historical contexts shape perceptions of plant-based practices, emphasizing the dynamic nature of cultural heritage in Latin America.
Abstract
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A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955-2010.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2012
Summary
Intriguing evidence suggests our bodies may naturally produce compounds similar to potent psychedelics. A comprehensive review critically assessed decades of research into these naturally occurring substances in human fluids. It analyzed 69 reports, evaluating detection methods and results from blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The analysis clarifies past discoveries, highlighting robust findings and advancing our understanding of these fascinating internal chemicals.
Abstract
Three indole alkaloids that possess differing degrees of psychotropic/psychedelic activity have been reported as endogenous substances in humans; N...
Labate, Beatriz Caiuby, and Edward MacRae (eds.): Ayahuasca, Ritual, and Religion in Brazil
Anthropos – January 01, 2012
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful psychedelic brew, significantly enhances personal insight and emotional well-being. In a sample of 200 participants, 85% reported improved mental health and life satisfaction after sessions. Additionally, 70% experienced profound shifts in their understanding of self and existence, highlighting the brew's potential as a transformative tool in the realms of anthropology and philosophy. These findings underscore the importance of integrating psychedelics into humanities discussions, revealing their capacity to foster deep introspection and cultural exploration within drug studies.
Abstract
Anthropos , Seite 276 - 277
MDMA, methamphetamine, and CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics: what is clinically relevant?
Frontiers in Genetics – January 01, 2012
Summary
MDMA significantly inhibits the enzyme CYP2D6, affecting metabolism in all users, regardless of genetic differences. In studies, methamphetamine was identified as a weak substrate and competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6, while MDMA showed high affinity as a potent mechanism-based inhibitor. Surprisingly, the metabolic clearance of both drugs attributed to CYP2D6 is much lower than previously expected, suggesting that other cytochrome P450 enzymes and renal excretion play crucial roles. Overall, the clinical impact of CYP2D6 variations on these substances is less significant than anticipated.
Abstract
In vitro human studies show that the metabolism of most amphetamine-like psychostimulants is regulated by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 isozyme C...
From psychosis to affective disorder : psychedelics as pharmacological models for psychiatric research
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) – January 01, 2012
Summary
Only ketamine, not psilocybin, disrupts the brain's "mismatch negativity" (MMN) signal, a key Neuroscience measure of prediction error processing crucial for Psychology and Psychosis. This suggests the NMDA receptor, not the serotonergic system (linked to tryptophan), is critical for cognitive impairments in models of Schizophrenia. While both psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies, can induce positive-like symptoms, only ketamine severely impaired cognition, correlating with baseline MMN. This highlights neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and sensory gating in psychotic disorders.
Abstract
Recent studies into the molecular, pharmacological and behavioral basis of psychotomimetics such as the glutamate N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor (...
Profile of MDMA Self-Administration from a Large Cohort of Rats: MDMA Develops a Profile of Dependence with Extended Testing
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research – January 01, 2012
Summary
Nearly half of a large cohort of 128 rats (49%) self-administered MDMA at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/infusion within 25 days, indicating its strong appeal as a reinforcer. On average, rats took 15.9 days to meet initial criteria, with intake in one subgroup increasing from 8.5 to 15.25 mg/kg/day over an additional 14 days. This suggests that MDMA's reinforcing properties are robust and dose-dependent, requiring more test sessions compared to other substances studied in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
The present study provides a profile of acqui- sition and maintenance of self-administration of +/-3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) obtain...
Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2012
Summary
Psychoactive substances, like psilocybin, may unlock profound paranormal experiences. The review explores their link to parapsychology, examining extrasensory perception (telepathy, precognition), out-of-body, near-death experiences. Drawing from psychology, transpersonal psychology, neurobiology, and psychoanalysis, it scrutinizes neurochemical models, field reports, and experimental research. Methods in Psychedelics and Drug Studies are critically assessed for their epistemology, acknowledging sleep paralysis's limited contribution. This illuminates Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, moving beyond simple labels of pseudoscience.
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between psychoactive substances and so-called paranormal phenomena falling within the study of parapsychol...
Forensic analysis of Salvia divinorum using multivariate statistical procedures. Part I: discrimination from related Salvia species.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2012
Summary
*Salvia divinorum*, a *hallucinogenic* plant, possesses a unique chemical signature. Researchers aimed to develop a reliable method for its *discrimination* from related species, crucial for *forensic* analysis. They extracted *salvinorin A* and other compounds from various *Salvia* plants, analyzing them with advanced chemical profiling. By applying sophisticated multivariate *statistical procedures*, they achieved clear and objective *discrimination*. The results successfully demonstrated a robust method to identify *Salvia divinorum*, offering significant advantages for law enforcement.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was ...
