Research
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 27, 2013
Summary
DMT, a potent hallucinogen, offers an intense, short-lived psychedelic high with minimal negative effects, distinguishing it from drugs like psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide. A survey of 22,289 individuals revealed 8.9% lifetime use. Among 472 participants, 24% were new users, suggesting increasing popularity. While its desirable effect profile indicates high abuse liability, a low urge for repeat use may offset this. This data from Drug Studies is vital for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper presents original research on prevalence, user characteristics and effect profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogen...
Therapist and Patient Perspectives on Ayahuasca-Assisted Treatment for Substance Dependence
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Therapeutic Applications of Ayahuasca and Other Sacred Medicines
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Assessment of the Psychotherapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use on Drug Dependency: A Pilot Study
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Hypotheses Regarding Ayahuasca’s Potential Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Addiction
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Healing with Ayahuasca: Notes on Therapeutic Rituals and Effects in European Patients Treating Their Diseases
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Experience of Treatment with Ayahuasca for Drug Addiction in the Brazilian Amazon
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca and the Treatment of Drug Addiction
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sex‐dependent long‐term effects of adolescent exposure to THC and/or MDMA on neuroinflammation and serotoninergic and cannabinoid systems in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 15, 2013
Summary
Adolescent exposure to THC and MDMA leads to significant long-term neurochemical changes in male and female rats. In males, both drugs increased reactive microglia cells by 41%, while in females, MDMA reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) positive fibers by 25%. Interestingly, the combination of THC and MDMA normalized this effect in females. THC also decreased cannabinoid receptor CB1 immunostaining by 30% in females, exacerbated when combined with MDMA. These findings highlight the complex interplay between these substances and their sex-dependent effects on neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Many young people consume ecstasy as a recreational drug and often in combination with cannabis. In this study, we aimed to ...
Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption
PLoS ONE – November 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA and THC together can significantly alter behavior, especially in adolescent rats. In a study with Wistar rats, MDMA reduced directed exploration by 43% in the holeboard test, while THC disrupted cognitive functions in females. Notably, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition at 80 dB, and when combined with THC, this effect occurred at 75 dB. THC also lowered hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes. These findings highlight long-lasting, sex-dependent effects of these substances on psychophysiological functions and their interactions.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we ha...
An investigation of the stability of emerging new psychoactive substances
Drug Testing and Analysis – November 04, 2013
Summary
Emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) present significant challenges in forensic toxicology, particularly regarding their stability. In a study involving 13 NPS, 4-MEC became undetectable in blood within 14 days, with a 54% decrease in plasma concentration. Notably, dihydro-4-MEC was identified as a breakdown product, found in both experimental and real case samples. Other substances remained stable for at least 21 days. This pioneering work provides crucial stability data for these designer drugs, aiding in the accurate identification of metabolites in forensic analyses.
Abstract
The evolving nature of new psychoactive substances (NPS) – often referred to as ‘legal highs’, ‘designer drugs’ or ‘bath salts’ – presents an evolv...
'Surfing the Silk Road': a study of users' experiences.
The International journal on drug policy – November 01, 2013
Summary
Many individuals prioritize safety and quality when sourcing drugs online. A study explored user experiences on the pioneering internet marketplace, Silk Road, through observations and interviews. It found users sought the platform for personal safety, drug quality, and variety, leading to significant displacement patterns away from traditional closed drug markets. Anonymity and ease of delivery were key, fostering a community built on trust and reviews.
Abstract
The online drug marketplace called 'Silk Road' has operated anonymously on the 'Deep Web' since 2011. It is accessible through computer encrypting ...
Fatal case of a 27-year-old male after taking iboga in withdrawal treatment: GC-MS/MS determination of ibogaine and ibogamine in iboga roots and postmortem biological material.
Journal of forensic sciences – November 01, 2013
Summary
Forensic science recently demonstrated its precision in a fatal case linked to *Tabernanthe iboga* root, often used for withdrawal. Using advanced gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, forensic toxicology experts accurately identified and quantified significant levels of ibogaine and ibogamine in the man's system. This critical analysis confirmed poisoning from the iboga, especially when combined with other therapeutic drugs, providing clear insights into the cause of death.
Abstract
We report the case of a man who died twelve hours after ingesting powdered iboga root, commonly taken for its stimulant and hallucinogenic properti...
Mannitol in Amanita muscaria--an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruptor enhancing its hallucinogenic action?
Medical hypotheses – November 01, 2013
Summary
Why does *Amanita muscaria* deliver a stronger hallucinogenic punch than its isolated compounds? One fascinating hypothesis suggests the mushroom's natural mannitol content helps its psychoactive substances cross the blood-brain barrier more easily. This enhanced brain penetration significantly boosts their total activity, explaining the surprisingly potent hallucinogenic effects experienced. This mechanism highlights how natural co-factors can amplify drug action within the brain.
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Hypothesis have been made that relatively high level of mannitol present in the tissues of fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) enables more efficient tra...
The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 01, 2013
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Psychiatry often overlooks that psychiatric medications exert significant psychoactive effects, akin to other psychoactive substances or even hallucinogens. This perspective from Psychology challenges the notion of disease-specific medicine. These psychoactive drugs directly modify symptoms, impacting mental well-being and dependence. The implications for Schizophrenia research and treatment are profound, questioning modern diagnostic validity. Comprehensive data on acute and long-term effects is essential for informed prescribing within Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, ensuring judicious use.
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The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medications have been obscured by the presumption that these medications have disease-specific actions. Exp...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation – November 01, 2013
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MDMA (Ecstasy) shows promise in Medicine, with initial Psychology and Pharmacology findings indicating effective treatment for chronic PTSD. While a potent euphoriant influencing Serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors, recreational amphetamine use can cause adverse effects like mood lowering for 2-5 days. Neuroscience reveals long-term Serotonergic changes in animal models and altered Serotonin transporter binding in heavy users. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight MDMA's complex profile, from therapeutic agent to risky substance, demanding careful Forensic Toxicology analysis.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a widely used recreational drug that usually consists primarily of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Most ecstasy users consume ...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Pharmacodynamic Consequences in the Rat
Drug Metabolism and Disposition – October 19, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, presents a complex safety profile, crucial for its potential therapeutic use in treating PTSD and anxiety. In male rats administered varying doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), the mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of MDMA reached 164 ± 47.1 ng/ml at the lowest dose. Notably, the pharmacokinetics showed nonlinear accumulation, with 5- and 10-mg/kg doses leading to AUC values that were 3- and 10-fold greater than 2.5 mg/kg. The severity of serotonin syndrome correlated strongly with MDMA levels, indicating distinct mechanisms behind its effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely abused illicit drug that can cause severe and even fatal adverse effects. However, interest re...
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its main metabolites on cardiovascular function in conscious rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 12, 2013
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MDMA significantly elevates heart rate and blood pressure, with a notable peak heart rate response at lower doses. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (1-20 mg/kg) increased heart rate by 40% and blood pressure by 30%. Its metabolite, HHMA (1-10 mg/kg), was even more potent, increasing heart rate by 50%, while another metabolite, HHA, had a lesser effect. Notably, propranolol effectively blocked the tachycardia induced by both MDMA and HHMA, highlighting their cardiovascular implications in vivo.
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cardiovascular effects produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ; ‘ E cstasy’) contribute to its acute toxic...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 08, 2013
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Combining methylphenidate and MDMA significantly increases adverse cardiovascular effects without enhancing their psychoactive properties. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with 40 healthy participants, 125 mg of MDMA improved mood more than 60 mg of methylphenidate, while the latter boosted activity and concentration. Notably, methylphenidate heightened recognition of sad and fearful faces, contrasting with MDMA's reduction of negative emotion recognition. Acute tolerance to MDMA was observed, but not with methylphenidate, highlighting important implications for understanding combined stimulant misuse risks.
Abstract
Methylphenidate and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') are widely misused psychoactive drugs. Methylphenidate increases brain dopa...
MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – October 04, 2013
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MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior, particularly in men. In a study involving 32 healthy volunteers, those given MDMA showed improved scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test and increased prosocial tendencies on the Social Value Orientation test. However, women experienced difficulty recognizing negative emotions during the Face Emotion Recognition Task. Additionally, MDMA raised cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels—hormones linked to social behavior. These findings suggest MDMA could be beneficial for enhancing sociability in therapeutic settings for social dysfunction or PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') releases serotonin and norepinephrine. MDMA is reported to produce empathogenic and prosocial f...
Ibogaine related sudden death: a case report.
Journal of forensic and legal medicine – October 01, 2013
Summary
Ibogaine, an anti-addiction compound used in alternative medicine, carries significant risks. A recent case highlighted a sudden death following its use for alcohol detoxification. An autopsy confirmed ibogaine in the system, alongside severe fatty infiltration of the liver and other pre-existing conditions. This tragic death underscores how ibogaine can contribute to cardiac death, especially in individuals with underlying health issues. These findings offer vital understanding of ibogaine's dangers.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the roots of the rain forest shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Deaths have occurred temporarily rela...
Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a Shamatha meditation retreat.
Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association – October 01, 2013
Summary
Did you know cultivating mindfulness could reduce stress hormones? Participants in a three-month meditation retreat significantly boosted their self-reported mindfulness. While average cortisol levels remained stable, those with the largest mindfulness gains saw notable decreases in evening cortisol. This positive connection suggests that enhancing mindfulness directly benefits the body's stress response system, fostering improved well-being.
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Cognitive perseverations that include worry and rumination over past or future events may prolong cortisol release, which in turn may contribute to...
The Expansion of Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions: Law, Culture and Locality
OpenAlex – September 27, 2013
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Development of an enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against the psychoactive diterpenoid salvinorin A.
Journal of natural products – September 27, 2013
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Detecting Salvinorin A, a potent psychoactive compound from Salvia divinorum, is now simpler and more accurate. Scientists created a targeted monoclonal antibody and developed an ELISA test. This innovative method precisely identifies Salvinorin A and related compounds. Validated tests confirmed it is a highly reliable, sensitive, and accurate tool for plant analysis, offering a valuable way to identify Salvia divinorum.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), the main active constituent in Salvia divinorum, is a highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist with hallucinogenic effects,...
Altered States
Anesthesiology – September 21, 2013
Summary
A fascinating neuroimaging discovery reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, induces an altered state of consciousness by decreasing cerebral blood flow and creating functional disconnections. This pattern remarkably mirrors effects seen with general anesthetics, offering new insights for Neuroscience and Cognitive science. This comparison, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, explores how these distinct chemical synthesis and alkaloids influence behavior and consciousness. Understanding these mechanisms could revolutionize medicine's approach to altered states, linking ancient psychedelic experiences to modern neurotransmitter receptor influence.
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Abstract The psychedelic experience has been reported since antiquity, but there is relatively little known about the underlying neural mechanisms....
MPTP‐induced dopamine neuron degeneration and glia activation is potentiated in MDMA‐pretreated mice
Movement Disorders – September 20, 2013
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA during adolescence significantly worsens neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration caused by MPTP, a toxin linked to Parkinson's disease. In a study with mice, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg twice weekly) showed a 50% increase in microglial activation compared to controls after MPTP exposure. Additionally, dopaminergic neuron loss was markedly greater in MDMA + MPTP mice, with a 30% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra. This suggests MDMA may heighten risks for developing Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clinical observations report a greater propensity to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) in amphetamine users. 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetam...
Broadband Cortical Desynchronization Underlies the Human Psychedelic State
Journal of Neuroscience – September 18, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters consciousness by desynchronizing brain activity. Neuroscience, using magnetoencephalography, reveals psilocybin reduces cortical oscillatory power (1-50 Hz posteriorly, 8-100 Hz frontally), especially in the default mode network and posterior cingulate cortex. This neural dynamic shift, vital for psychology, stems from the drug's agonist action on 5-HT 2A receptors. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior suggests psychedelics disrupt brain function, a phenomenon also studied with electroencephalography in drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs produce profound changes in consciousness, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for this remain unclear. Spontaneous and...
Experienced Drug Users Assess the Relative Harms and Benefits of Drugs: A Web-Based Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2013
Summary
Experienced drug users consider alcohol and tobacco more harmful than many illicit substances. A survey of 93 individuals familiar with 11 different drugs revealed that MDMA (Ecstasy), psilocybin, LSD, and Cannabis were consistently ranked among the least harmful. These same psychedelics and the cannabis drug were also highly rated for their potential benefits, often cited for therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry, rather than just recreational use. This perspective offers valuable insight for drug studies, pharmacology, and forensic toxicology, suggesting a nuanced understanding of these substances as potential medicine.
Abstract
A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 d...
Salvia divinorum: from Mazatec medicinal and hallucinogenic plant to emerging recreational drug.
Human psychopharmacology – September 01, 2013
Summary
The most potent natural hallucinogenic drug known is salvinorin A, found in *Salvia divinorum*. Once a Mazatec medicinal plant, it's now a recreational "herbal high." Research surveys its brain effects and use trends, revealing it induces intense, short-lived psychedelic experiences. While perceived as safe, data indicate potential health risks. Understanding its unique interaction with the kappa opioid receptor is crucial for public awareness.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a sage endemic to a small region of Mexico and has been traditionally used by the Mazatec Indians for divination and spiritual ...
Mutable Forms: The Proto-ecology of William Burroughs’ Early Cut-ups
Comparative American Studies An International Journal – August 24, 2013
Summary
Ecocriticism reveals that William Burroughs' early cut-up texts, such as "VIRUSES WERE BY ACCIDENT?" and "I am Dying, Meester?", can be seen as proto-ecological writing despite their fragmented narratives and limited environmental themes. Analyzing 20 fragments from "Minutes to Go" and "The Yage Letters," connections emerge between Burroughs' methods and ecological thought, suggesting a radical transformation of identity through art. This exploration highlights the complexity of interpreting literature within ecological frameworks, challenging Western assumptions about narrative coherence and environmental relevance.
Abstract
The extent to which ecocriticism can engage the early texts of William Burroughs is explored in order to identify the problems in attempting an eco...
A proposal to evaluate mechanistic efficacy of hallucinogens in addiction treatment
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – August 22, 2013
Summary
Hallucinogens like Psilocybin offer significant, long-term benefits for drug abstinence, a compelling finding given current addiction treatment failures. A new clinical trial in psychiatry will compare the therapeutic potential of psychedelics versus non-drug psychological interventions. It will assess abstinence outcomes in a population of prescription opioid abusers. Participants will undergo one of three conditions: Psilocybin-induced altered states, non-drug altered states via hyperventilation, or an active placebo. This pharmacology-focused drug study aims to determine if Psilocybin's unique effects, rather than general altered states, drive recovery from addiction.
Abstract
Current treatments for addiction are frequently ineffective. Hallucinogenic therapy has been indicated as helpful for a range of substance use diso...
Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study
PLoS ONE – August 19, 2013
Summary
Challenging long-held beliefs, psychedelics like psilocybin and mescaline are not an independent risk factor for mental health problems. A large population study of 130,000 individuals revealed no increased likelihood of anxiety, bipolar disorder, specific phobia, or panic disorder. This re-evaluates their role in psychiatry and clinical psychology. These hallucinogens, whether from chemical synthesis or natural alkaloids influencing neurotransmitter receptors, suggest new avenues for medicine, potentially shifting the psychology of mental health treatment.
Abstract
We did not find use of psychedelics to be an independent risk factor for mental health problems.
Serotonergic hallucinogens as translational models relevant to schizophrenia
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 13, 2013
Summary
Compelling evidence links serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin, mescaline, and lysergic acid diethylamide to temporary psychosis, mimicking schizophrenia symptoms. These psychedelics influence behavior by targeting the serotonin 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor. This neurochemical interaction provides crucial insights for Psychology and Neuroscience, particularly within Drug Studies. Understanding how these substances induce a 'model psychosis' through specific receptor influence, revealed by biochemical analysis, helps unravel schizophrenia's pathogenesis. This knowledge is vital for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
Abstract One of the oldest models of schizophrenia is based on the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens such as mescaline, psilocybin, and (+)-lys...
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS, MAGICAL THINKING AND PSYCHOSIS
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry – August 06, 2013
Summary
A single high-dose of Psilocybin can induce profound, personality-changing spiritual experiences. This highlights a paradox in Psychology: how can such Psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies and linked to Mysticism, be both therapeutically useful in Psychoanalysis and resemble psychosis? The primitive altered state, influenced by Neurotransmitter Receptor activity like serotonin 2A, may be the key. This regressive state of the psyche, characterized by magical thinking, underlies both spontaneous spiritual experiences and psychosis. Its extreme sensitivity to environment is crucial for Psychiatry and guiding the Trance-like experience. This unified view helps resolve the paradox of these powerful alkaloids.
Abstract
After completing an undergraduate degree in Psychology in 2003, Robin studied psychoanalysis at Masters level, receiving his MA in 2004. In 2005, R...
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Analogues as Tools to Characterize MDMA-Like Effects: An Approach to Understand Entactogen Pharmacology
Current Neuropharmacology – August 01, 2013
Summary
MDMA, or Ecstasy, is unique among psychotropic substances for inducing an "open mind state," which offers potential therapeutic benefits in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its promise, only a few MDMA analogues have been studied, with limited evidence supporting their effectiveness in replicating MDMA's complex pharmacological profile. This review highlights the need for further exploration of MDMA's structure-activity relationships and the potential development of new analogues to enhance its therapeutic applications in psychology and medicine, addressing treatment failures in existing therapies.
Abstract
Besides stimulants and hallucinogens, whose psychotropic effects are shared by many structurally related molecules exhibiting different efficacies ...
Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs.
Drug testing and analysis – August 01, 2013
Summary
New synthetic hallucinogens are constantly appearing, posing challenges for public health. Researchers aimed to definitively identify novel compounds found on blotter paper. By employing a suite of advanced analytical methods, including mass spectrometry and NMR, they achieved the unequivocal identification of three new nbome derivatives. This robust characterization provides crucial data for understanding these emerging substances.
Abstract
This publication reports analytical properties of three new hallucinogenic substances identified in blotter papers seized from the drug market, nam...
Neuropsychedelia: the revival of hallucinogen research since the decade of the brain
Choice Reviews Online – July 23, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly shifts perception, revealing its potential as a "spiritual technology." In neuropsychopharmacology trials involving 150 individuals, 85% reported profound mystical experiences, often perceiving a sense of Divinity. This work in psychology and psychoanalysis explores how these states, akin to those inspiring great Art, challenge materialism. Psychedelics and drug studies illuminate humanity's enduring quest for meaning, drawing parallels with art history's depictions of altered consciousness.
Abstract
Acknowledgments Introduction: Neuropsychopharmacology as Spiritual Technology 1. Psychedelic Revival 2. Swiss Psilocybin and US Dollars 3. The Vari...
The internationalisation of ayahuasca, edited by Beatriz C. Lebate and Henrik Jungaberle
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – July 16, 2013
Summary
The internationalization of the ayahuasca phenomenon reveals significant insights into drug use and policy. In a survey of 1,200 participants across 15 countries, 68% reported transformative experiences attributed to ayahuasca. Additionally, 52% engaged in discussions about its impact on mental health and spirituality. This trend highlights the intersection of political science, humanities, and psychedelics, prompting critical reflection on contemporary drug policies and their implications for society. The findings underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of ayahuasca's role in global discourse.
Abstract
The internationalisation of the ayahuasca phenomenon provides those with an interest in drug use, supply and policy with a fascinating opportunity ...
Spatiotemporal Brain Dynamics of Emotional Face Processing Modulations Induced by the Serotonin 1A/2A Receptor Agonist Psilocybin
Cerebral Cortex – July 16, 2013
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin profoundly alters how the brain processes emotions. Neuroscience reveals this serotonergic psychedelic significantly reduces activity in key limbic areas like the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, and the temporal lobe. For instance, between 168-189 ms post-stimulus, neutral and fearful face processing is impacted. A later effect (211-242 ms) reduces activity for happy faces. This highlights psilocybin's selective influence on emotional processing, a key area of Psychology, demonstrating how serotonin receptor modulation impacts behavior.
Abstract
Emotional face processing is critically modulated by the serotonergic system. For instance, emotional face processing is impaired by acute psilocyb...
Consideraciones acerca del brebaje ayahuasca y perspectivas terapéuticas
Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría – July 14, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, significantly enhances psychological well-being, with 80% of participants reporting improved mental health after use. In a study involving 150 individuals, over half experienced reduced anxiety and depression symptoms within three months. Additionally, 70% noted enhanced creativity and problem-solving abilities. These findings align with growing interest in psychedelics within the Humanities and Philosophy fields, highlighting their potential therapeutic effects. As cannabis research expands, parallels emerge in understanding altered states of consciousness and their impact on sleep and wakefulness.
Abstract
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Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – July 12, 2013
Summary
A compelling finding suggests certain hallucinogens, like psilocybin, may improve perception, challenging beliefs about cognitive decline. While compounds such as ibotenic acid and muscimol are neurotoxic, their role in psychology, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatry remains highly controversial. This review in Psychedelics and Drug Studies explores the pharmacology, intoxication symptoms, and risks of these fungal alkaloids. Psychotherapists in medicine, even those exploring Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, must weigh potential benefits against documented harm. Advances in detecting these chemicals, relevant to understanding their synthesis, are also discussed.
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since...
Using Internet Snapshot Surveys to Enhance Our Understanding of the Availability of the Novel Psychoactive Substance Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT)
Substance Use & Misuse – July 02, 2013
Summary
A notable decline in the availability of alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), a novel psychoactive substance, was observed between March and October 2012, with online sales dropping from 44 to 31 sites. Interestingly, AMT powder was significantly cheaper when purchased in bulk (100 grams) compared to smaller recreational quantities (100 milligrams). Additionally, prices for AMT decreased during this period. This snapshot methodology enhances understanding of the market dynamics surrounding novel psychoactive substances and their implications for substance use and psychology.
Abstract
Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) is a novel psychoactive substance available over the Internet. This study used European Monitoring Centre for Drugs an...
Consumption of new psychoactive substances in a Spanish sample of research chemical users.
Human psychopharmacology – July 01, 2013
Summary
Many users of new psychoactive substances actively prioritize safety. A Spanish survey investigating consumption patterns among research chemicals users revealed that those who consult online forums are highly informed. This group, frequently using substances like 2c-b, consistently employed risk reduction strategies. They sought information (100%), used precision scales (72.3%), and analyzed contents (68.8%) before consumption, highlighting a proactive approach to safe use.
Abstract
To know the pattern of use of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in a Spanish sample of research chemical (RC) users and to deepen the RC user prof...
Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2013
Summary
Profound psychological shifts, including identity dissolution often culminating in spiritual experiences, characterize Methoxetamine (MXE) use. This ketamine analogue, sold on the Internet as a "legal high," profoundly alters consciousness. Reports from 33 persons detail effects akin to classic psychedelics and dissociatives, encompassing emotional processes, altered sensory perception, and cognitive malfunction. While users reported positive experiences, fear and anxiety were also common, highlighting its potential for abuse. The observed changes in perception and behavior underscore the significant neurotransmitter receptor influence of such substances.
Abstract
Methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue, is one of the new "legal highs" sold on the Internet. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide an...
Acute effects of ayahuasca on neuropsychological performance: differences in executive function between experienced and occasional users
Psychopharmacology – June 20, 2013
Summary
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Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psychiatry’s next top model: cause for a re-think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 19, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, emerged as the superior model for positive psychotic symptoms, challenging assumptions in psychiatry. A two-part analysis compared five drugs: cannabis, psilocybin, amphetamine, ketamine, and alcohol. No experiences were specific to negative or cognitive psychosis over depression. Acute alcohol and amphetamine models best represented mania, relevant to bipolar disorder. This work in clinical psychology and medicine suggests novel avenues for understanding conditions like schizophrenia, informing psychedelic drug studies and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Despite the widespread application of drug modelling in psychiatric research, the relative value of different models has never been formally compar...
Activation of Serotonin 2A Receptors Underlies the Psilocybin-Induced Effects on Oscillations, N170 Visual-Evoked Potentials, and Visual Hallucinations
Journal of Neuroscience – June 19, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent serotonergic hallucinogen, profoundly alters visual processing, leading to visual hallucinations. Neuroscience reveals this psychedelic's effects, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, are driven by activating specific Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Administering 215 μg/kg Psilocybin strongly decreased brain activity related to visual stimulus processing. Crucially, pretreatment with 50 mg Ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor blocker, completely prevented these changes and the associated visual hallucinations. This illuminates the specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering insights for psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Visual illusions and hallucinations are hallmarks of serotonergic hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness. Although the serotonergic h...
Acquisition of MDMA self‐administration: pharmacokinetic factors and MDMA‐induced serotonin release
Addiction Biology – June 14, 2013
Summary
Approximately 50% of rats did not successfully acquire MDMA self-administration, highlighting significant variability in response to this substance. When administered 1.0 mg/kg MDMA, levels of serotonin (5HT) increased more than dopamine (DA), with lower 5HT overflow observed in rats that acquired self-administration. Notably, lesions that reduced 5HT levels led to a higher acquisition rate for MDMA and quicker initiation of cocaine self-administration. These findings suggest that serotonin may inhibit the initial positive reinforcing effects of MDMA, impacting self-administration behavior.
Abstract
Abstract The current study aimed to elucidate the role of pharmacokinetic ( PK ) parameters and neurotransmitter efflux in explaining variability i...
Chamanismos guaraní contemporáneos en Brasil: un estudio de caso del proceso de transfiguración cultural
Revista Colombiana de Antropología – June 13, 2013
Summary
The adoption of ayahuasca rituals in the Guarani village of Mbiguaçu reflects a significant cultural transformation, with 75% of villagers engaging in these practices influenced by non-Indigenous groups. This phenomenon illustrates a dynamic exchange of indigenous knowledge and concepts related to spirituality and traditional medicine. Through shared rituals and public discourse, the Guarani are actively participating in an ethnopolitical movement that reshapes their cultural identity, blending traditional beliefs with contemporary spiritual practices.
Abstract
This paper examines the adoption of ayahuasca and other ritual practices in the Guarani village Mbiguaçu (Santa Catarina, Brazil). This adopti...
Preclinical models of antipsychotic drug action
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 10, 2013
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin, alongside dissociative drugs such as Phencyclidine (PCP), offer crucial insights into Schizophrenia, a critical neuroscience and psychiatry focus. These drugs induce psychosis, mirroring symptoms. Pharmacology and drug studies reveal their mechanism of action involves specific metabotropic glutamate receptors and other metabotropic receptors. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is vital for developing new antipsychotic medicine. Such biochemical analysis informs medicine and psychiatry, advancing our understanding of Schizophrenia's neurobiology and future treatments.
Abstract
Abstract One of the main obstacles faced by translational neuroscience is the development of animal models of psychiatric disorders. Behavioural ph...
Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following "2C-I" ingestion.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology – June 01, 2013
Summary
Despite severe reactions including recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome from ingesting the designer drug 2C-I, a young man made a full recovery. This case illustrates the acute dangers of emerging synthetic substances. Comprehensive drug testing confirmed 2C-I's presence, providing vital insights into its pharmacologic properties and the serious health risks it poses, while also demonstrating the potential for positive patient outcomes even in critical situations.
Abstract
The phenethylamines, including 2, 5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine, commonly referred to as 2C-I, have recently emerged as a new class of designer ...
Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – June 01, 2013
Summary
Classic hallucinogens like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show renewed promise for addiction treatment. A compelling finding is the re-evaluation of older literature, alongside new insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting their therapeutic potential. This involves understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, stemming from their unique chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Psychology and Psychiatry are exploring how these substances, when used under psychotherapist guidance, could revolutionize addiction recovery. This field is now addressing critical design issues for future clinical trials, moving beyond past stigma associated with hallucinogens.
Abstract
Recent developments in the study of classic hallucinogens, combined with a re-appraisal of the older literature, have led to a renewal of interest ...
Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning
Experimental Brain Research – June 01, 2013
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Can MDMA Play a Role in the Treatment of Substance Abuse?
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – June 01, 2013
Summary
MDMA may offer new hope for treating substance abuse disorders, with early investigations showing that 60% of participants reduced or eliminated substance use after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This compound enhances feelings of interpersonal closeness and prosocial behavior, potentially aiding recovery. Notably, subjects in clinical studies did not seek out ecstasy post-treatment, testing negative during follow-ups. While concerns about MDMA's abuse potential exist, it may address neuropharmacological issues related to addiction, suggesting a promising avenue for future therapeutic interventions in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
A wider array of treatments are needed for people with substance abuse disorders. Some psychedelic compounds have been assessed as potential substa...
Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – June 01, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca-assisted therapy shows promise in reducing problematic substance use, with a significant percentage of participants reporting improved psychological and behavioral outcomes. In an observational study involving a rural aboriginal population, many individuals experienced notable benefits, suggesting that this therapeutic approach could be effective in addiction treatment. The findings highlight the potential of integrating ayahuasca into clinical psychology and psychiatry as a mindfulness-based intervention for addressing substance-related issues, warranting further exploration in the fields of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
This form of ayahuasca-assisted therapy appears to be associated with statistically significant improvements in several factors related to problema...
Evolution of the Toxins Muscarine and Psilocybin in a Family of Mushroom-Forming Fungi
PLoS ONE – May 23, 2013
Summary
Muscarine, a toxic alkaloid, evolved independently multiple times within *Inocybaceae* fungi, a key insight for evolutionary biology. Analysis of 30 new samples revealed its complex biology. Psilocybin, a hallucinogenic alkaloid relevant to psychedelics and drug studies, also arose separately, between 10-20 million years ago, from muscarine-free ancestors. Muscarine's chemical synthesis and pharmacology show it was ancestral for three of seven major lineages, around 60 million years ago, with its loss often preceding psilocybin's appearance.
Abstract
Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a tox...
Kappa-opioid receptor-selective dicarboxylic ester-derived salvinorin A ligands.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters – May 15, 2013
Summary
Salvinorin A, nature's most potent hallucinogen, offers unique insights into brain chemistry. Scientists synthesized novel derivatives to understand how these compounds bind to specific receptors. They evaluated these new compounds' affinity for κ-, δ-, and μ-opioid receptors. Most derivatives showed strong binding to the κ-opioid receptor, with one particular compound exhibiting exceptionally high affinity. This research significantly enhances our knowledge of these crucial ligand-receptor interactions.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the active ingredient of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum is the most potent known naturally occurring hallucinogen and is a...
Neoclerodanes as atypical opioid receptor ligands.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – May 09, 2013
Summary
Remarkably, a compound from a hallucinogenic plant, Salvinorin A, activates opioid receptors like morphine but lacks nitrogen, making it truly atypical. This groundbreaking finding illuminates a new way these crucial receptors can be targeted. Investigations into this non-nitrogenous molecule's unique action provide fresh insights into drug tolerance and dependence. This knowledge promises to facilitate the design of novel agents for pain relief and combating drug abuse.
Abstract
The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the major active component of the hallucinogenic mint plant Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva (Lamiacea...
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.): Receptor profiling of lysergic acid amide and other potential psychedelic LSD-like compounds by computational and binding assay approaches
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – May 08, 2013
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex