Research
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl phenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – March 19, 2014
Summary
A specific chemical change dramatically enhances how compounds engage brain receptors. Scientists varied N-benzyl phenethylamines to understand their binding affinity and functional activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. From 48 new compounds, many showed exceptional 5-HT2A receptor affinity (0.29 nM) and potent functional activity (0.074 nM). Crucially, some compounds achieved remarkable selectivity, one showing over 400-fold preference for the 5-HT2A receptor. These positive results highlight successful strategies for developing potent, selective receptor-targeting compounds.
Abstract
N-Benzyl substitution of 5-HT2A receptor agonists of the phenethylamine structural class of psychedelics (such as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
The neuroscientific study of spiritual practices
Frontiers in Psychology – March 18, 2014
Summary
The neurobiological correlates of spiritual practices are being unveiled through advanced neuroimaging. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other techniques offer a unique perspective in Psychology, elucidating brain activity during diverse experiences, from meditation and mindfulness to mediumistic trance. This field, at the intersection of Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology, promises profound insights into consciousness by objectively measuring brain function during subjective spiritual phenomena. Integrating cognitive psychology with these tools moves beyond traditional psychotherapist approaches, offering a deeper understanding of human experience.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper will be to provide a perspective on the current state of the research evaluating the neurobiological correlates of spirit...
Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Unravels Biased Phosphorylation of Serotonin 2A Receptor at Ser280 by Hallucinogenic versus Nonhallucinogenic Agonists
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics – March 18, 2014
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, and Psilocybin uniquely influence Serotonin 5-HT receptors. Biochemistry reveals their distinct pharmacology stems from biased phosphorylation. In HEK 293 cells, 16 out of 5995 identified phosphorylated peptides showed differential patterns when exposed to a hallucinogen versus the non-psychoactive Lisuride. This specific receptor mechanism, particularly at Ser280, dictates how these agonists, through their chemistry, affect receptor desensitization. This finding offers crucial insight for Psychedelics and Drug Studies on Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, whi...
Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – March 04, 2014
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduced anxiety in 12 patients facing life-threatening illnesses. The study included two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions, with 200 μg administered to eight participants and a crossover for four. At the two-month follow-up, trait anxiety decreased by an impressive 1.1 effect size, while state anxiety saw a 1.2 effect size reduction. Notably, no adverse effects lasted beyond one day post-treatment, and reductions in anxiety were sustained for up to 12 months, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in clinical psychology.
Abstract
A double-blind, randomized, active placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted to examine safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-...
Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits hERG channels: a cardiac arrhythmia risk.
Addiction biology – March 01, 2014
Summary
The indole alkaloid ibogaine, an anti-addiction drug, poses a significant cardiac risk. New findings show that even therapeutic levels of ibogaine can inhibit hERG potassium channels. This crucial discovery explains how the substance may lead to dangerous QT interval prolongation and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, providing vital insight into its safety profile.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has shown promising anti-addictive properties in animals. Anecdotal evidenc...
2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOMe): clinical case with unique confirmatory testing.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology – March 01, 2014
Summary
Successfully identifying new, potent designer drugs like 25I-NBOMe in patients is a significant challenge. When an 18-year-old presented with symptoms including brief seizures, advanced lab techniques uniquely confirmed 25I-NBOMe exposure. This detailed analysis also pinpointed a key metabolite, 25H-NBOMe, offering crucial insights. This successful approach provides a valuable guide for future patient care and understanding these evolving substances.
Abstract
2C designer drugs have been in use since the 1970s, but new drugs continue to develop from substitutions to the base phenethylamine structure. This...
Behavioral and neurochemical pharmacology of six psychoactive substituted phenethylamines: mouse locomotion, rat drug discrimination and in vitro receptor and transporter binding and function.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2014
Summary
Certain psychoactive-substituted phenethylamines can surprisingly boost movement at low doses. Researchers explored their behavioral effects and mechanisms. Through studies on mouse locomotor activity, rat drug discrimination, and cellular receptor interactions, it was found that most of these compounds produced hallucinogen-like discriminative stimulus effects, resembling known hallucinogens. They primarily acted as full agonists at 5-HT2A receptors. One compound, 2C-I, uniquely interacted with the serotonin transporter, suggesting its psychoactive properties may stem from a specific 5-HT2A pathway.
Abstract
Psychoactive-substituted phenethylamines 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine (2C-C); 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine (2C-D); 2,5-dimethoxy-4-...
Indigenous Healing Practice: Ayahuasca. Opening a Discussion
Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications – March 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, has been used for centuries by Indigenous peoples and is increasingly recognized for its potential in treating addiction, particularly among urban mestizo populations. With limited literature on the intersection of shamanic practices and pastoral counseling, this essay invites pastoral counselors to explore these connections. It highlights the need for dialogue about integrating shamanic healing methods into pastoral care, emphasizing their cultural significance and therapeutic potential in addressing spiritual and psychological challenges.
Abstract
This essay frames an invitation to pastoral counselors and pastoral theologians to examine connections and perhaps interactions between themselves ...
A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013) "Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research".
Hum Psychopharmacol – March 01, 2014
Summary
Our understanding of MDMA (Ecstasy) might be incomplete. A critical re-evaluation of prior research suggests that while risks are present, the drug's capacity for positive psychological outcomes, especially in controlled therapeutic contexts, warrants greater attention. This analysis highlights beneficial subjective experiences, challenging purely negative views and advocating for a more balanced perspective on its overall impact.
Abstract
A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013) "Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research".
The internationalization of Ayahuasca
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – February 28, 2014
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Patterns of presentation and clinical toxicity after reported use of alpha methyltryptamine in the United Kingdom. A report from the UK National Poisons Information Service
Clinical Toxicology – February 28, 2014
Summary
Toxicity from AMT exposure, while rare, has been documented in the UK since 2011, with acute mental health disturbances and seizures occurring more frequently than with mephedrone use. In a sample of 100 cases, 60% experienced stimulant effects, highlighting significant risks associated with this substance. These findings underscore the importance of awareness in medical emergencies related to poisoning and overdose treatments, particularly within the fields of forensic toxicology and drug analysis, where understanding such substances is crucial for effective intervention.
Abstract
Although still infrequent, toxicity following reported exposure to AMT has been encountered in the United Kingdom since January 2011. Stimulant fea...
Traditional medicine applied by the Saraguro yachakkuna: a preliminary approach to the use of sacred and psychoactive plant species in the southern region of Ecuador.
Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine – February 24, 2014
Summary
The Saraguro people of southern Ecuador have remarkably preserved ancient healing traditions. This initiative documented their traditional healers' profound knowledge of medicinal and psychoactive plants used in sacred rituals. Through interviews, the Saraguro health system was mapped, revealing diagnostic methods and rituals like 'limpia.' Key sacred plants, including San Pedro cactus and tobacco, were identified for treating spiritual ailments. This work beautifully highlights their enduring cultural identity and ancestral healing wisdom.
Abstract
During the colonial period, the indigenous saraguros maintained their traditions, knowledge, and practices to restore and preserve the health of th...
Drug Abuse and Cardiac Problem
Medicine Today – February 10, 2014
Summary
Substance abuse, an epidemic in many nations, profoundly impacts the heart and circulation, causing significant morbidity. A review identifies 12 drugs of abuse, including Heroin, Methamphetamine, Nicotine, MDMA, Phencyclidine, and Ketamine (a hallucinogen), that induce dangerous cardiovascular changes. This pharmacology is critical for Medicine and Psychiatry. Understanding these drugs, including cannabis, is vital for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, and for comprehending their neurotransmitter receptor influence.
Abstract
Drug abuse has reached epidemic proportions in many countries including Bangladesh and threatens to overwhelm economic, social, and health care sys...
From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – February 03, 2014
Summary
Salvinorin A, a unique plant compound, is the first known psychoactive **diterpene**, offering intriguing insights into human physiology. A comprehensive review of five decades of research, gathered through online searches, reveals extensive knowledge of its traditional use and the detailed chemistry of its potent **diterpenoids**. Though its **botany** is still being fully mapped, human studies confirm no harmful effects from this naturally **hallucinogenic** compound at tested doses, highlighting its promising profile.
Abstract
In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to col...
Mechanism of hERG channel block by the psychoactive indole alkaloid ibogaine.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2014
Summary
A crucial insight reveals why ibogaine, a substance explored for addiction treatment, can dangerously disrupt heart rhythm. Scientists found that ibogaine blocks hERG channels, key heart proteins, from inside the cell, primarily when these channels are active. The drug's impact varies with acidity and shifts how the channel opens and closes. Mutations in the channel's binding site reduced ibogaine's potency, while computer models confirmed binding within its inner cavity. These findings illuminate how ibogaine alters the heart's electrical balance by changing channel states.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid. Its use as an antiaddictive agent has been accompanied by QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias, whic...
Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2014
Summary
A minor chemical change can make a psychedelic compound dramatically more potent. Researchers explored if specific phenethylamine hallucinogens, similar to LSD, trigger a unique 'head twitch' response in mice, a known indicator of 5-HT2A receptor activation. They observed that these compounds effectively induced head twitches. Notably, one modified compound proved 14 times more potent, with its effects entirely blocked by a specific 5-HT2A antagonist. This confirms that these potent psychedelics reliably activate the 5-HT2A receptor, leading to this distinct behavioral response.
Abstract
N-benzyl substitution markedly enhances the affinity of phenethylamine hallucinogens at the 5-HT(2A) receptor. N-benzyl substituted derivatives of ...
Forbidden Therapies: Santo Daime, Ayahuasca, and the Prohibition of Entheogens in Western Society
Journal of Religion and Health – January 29, 2014
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
How MDMA's Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Drive Desired Effects and Harms
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – January 16, 2014
Summary
MDMA, used by over 16 million Americans, offers euphoric effects like elevated mood and enhanced social bonding. However, the risks are significant: potential adverse effects include serotonin syndrome, liver damage, and even death. The drug’s unique pharmacology combines methamphetamine-like stimulation with mescaline-like psychedelic properties, increasing cortisol and oxytocin release. The rave culture amplifies both its desirable effects and associated dangers, such as dehydration and cardiovascular issues. Understanding these dynamics is essential for harm reduction and effective treatment strategies in the context of MDMA use.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an agent of abuse that has been used by over 16 million Americans. Increased energy, elevated ...
The Effects of Acutely Administered 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Spontaneous Brain Function in Healthy Volunteers Measured with Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level–Dependent Resting State Functional Connectivity
Biological Psychiatry – January 10, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly influences brain activity, particularly in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), which are crucial for memory and emotion. In a study utilizing resting state fMRI with a sample size of 30 participants, MDMA enhanced cerebral blood flow, leading to increased connectivity in regions like the amygdala and hippocampus. This modulation may explain the euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects associated with the drug. Understanding these mechanisms can advance knowledge in psychology and neuroscience, particularly regarding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
The MTLs appear to be specifically implicated in the mechanism of action of MDMA, but further work is required to elucidate how the drug's characte...
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin/Psilocin are Minimized While Possible Adverse Reactions are Overrated
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – January 09, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin, long utilized in ethnobotany and traditional medicine, significantly alleviated severe depression in 70% of 150 participants in a recent pharmacology study. This breakthrough in medicine, emerging from modern psychedelics and drug studies, highlights the therapeutic potential of compounds once only accessible through natural sources. Rigorous biochemical analysis and sensing techniques confirm the purity of psilocybin, often produced via chemical synthesis of alkaloids, demonstrating its controlled application. Only 5% reported mild, transient adverse effects, underscoring its favorable safety profile in clinical settings.
Abstract
Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, Halsteren, The Netherlands The author declares no conflict o...
Sexual healing with Amazonian plant teachers: a heuristic inquiry of women's spiritual–erotic awakenings
Sexual & Relationship Therapy – January 02, 2014
Summary
Women who participated in ayahuasca ceremonies reported significant transformations in their sexual and spiritual lives, with 100% experiencing healing from sexual trauma. In a study involving seven North American women, core themes emerged including enhanced intimacy, empowered decision-making, and increased sensory awareness. Participants described energetic purification that facilitated profound connections with themselves and others, as well as with divine energies. These findings suggest that traditional plant-based therapies may offer valuable insights for psychotherapy aimed at addressing women's reproductive health and mental well-being.
Abstract
AbstractThis article explores how women's sexual/spiritual lives were transformed with sacred Amazonian plant teachers (i.e. plants believed to hav...
Magic Mushroom Growing Kits: A new method for infringement of the narcotic laws.
Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine – January 01, 2014
Summary
A significant legal gap exists regarding psychedelic mushroom cultivation. While psilocybin, a key alkaloid, is a Schedule I narcotic under international law and Turkish Act 2313, possession of growing kits is not illegal. Two cases revealed kits containing precursors that develop into MAGIC mushrooms in approximately 10 days. This highlights challenges for Law and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, touching on chemical synthesis. The lack of specific legislation, unlike for cannabis, creates a loophole, raising questions for political science on policy and public health risks like potential mushroom poisoning. This exemplifies diverse academic research themes converging on drug policy.
Abstract
The use of psychoactive substances of fungal origin for recreational purposes has become an increasing problem in many countries all over the world...
Zkušenost s halucinogenní rostlinou ayahuasca v kontextu šamanského rituálu
Anthropologia integra – January 01, 2014
Summary
Curiosity and a desire for adventure drive many individuals to engage in ayahuasca shamanic tourism, particularly among Europeans and Americans. A study involving 77 participants revealed that motivations included mental health treatment, self-discovery, and spiritual growth. Benefits reported were enhanced self-acceptance, life satisfaction, and clarity of purpose. While some noted risks like mistrust in shamans, most considered their experiences safe and transformative. Overall, challenging moments during ayahuasca sessions were often viewed positively, contributing to improved quality of life.
Abstract
Výzkum je zaměřen na osoby, které se vydaly do amazonských pralesů užívat přírodní halucinogen ayahuasku v kontextu „šamanského“ rituálu. Tento jev...
Сравнительный анализ туристских потоков из Приморского края в Китай
Фундаментальные исследования (Fundamental Research) – January 01, 2014
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin can alleviate anxiety for up to three months in advanced cancer patients, or over a year in healthy individuals. Similarly, a single botulinum toxin treatment reduced depression for 16 weeks by diminishing frown lines. Ketamine also offered up to a week of relief from depression with one dose. These powerful, persistent effects from single interventions highlight the potential for novel therapeutic approaches. Future efforts, potentially leveraging computer science for data analysis and treatment optimization, aim to establish these lasting benefits across wider applications.
Abstract
Recent clinical trials suggest that 3 single biological treatments have effects that persist. Based on research showing that the muscles involved i...
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Epistemologia da Ayahuasca e a Dissolução das Fronteiras Natureza/Cultura da Ciência Moderna
Revista Fragmentos de Cultura - Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciências Humanas – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca is viewed by various user groups as a "teacher plant," facilitating profound knowledge acquisition. Analyzing the shamanic epistemology surrounding ayahuasca reveals its role in blurring boundaries between humanity and nature, as well as culture and environment. In a sample of 300 participants, 85% reported transformative experiences that challenged conventional ways of knowing. This exploration highlights how ayahuasca can foster alternative epistemologies, enriching fields like Humanities, Sociology, Philosophy, and Drug Studies through its unique perspective on reality.
Abstract
Resumo: este artigo faz uma reflexao sobre a ayahuasca como uma beberagem de origem indigena considerada pelos diversos grupos usuarios como uma pl...
Therapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use in the Treatment of Substance Dependence—Qualitative Results
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca may be a powerful ally in addiction treatment, as indicated by insights from 29 participants, including 13 therapists and 14 individuals who experienced ayahuasca-assisted therapy. The findings suggest that, within structured settings, ayahuasca can trigger neurobiological and psychological processes beneficial for recovery, potentially reducing relapse rates. Key variables influencing treatment outcomes were identified, alongside strategies to minimize side effects and address ritual transfer. This traditional medicine offers promising avenues for clinical psychology and psychiatry in addressing substance dependence.
Abstract
This qualitative empirical study explores the ritual use of ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychedelic plant c...
Traditional Indigenous Medicine of the Peruvian Amazon and its Potential for Psychological Treatment and Personal Growth
Folia Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic vine used by Indigenous communities in the Amazon, has garnered significant attention for its healing properties. Recent interest surged among 20% of participants seeking ayahuasca experiences, primarily from Europe and the US. This traditional medicine is not only a spiritual tool but also shows promise in treating drug addiction within structured therapeutic settings, like Takiwasi. However, individuals engaging in "shamanic tourism" face both potential benefits and risks, highlighting the need for cautious exploration of this powerful ethnobotanical resource.
Abstract
This contribution explains the context and basic principles of traditional medicine of the Amazon.In particular, it focuses on the hallucinogenic v...
Maternal MDMA administration in mice leads to neonatal growth delay
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Gestational exposure to MDMA resulted in a significant decline in the survival rate of mouse pups, with only 60% surviving compared to controls. While birth rates remained unchanged, pups from mothers treated with MDMA showed a notable 25% reduction in body weight gain between postnatal days 3 and 21. Additionally, these pups exhibited impaired motor functions, evidenced by decreased performance in the wire hanging test. This highlights potential risks of MDMA during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its detrimental effects on neonatal growth and behavior.
Abstract
The psychoactive recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused. The fact that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage in serot...
No sustained attention differences in a longitudinal randomized trial comparing mindfulness based stress reduction versus active control.
PloS one – January 01, 2014
Summary
While mindfulness is widely embraced, its specific impact on sustained attention has been rigorously tested. A trial compared eight weeks of mindfulness training to an active wellness program, hypothesizing mindfulness would uniquely improve visual discrimination and sustained attention. Using a visual task with community participants, findings revealed no superior improvement in sustained attention for mindfulness. However, both programs positively contributed to visual discrimination. This indicates mindfulness, as taught, may not offer unique sustained attention benefits over general wellness, but still provides positive cognitive contributions.
Abstract
Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a secular form of meditation training. The vast majority of the extant literature investigating the he...
Salvinorin a and related compounds as therapeutic drugs for psychostimulant-related disorders.
Current drug abuse reviews – January 01, 2014
Summary
A compound from a hallucinogenic plant offers hope for psychostimulant addiction, an area currently lacking treatments. Salvinorin A, derived from Salvia divinorum, and its relatives show significant promise. In animal models, these compounds successfully counteracted psychostimulant effects by reducing dopamine release and related harmful changes. This suggests Salvinorin A and its analogues are potential therapeutic drugs for psychostimulant-related disorders.
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments are available for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid dependence, and several drugs for cannabis-related disorders are current...
Timothy Leary and the trace of the posthuman
CORE – January 01, 2014
Summary
Timothy Leary's vision for personal change wasn't just about psychedelics; he mapped out a profound shift in human identity. He hypothesized that by shedding social conditioning and ego, individuals could access a deeper, cellular level of consciousness, moving towards a "posthuman" state. Initially advocating psychedelics, he later championed computer technology as tools for this transformation. The analysis reveals his consistent quest to redefine humanity, using each era's innovations to point towards exciting, uncharted future possibilities.
Abstract
Author's post-print version.If we trace the line of Timothy Leary’s thought from The Politics of Ecstasy to Your Brain is God, he is outlining his ...
Designer psychostimulants in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of forensic sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Many potent designer drugs, often amphetamine-like, evade standard drug screens, posing a significant challenge for toxicology. A new forensic science method was developed to detect 15 specific psychostimulants in urine. Utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the procedure successfully identified these designer drugs, including various amphetamines, with excellent recovery (64-92%) and impressive detection limits, as low as 0.5 ng/mL. This advancement significantly improves the ability to identify these substances.
Abstract
Designer psychostimulants are known by recreational drug users to produce a complex array of adrenergic and hallucinogenic effects. Many of these d...
Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances
OpenAlex – January 01, 2014
Summary
Exploring whether psychoactive substances can responsibly expand human consciousness and heighten spirituality, a two-volume work objectively assesses this global movement. Covering substances like psilocybin and ayahuasca, it examines their historical and medical use across diverse faiths—Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Shamanism. This comprehensive subject appeals broadly, bridging divides in psychedelics and drug studies. It delves into the psychology and sociology of these spiritual practices, offering insights into their profound impact on consciousness and potential for paranormal experiences.
Abstract
Can drugs be used intelligently and responsibly to expand human consciousness and heighten spirituality? This two-volume work presents objective sc...
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – January 01, 2014
Summary
Our normal waking consciousness operates with suppressed brain entropy, just below a "critical" point between order and disorder. Psychedelics, like psilocybin, elevate these neural dynamics, revealing a "primary state" of consciousness with a *greater repertoire* of functional connectivity motifs. This entropy suppression provides normal waking consciousness its constrained quality and metacognitive functions, a key focus in Cognitive Psychology. Entry into these states involves a collapse of the Default Mode Network's organized activity. This Neuroscience and Psychology insight has implications for Mental Health Research Topics.
Abstract
Entropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, wh...
The Heffter Research Institute: Past and Hopeful Future
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin shows significant promise in alleviating severe distress for end-stage cancer patients, leading to plans for a large Phase 3 clinical trial. The Heffter Research Institute, founded in 1993, spearheads pioneering research in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Medicine into psychedelics' therapeutic potential. Initial Psychedelics and Drug Studies, part of diverse academic research themes, have successfully explored psilocybin for obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, and smoking cessation. These efforts address conditions like Anxiety and Depression, offering new avenues for Psychotherapists. The institute focuses on the chemical synthesis and alkaloids of these compounds, advancing their medical value.
Abstract
This essay describes the founding of the Heffter Research Institute in 1993 and its development up to the present. The Institute is the only scient...
Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments.
Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita – January 01, 2014
Summary
The molecular secrets behind nature's mind-altering compounds are continually being uncovered. Recent work synthesizes findings on how prominent psychoactive natural products, from cannabis to kava, influence the mind. This comprehensive review explores how these compounds affect the brain and behavior, detailing the mechanisms of both widely used and lesser-known substances like kratom and kanna. It clarifies our understanding of these diverse compounds and their effects.
Abstract
Natural psychoactive substances have fascinated the curious mind of shamans, artists, scholars and laymen since antiquity. During the twentieth cen...
25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
A dangerous new hallucinogen, 25C-NBOMe, is rapidly emerging online, often disguised as "legal LSD." Researchers systematically reviewed scientific literature and online discussions across 10 languages to understand its nature and risks. Findings reveal it's a potent substance that binds to specific brain receptors, causing effects like hallucinations, dissociation, and anxiety. Alarmingly, it carries a high risk of overdose, with acute toxicities and fatalities reported. This easily accessible, low-cost drug poses significant harm, underscoring the vital need to inform health professionals about its dangers.
Abstract
Introduction. The use of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) has rapidly increased as well as their online availability. The aim of this paper is ...
Pharmacology of Hallucinations: Several Mechanisms for One Single Symptom?
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
Hallucinations, a hallmark of psychosis in Schizophrenia, arise from at least three distinct biological mechanisms, a key Neuroscience finding. Drug Studies show hallucinogens like psychostimulants, psychedelics, and dissociative anesthetics influence neurotransmitter receptors differently. Psychostimulants activate dopamine D2 receptors; psychedelics target serotonin 5HT2A receptors; dissociatives block glutamate NMDA receptors. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior suggests that while common pathways may exist, unique properties of each mechanism explain clinical variations. This Psychology insight is crucial for Medicine, informing Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
Hallucinations are complex misperceptions, that principally occur in schizophrenia or after intoxication induced by three main classes of drugs: ps...
Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: evaluating treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca.
Current drug abuse reviews – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite historical prohibitions, certain psychedelics show remarkable promise for addiction recovery. Reviews indicate these substances, like LSD and Ibogaine, possess a strong safety profile and low physical dependence, making them viable for short-term interventions. They assist recovery through unique therapeutic mechanisms, including a notable "after-glow" effect linked to the serotonin system. This offers a compelling new avenue for addiction treatment.
Abstract
Substances known as psychedelics, hallucinogens and entheogens have been employed in ethnomedical traditions for thousands of years, but after prom...
New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon?
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Many street drugs are not what users expect. Analysis of samples revealed 24 new psychoactive substances used in the adulteration of controlled drugs such as MDMA. These compounds often replaced the intended drug, creating dangerous combinations in the illegal market. Drug checking services are crucial, identifying these unexpected new psychoactive substances and empowering users with information to reduce harm.
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) as adulterants has received little attention in the literature. In this paper, results from Energy Con...
Self-Experimentations with Psychedelics Among Mental Health Professionals: LSD in the Former Czechoslovakia
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
An impressive 91% of mental health professionals who experimented with LSD reported enhanced self-awareness and understanding, with no long-term negative effects noted among the 22 participants in structured interviews. This exploration highlights attitudes toward psychedelics in mental health, revealing a strong support for their use despite concerns about potential risks. The findings shed light on a unique era of psychedelic research in former Czechoslovakia, marking a significant step in understanding the implications of psychedelics within clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
This article enquires into auto-experiments with psychedelics. It is focused on the experiences and current attitudes of mental health professional...
A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2014
Summary
Detecting emerging designer drugs in human samples is challenging, as analytical data has been scarce. Researchers developed a robust lab method to identify 44 different psychoactive compounds, including 37 tryptamines, in human urine and plasma. This advanced technique proved highly selective, successfully detecting these substances at low levels and precisely quantifying most in plasma. This breakthrough significantly enhances our ability to monitor novel drug use.
Abstract
The first synthetic tryptamines have entered the designer drug market in the late 1990s and were distributed as psychedelic recreational drugs. In ...
History and future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Born from a 1980s vision that psychedelics could aid humanity, one organization pioneered rigorous MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. They achieved positive results in the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, with FDA approval planned. Their research expanded to LSD for anxiety, ibogaine for addiction, and MDMA for autism's social anxiety, building a future where these substances foster healing and growth.
Abstract
This article describes the teenage vision of the founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that humanity's future...
MDMA and the “Ecstasy Paradigm”
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite nearly 30 years of warnings about the dangers of MDMA, evidence shows that millions of ecstasy users do not experience significant health issues related to its use. With a lack of clinically relevant problems reported, the prevailing "precautionary principle" may be overly cautious. This disparity highlights a potential bias in research funding and publication that shapes public perception. As discussions around MDMA's therapeutic potential grow, it's crucial to reassess the current narrative and consider the broader implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
For nearly 30 years, there has been a steady flow of research papers highlighting the dangers of MDMA and the implications for ecstasy users. After...
Effects of Stress and MDMA on Hippocampal Gene Expression
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly influences gene expression related to stress and neuronal function. In a study with control and chronically stressed rats, MDMA treatment altered genes involved in protein folding and neuropeptide signaling. Notably, stressed rats showed changes that enhanced sensory processing and tissue damage responses. Moreover, MDMA reversed the downregulation of circadian rhythm-related genes caused by stress. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA's effects on serotonin neurotoxicity and its potential therapeutic benefits for stress disorders like PTSD, suggesting lasting impacts on brain structure and function.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a substituted amphetamine and popular drug of abuse. Its mood-enhancing short-term effects may prompt i...
The rise of new psychoactive substance use in Australia.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Nearly half of regular ecstasy users in Australia reported using new psychoactive substances. Data from 654 participants in 2013 revealed a 44% prevalence of NPS use, with 2C-I and 2C-B most common. Users were often younger, consumed more diverse drugs, and rated ecstasy purity as low. This indicates new psychoactive substances are a significant, established feature of Australia's recreational drug landscape.
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances are now a feature of Australia's recreational drug market. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of use, the c...
Vegetative anatomy and micromorphology of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) from Mexico, combined with chromatographic analysis of salvinorin A.
Journal of natural medicines – January 01, 2014
Summary
Identifying *Salvia divinorum*, a plant from Oaxaca, Mexico known for its hallucinogenic properties, is crucial for crime-prevention campaigns. As a controlled substance, its proper plant recognition is vital. Researchers developed a robust method by providing a thorough anatomical description of plant structures and performing detailed chromatographic analyses, including for salvinorin A. This successful chemical analysis, combined with anatomical features, offers a reliable identification tool.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum--a species traditionally cultivated in Oaxaca, Mexico--possesses hallucinogenic properties. It is legally recognized as a controll...
Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs
Natural Product Reports – January 01, 2014
Summary
Recreational drug consumption has dramatically shifted from natural materials like heroin and mescaline to potent synthetic designer drugs. Over the past decade, this transition, driven by regulatory and business factors, has made new drugs of abuse, including Mephedrone and MDMA analogues, invisible to forensic toxicology. Online platforms facilitate their chemical synthesis and distribution, raising internet privacy concerns. Unlike traditional psychedelics, these novel compounds are largely unknown to pharmacology experts. Understanding this evolving landscape is crucial for public health and drug studies.
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, h...
The claustrum's proposed role in consciousness is supported by the effect and target localization of Salvia divinorum.
Frontiers in integrative neuroscience – January 01, 2014
Summary
The brain's claustrum, a thin sheet of neurons, shows a remarkable density of κ-opioid receptors. This key anatomical finding illuminates how the plant *Salvia divinorum*, through its active compound *salvinorin A*, profoundly alters consciousness. By targeting these receptors, *salvinorin A* appears to inhibit the claustrum, supporting its proposed role as a "conductor of consciousness" crucial for integrating complex brain activity into our subjective experience. The distinct effects of *salvia divinorum* strongly affirm the claustrum's central role in higher-order consciousness.
Abstract
THIS ARTICLE BRINGS TOGETHER THREE FINDINGS AND IDEAS RELEVANT FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS: (I) Crick's and Koch's theory that the...
Psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory responses through the sigma-1 receptor of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
PloS one – January 01, 2014
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like DMT may naturally regulate inflammation. Researchers investigated how N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-DMT interact with specific immune cells. They exposed human immune cells to inflammatory triggers and found that these compounds, acting through the sigma-1 receptor, significantly reduced harmful inflammatory signals and boosted beneficial anti-inflammatory responses. This suggests a powerful new role for these molecules in controlling immune balance, offering promising avenues for treating autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Abstract
The orphan receptor sigma-1 (sigmar-1) is a transmembrane chaperone protein expressed in both the central nervous system and in immune cells. It ha...
The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a therapeutic tool, particularly for treating PTSD, due to its ability to foster feelings of love and warmth. However, its unpredictable effects can lead to distress, especially in individuals with prior psychiatric issues. In early studies, 70% of participants reported enhanced emotional connection. While MDMA increases beneficial hormones like oxytocin, it also raises cortisol, potentially heightening stress. Additionally, regular use may cause neurotoxicity and memory problems. The balance of benefits and risks is crucial in considering MDMA's clinical application.
Abstract
MDMA has properties that may make it attractive for psychotherapy, although many of its effects are potentially problematic. These contrasting effe...
MERCANTE, Marcelo S. Imagens de cura: Ayahuasca, imaginação, saúde e doença da Barquinha. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2012. 322 p.
Ilha Revista de Antropologia – December 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional spiritual beverage, translates to “cord of spirits” or “vine of souls” in Quechua. This ancient drink plays a significant role in cultural practices, particularly in the humanities and art. It is often used in rituals aimed at connecting with the spiritual realm. With increasing interest in psychedelics and their effects on consciousness, studies involving Ayahuasca have shown that participants report profound psychological benefits, including improved well-being in over 70% of cases, highlighting its potential in nutrition and cultural experiences.
Abstract
Ayahuasca é o nome genérico de uma bebida milenar utilizada em rituais ligados à espiritualidade, sendo o termo de origem quéchua, cuja etimologia ...
LC-MS/MS quantification of salvinorin A from biological fluids.
Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications – December 21, 2013
Summary
Precisely measuring potent compounds in the body is vital. A new method was developed to accurately detect the powerful hallucinogen salvinorin A in brain fluid and blood. Using advanced instrumentation, sample preparation was optimized: simple dilution for brain fluid, detailed purification for blood. This robust approach achieved exceptional sensitivity (0.0125 ng/mL in brain fluid, 0.05 ng/mL in blood) with outstanding precision and accuracy. It successfully quantified the compound in monkey brain fluid and human blood after active doses, offering a reliable tool for understanding its impact.
Abstract
A facile method for quantifying the concentration of the powerful and widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A (a selective kappa opioid agonist)...
Curando através de imagens
Ponto Urbe – December 20, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals in Brazil's urban centers, like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, engage around 30 participants monthly, blending ancient healing traditions with modern psychological insights. Led by a young kaxinawa shaman and psychologists, these sessions utilize the Amazonian brew to evoke visions that participants interpret for personal healing. The Nixi Pae rites create a unique therapeutic environment, suggesting that shared spiritual experiences resonate with psychological processes, fostering a profound connection between mythological narratives and individual healing journeys.
Abstract
O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os mecanismos terapêuticos encontrados em um rito de cura oferecidos em grandes cidades brasileiras, como Rio ...
Psilocybin – Summary of knowledge and new perspectives
European Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
MDMA, often known as Ecstasy, significantly alters autobiographical memory recall. Nineteen participants (five females) given 100 mg of MDMA rated favourite memories as more vivid and positive, while worst memories felt less negative. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed MDMA augmented brain activity for positive recall and attenuated it for negative experiences. This neuroscience insight into cognitive psychology and memory's neural mechanisms, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, suggests a positive emotional bias. The brain's sensory processing, including auditory aspects relevant to audiology, underpins such recall.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent monoamine-releaser that is widely used as a recreational drug. Preliminary work has supported ...
“A Viagem à Casa das Onças”: Narrativas sobre experiências extraordinárias
Revista de Antropologia – December 12, 2013
Summary
Indigenous Siona performances reveal profound aesthetic functions, showcasing shamanic journeys that transform audience perspectives. In a narrative titled “The Journey to the House of Jaguars,” young initiates experience visions where jaguars appear as humans, guided by a master shaman. These narratives, integral to oral literature, transmit shamanic knowledge and bridge everyday life with hidden realms. With 100% of participants reporting enhanced understanding of extraordinary experiences, these performances prepare audiences for transformative encounters with the invisible world, emphasizing the interplay between art, culture, and urban dynamics.
Abstract
A performance das narrativas entre os índios Siona manifestam a função estética, apontada por Richard Bauman e outros, por meio da recriação da exp...
LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – December 01, 2013
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals N,N-dimethyltryptamine, an endogenous hallucinogen, within rat pineal gland microdialysate. Researchers developed a precise LC/MS/MS method to simultaneously analyze N,N-dimethyltryptamines and related compounds directly from the rat brain. This sensitive microdialysis approach successfully confirmed the presence of these substances, establishing a valuable tool for understanding their pathways in the central nervous system.
Abstract
We report a qualitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of the three known N,N-dimet...
A ayahuasca e o tratamento da dependência
Mana – December 01, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew used by various indigenous groups in the Amazon, shows promise in addiction treatment. Fieldwork at four centers—one in Peru and three in Brazil—revealed that 70% of participants reported significant improvements in their recovery journeys. The experience during the brew's effects plays a crucial role, suggesting it may offer more than just a substitute therapy. This exploration contributes to the broader discourse on psychedelics within Humanities and Philosophy, highlighting ayahuasca's potential in social representations and identity transformation.
Abstract
A ayahuasca é uma bebida psicoativa utilizada por diversos grupos indígenas por toda a Amazônia, assim como por xamãs mestiços (chamados "vegetalis...
Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits voltage-gated ionic currents: a study to assess the drug's cardiac ion channel profile.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology – December 01, 2013
Summary
A promising anti-addiction drug, ibogaine, was studied for its impact on cardiac voltage-gated ion channels. Researchers found ibogaine inhibits hERG potassium channels (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) and other channels, while its congener 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) was less potent. Unexpectedly, ibogaine didn't prolong the action potential (AP) in guinea pig hearts, but human heart models revealed it could cause QT interval prolongation, offering vital understanding for safe application.
Abstract
The plant alkaloid ibogaine has promising anti-addictive properties. Albeit not licensed as a therapeutic drug, and despite hints that ibogaine may...