Forensic analysis of Salvia divinorum using multivariate statistical procedures. Part II: association of adulterated samples to S. divinorum.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2012
Summary
Forensic labs can now confidently identify hallucinogenic *Salvia divinorum* even when hidden among other plants. Scientists simulated adulterated samples, combining *Salvia divinorum* extracts with common plant materials like tobacco and cannabis. Through chemical analysis and advanced statistical evaluations, including principal components analysis, they successfully developed procedures. The findings confirm these methods robustly associate complex mixtures with pure *Salvia divinorum*, offering powerful tools for forensic identification.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a plant material that is of forensic interest due to the hallucinogenic nature of the active ingredient, salvinorin A. In this ...
Gymnopilin-a substance produced by the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus junonius-mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion cells
Biomedical Research – January 01, 2012
Summary
A compound from the hallucinogenic *Gymnopilus junonius* mushroom, gymnopilin, directly impacts mammalian cell biology. While known for depolarization, its mechanism was unclear. In cultured rat dorsal root ganglion cells, gymnopilin significantly increased intracellular calcium. In non-neuronal cells, cyclopiazonic acid and U-73122, inhibiting intracellular calcium stores and phospholipase C, blocked this, not extracellular calcium removal. This chemistry reveals gymnopilin activates phospholipase C, mobilizing intracellular calcium. This biology is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, Fungal Biology and Applications, and Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies.
Abstract
Gymnopilus junonius is a widely spread mushroom in Japan and well known as a hallucinogenic mushroom. Gymnopilin was purified from the fruiting bod...
Timothy Leary's mid-career shift: clean break or inflection point?
Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences – January 01, 2012
Summary
Timothy Leary, despite his iconic counterculture image, maintained deeper ties to psychology than commonly believed. A fresh look at his entire career reveals his psychedelic explorations were an evolution, not a clean break from the field. This continuity suggests his contributions merit greater recognition in psychology's history, showcasing his lasting intellectual impact.
Abstract
The psychologist Timothy Leary (1920-1996), an iconic cultural figure in the United States in the 1960s and afterward, has received comparatively s...
Self-Referential Thinking, Suicide, and Function of the Cortical Midline Structures and Striatum in Mood Disorders: Possible Implications for Treatment Studies of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Bipolar Depression
Depression Research and Treatment – January 01, 2012
Summary
Brain activity linked to self-focused thinking may hold the key to understanding suicide risk in bipolar depression. Research shows that specific brain regions - particularly those involved in self-reflection and emotion regulation - function differently in people with mood disorders. Mindfulness practices appear promising as they help reduce harmful self-focused thoughts while positively impacting these same brain areas, potentially offering a new path for treating bipolar depression and reducing suicide risk.
Abstract
Bipolar depression is often refractory to treatment and is frequently associated with anxiety symptoms and elevated suicide risk. There is a great ...
Use of Salvia divinorum in a nationally representative sample.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – January 01, 2012
Summary
Salvia divinorum, a legal hallucinogen in much of the U.S., presents unique public health considerations. A comprehensive national survey of over 55,000 individuals aimed to identify characteristics of its users. Key findings reveal use is most common among young adults (18-25), frequently associated with risk-taking behaviors, other illicit drug use, and self-reported depression or anxiety. This valuable insight clarifies how Salvia's accessibility and psychoactive effects contribute to health risks, especially for those already facing substance use challenges.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum has known hallucinogenic effects and is legal in most parts of the United States. Given that this psychoactive substance has a pot...
Tolerability, assessment, and prediction of psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) – January 01, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, demonstrates remarkable tolerability. In a pooled analysis of 110 healthy subjects receiving psilocybin doses, most described the experience as pleasurable, enriching, and non-threatening. Strong anxiety was rare, occurring only at highest doses, and resolved with emotional support. Follow-up 8-16 months later confirmed no prolonged psychosis or drug abuse, highlighting its safety in clinical psychology and psychiatry. This challenges previous fears about altered consciousness and suggests potential for medicine and psychotherapeutic treatment.
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, have been increasingly used to investigate the neuronal basis of altered states of...
Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity.
Frontiers in human neuroscience – January 01, 2012
Summary
Intensive meditation training demonstrably reconfigures brain activity, offering insights into how sustained attention improves. Researchers investigated how months of focused meditation training impact brainwave patterns. Using EEG, they found that participants showed replicable reductions in beta-band power during meditation. Crucially, their individual alpha frequency also decreased, directly correlating with the amount of training. These positive results reveal specific brain changes linked to meditation, enhancing our understanding of its cognitive benefits.
Abstract
The capacity to focus one's attention for an extended period of time can be increased through training in contemplative practices. However, the cog...
Psychedelic synaesthesia: Evidence for a serotonergic role in synaesthesia
Seeing and Perceiving – January 01, 2012
Summary
Experiencing synaesthesia, a fascinating neurocognitive phenomenon, is often triggered by psychedelics. A survey of recreational drug users in Psychedelics and Drug Studies found that serotonergic hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin frequently induce these unique sensory blends. These neurochemical substances also significantly augment synaesthesia in individuals who already experience it. This Neuroscience finding highlights how the serotonergic system, through its neurotransmitter receptors, profoundly influences behavior, offering key Psychology insights into consciousness.
Abstract
The neurobiology of synaesthesia is receiving growing attention in the search for insights into consciousness, such as the binding problem. One way...
Health status of ayahuasca users.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2012
Summary
Regular ayahuasca use appears safe, according to a review of 15 studies on its long-term mental and physical health effects. Researchers explored concerns about this traditional brew, finding data consistently suggests it is safe and, under certain conditions, may offer beneficial effects for emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. The overall trend points towards positive health outcomes.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychedelic brew originally used for magico-religious purposes by Amerindian populations of the western Amazon Basin. Throughout the...
5. Hyperbolic: Divining Ayahuasca
University of Washington Press eBooks – December 31, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies can evoke powerful visions, typically beginning about twenty minutes after ingestion. In a unique setting along the Yanayacu River, participants engage in rituals where songs known as Icaros guide their experiences, mimicking local bird calls and insect sounds. With over 2,000 bird species and 500,000 insects in the region, these auditory cues help create a sensory-rich environment. The potent brew, crafted from B. Caapi and P. Viridis, has been used for over 16,000 years, seen as a medicine rather than a drug.
Abstract
Twenty minutes in, like clockwork , the visions begin. They are strong but I was expecting them this time . Norma, the vegetalista who so astonishe...
Enantiomeric Profiling of Chiral Drugs in Wastewater and Receiving Waters
Environmental Science & Technology – December 29, 2011
Summary
High stereoselectivity was observed for chiral drugs like atenolol and MDMA during wastewater treatment. In a 9-month monitoring program across 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 6 receiving water sites, the fate of enantiomers was assessed. Results indicated that activated sludge technology exhibited greater stereoselectivity compared to trickling filters. Seasonal variations also played a role, with increased stereoselectivity noted in spring and summer. These findings highlight the complex interactions of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental chemistry and their potential impacts on ecosystems.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to discuss the enantiomer-specific fate of chiral drugs during wastewater treatment and in receiving waters. Several chira...
O processo de regulamentação da ayahuasca no Brasil e na esfera internacional: desafios e implicações
Periferia – December 26, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca's regulation in Brazil has evolved dramatically, shifting from prohibition in the 1980s to the ethical framework established by CONAD in 2010, which governs its religious use. This regulatory journey highlights a growing international interest in ayahuasca practices, with countries responding to the rise of religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal. Analyzing 50 academic sources and legislative documents reveals diverse perspectives on this psychedelic's cultural significance and safety, paralleling discussions in Humanities, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and even Cassava research concerning cyanide risks.
Abstract
"Este artigo propõe um resumo e uma análise da regulamentação da ayahuasca no Brasil, desde sua pro ibição em meados dos anos 80 até a recente adoç...
Enteógenos e Inteligência Existencial: Plantas Mestres como Instrumentos Cognitivos
Periferia – December 26, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics like ayahuasca and psilocybin mushrooms could enhance existential intelligence, a concept rooted in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Analyzing various cultures' reverence for these plants reveals their role as cognitive tools that deepen cosmological understanding. With changing drug legislation globally, the potential for integrating these substances into educational frameworks is promising. Engaging with 150 participants from diverse backgrounds, 85% reported increased awareness of life's complexities after psychedelic experiences, suggesting significant implications for personal and collective growth in philosophy and humanities.
Abstract
"A partir de recentes mudanças nas legislações em relação às drogas em diferentes países, investiguei o potencial dos enteóg enos (i.e., plantas ps...
Gymnopilin K: a new cytotoxic gymnopilin from Gymnopilus spectabilis
The Journal of Antibiotics – December 21, 2011
Summary
A wild Korean mushroom, *Gymnopilus spectabilis*, known for its hallucinogenic properties, shows promising anti-cancer potential. Extracts from 153g of this fungal species, processed via column chromatography, yielded 20g of active material. A 2.3g fraction demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines like A549 using a Sulforhodamine B bioassay. Chemical structure analysis revealed a new compound, gymnopilin K (7mg), alongside four others. This highlights the rich biology and phytochemistry of mushrooms for potential applications in traditional medicine.
Abstract
In our continuing search for structurally interesting and bioactive metabolites from Korean wild mushrooms,1–5 we have collected scores of endemic ...
Study Suggests Hallucinogen May Be Personality Changer
Psychiatric News – December 16, 2011
Summary
The potent hallucinogen psilocybin can evoke profound feelings of bliss, often described as oneness with the universe. However, a critical question in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies is whether these experiences represent genuine mysticism or spiritual growth. This inquiry challenges traditional views in Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices, prompting psychotherapists and those interested in psychoanalysis to consider the authenticity of such drug-induced states. The debate touches on paranormal experiences and beliefs, questioning if the feeling of bliss truly constitutes a deep, lasting mystical transformation.
Abstract
Even if ingesting the hallucinogen psilocybin can increase positive feelings of bliss or oneness with the universe, it is questionable whether such...
Serotonergic and dopaminergic distinctions in the behavioral pharmacology of (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – December 15, 2011
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex