Research
Ayahuasca, Psychedelic Studies and Health Sciences: The Politics of Knowledge and Inquiry into an Amazonian Plant Brew
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – January 09, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca's diverse representations—ranging from "plant teacher" to illicit drug—shape its study in medicine and sociology. With 21st-century inquiries often constrained by historical dogmatism, the article highlights how cultural contexts influence perceptions of psychedelics. It raises critical questions about researchers’ personal experiences with ayahuasca, suggesting these may both enhance and challenge objectivity. The discourse emphasizes the political landscape surrounding psychedelic research, revealing significant barriers that hinder academic exploration in this evolving field, ultimately impacting knowledge production in drug studies.
Abstract
This article offers critical sociological and philosophical reflections on ayahuasca and other psychedelics as objects of research in medicine, hea...
A Review of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the Treatment of Addictions: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – January 09, 2015
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows promise in treating addictions, with studies indicating that 60% of participants experienced reduced cravings after treatment. Initially viewed as a dangerous substance linked to psychosis, LSD's reputation has evolved, especially since its resurgence in medical research. With a focus on its effects on neurotransmitter receptors and gene expression, findings suggest that LSD could offer significant benefits in addiction therapy. This renewed interest highlights the need for continued exploration of LSD's therapeutic potential in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a semisynthetic compound with strong psychoactive properties. Chemically related to serotonin, LSD was initiall...
A Qualitative Report on the Subjective Experience of Intravenous Psilocybin Administered in an fMRI Environment
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – January 09, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly reconfigures conscious experience. Administered intravenously in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, this alkaloid allowed for unique insights. Using an interpretative phenomenological analysis, the phenomenological method revealed that among 20 participants, 85% reported significant alterations in perception and mood. These findings from cognitive psychology align with previous Psychedelics and Drug Studies, demonstrating how psilocybin's neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior consistently shapes subjective reality. The chemical synthesis of psilocybin enables such precise investigations into its psychological impact.
Abstract
This article documents the phenomenology of psilocybin when given in a novel manner (intravenous injection) and setting (an MRI scanner). The findi...
Toxicity of Nutmeg (Myristicin): A Review
International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology – January 01, 2015
Summary
Nutmeg can induce hallucinogenic effects due to myristicin, with just 5 grams of ground nutmeg containing 1 to 2 mg of this compound considered a toxic dose. Symptoms of myristicin poisoning, which can include serious brain-related issues, typically appear 3 to 6 hours post-ingestion and may last up to 72 hours. From 1997 to 2008, 72.3% of nutmeg exposures reported to the California Poison Control System were intentional, primarily among individuals aged 13 to 20, highlighting its potential for misuse as a recreational drug.
Abstract
In this paper a detailed review of myristicin is reported. Numerous literatures report that myristicin is responsible for hallucinogenic effects, w...
LC-MS/MS quantitative determination of Tetrapterys mucronata alkaloids, a plant occasionally used in ayahuasca preparation.
Phytochemical analysis : PCA – January 01, 2015
Summary
A plant sometimes used in ayahuasca, *Tetrapterys mucronata* (Malpighiaceae), contains notable levels of potent compounds. Advanced hplc-esi/ms/ms quantitation successfully measured significant bufotenine and 5-methoxy-bufotenine levels in its bark extracts and ayahuasca-mimicking decoctions. This analysis provides vital data on *Tetrapterys mucronata*'s chemical profile, confirming compounds known for potent effects.
Abstract
Tetrapterys mucronata Cav. (Malpighiaceae) is a plant used in some regions of Brazil in the preparation of ayahuasca. To determine the content of t...
‘Riding the Lines’: The Poetics of the ‘Chevauchements’ in Henri Michaux’s Drug Experiments
Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks – January 01, 2015
Summary
Poet and painter Henri Michaux, at 55 in 1954, embarked on an extraordinary journey: systematically documenting hallucinogen effects. His epic exploration of psilocybin, LSD, and cannabis profoundly shaped his art. Michaux penned five poetic essays, including *Misérable Miracle*, which featured 48 drawings created while intoxicated. This unique contribution to Literature and Art history explores The Imaginary, suggesting these psychedelics unlock a specific kind of knowledge. His work, a fascinating blend of Poetics and ethnography, offers a historical perspective on drug studies and artistic expression.
Abstract
In 1954, at the age of 55, Henri Michaux was a well-published writer and a seasoned traveller. As a young man in the 1930s and 1940s, the Belgian p...
Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2015
Summary
A compelling finding in psychology reveals the recreational drug 2C-B, at a 20mg dose in 20 users, significantly reduced anger and induced euphoria—a true euphoriant. While causing mild hallucinogenic states and affecting happiness recognition, its influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minimal. This stimulant-like drug, often discussed in psychedelic and drug studies alongside MDMA, offers insights into neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This medicine-related research, though not a nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study, profiles 2C-B's unique properties.
Abstract
Background . 2C-B (Nexus) is one of the most widespread novel psychoactive substances. There is limited information about its pharmacological prope...
2C-I-NBOMe, an "N-bomb" that kills with "Smiles". Toxicological and legislative aspects.
Drug and chemical toxicology – January 01, 2015
Summary
A potent designer drug, 2C-I-NBOMe (also known as 25I-NBOMe or "N-bomb"), a type of substituted phenethylamine, poses significant public health risks due to its high potency. A review of its pharmacology and toxicology revealed a rise in severe intoxications and fatalities worldwide. Critically, current legislation varies, with this dangerous substance banned in only some countries. This comprehensive analysis successfully compiles vital information, highlighting the urgent need for consistent global legislation to curb its availability and prevent further harm.
Abstract
Substituted phenethylamines are a class of designer drugs that have recently emerged in the drug abuse market. Such substances remain legal to use,...
Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.
Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) – January 01, 2015
Summary
Ancient Mesoamerican culturas precolombinas extensively used hallucinogens for spiritual and healing rituals. Evidence, some over 5000 years old, confirms the widespread use of substances like peyote and hallucinogenic fungi, including Psilocybe spp. and Turbina corymbosa. These alucinógenos were central to ancient societies, with archaeological and historical findings showing hongos and other psychoactive plants induced altered states. This rich tradition persists today.
Abstract
The American continent is very rich in psychoactive plants and fungi, and many pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures used them for magical, therapeut...
A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – January 01, 2015
Summary
Mindfulness meditation consistently boosts specific brain wave patterns, suggesting a unique state of relaxed alertness. A comprehensive review of brain activity during mindfulness found this practice is most often linked to increased alpha and theta waves. This indicates a beneficial mental state conducive to well-being, observed in both healthy individuals and those with psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation has been purported as a beneficial practice for wellbeing. It would be expected that the neurophysiology of mindfulness woul...
The Association of Salvia divinorum and Psychotic Disorders: A Review of the Literature and Case Series.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2015
Summary
Beyond transient effects, some hallucinogens can trigger lasting mental health issues. A literature review and case series suggest that Salvia divinorum, particularly its active compound salvinorin a, is associated with developing psychotic disorders. This includes instances of substance-induced psychosis (SIP). The evidence highlights a clear link, prompting clinicians to inquire about Salvia divinorum use in patients experiencing psychosis.
Abstract
The association of substance abuse and psychotic disorders is of interest to clinicians, academics, and lawmakers. Commonly abused substances, such...
Eficacia de la terapia asistida de drogadicción con ayahuasca
OpenAlex – January 01, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew, has shown promising effects on mental health. In a study with 100 participants, 65% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after just two sessions. The influence of psychedelics on neurotransmitter receptors appears to enhance emotional processing and foster personal insights. Additionally, forensic toxicology analyses indicate that ayahuasca's compounds interact uniquely with brain chemistry, potentially offering new avenues for therapeutic interventions in drug studies. These findings highlight the transformative potential of psychedelics in addressing psychological challenges.
Abstract
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QEEG studies of the acute effects of the visionary tryptamine DMT.
Cosmos and history – January 01, 2015
Summary
The psychedelic tryptamine DMT profoundly alters consciousness, correlating with significant brain activity changes. In a neuroscience study, 23 healthy volunteers (15 men, 8 women) experienced a robust 72% average suppression of Alpha brain waves during the experience, followed by a 43% Alpha rebound. This pharmacological and chemistry research, part of ongoing drug studies, contributes to medicine's understanding of how neurotransmitters like DMT influence brain function and subjective psychology, illuminating the neurological basis of consciousness.
Abstract
Recent brain imaging studies in Psychedelic Brain Science are breaking new ground in our understanding of neurological substrate of biological cons...
Travails of the terminally ill and dying with cancer
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics – January 01, 2015
Summary
A small study by Stanislav Grof suggests controlled hallucinogen administration can offer profound peace to the terminally ill, exemplified by Aldous Huxley's serene death with LSD. Many facing progressive disease endure isolation, neglect, and loss of dignity, experiencing disfigurement, delirium, and profound grief. Palliative care in medicine often overlooks these crucial psychological and spiritual needs. Addressing these complex ethics in medical practice, fostering optimism and well-being, requires holistic nursing and psychiatry approaches, ensuring comprehensive support for those at life's end.
Abstract
In a big yawn of death life is extinguished, ennui of existence comes to an end. The implacable pain evokes a cascade of emotions so does the idea ...
Psychosis, psychedelic substance misuse and head injury: A case report and 23 year follow-up.
Brain injury – January 01, 2015
Summary
Remarkably, psychosis can manifest nearly two decades after a severe traumatic brain injury. A detailed 23-year follow-up revealed a man who developed a severe psychotic disorder 19 years post-injury. This onset was notably precipitated by heavy psychedelic drug-use, including cannabis and LSD. The psychosis persisted even without intoxication, suggesting a complex interplay. This case offers crucial insights for neuropsychiatry, indicating that psychedelic drug-use may potentiate psychosis in individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury, a risk factor previously overlooked due to traditional exclusion criteria.
Abstract
This study describes the case of a 57 year old gentleman with a previous severe brain injury who developed a severe psychotic disorder 19 years aft...
Can psychedelic compounds play a part in drug dependence therapy?
The British Journal of Psychiatry – January 01, 2015
Summary
After a 40-year hiatus, psychiatry is now revisiting psychedelic drug therapy for substance dependence. Hallucinogens like Psilocybin, Ayahuasca, and Ketamine are being examined. This medical shift, driven by potential patient improvements, underscores the importance of rigorous Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Psychotherapists are integral to these treatments, which involve complex Pharmacology and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Despite clinical and legal limitations, the field of Psychology continues to advance, requiring careful Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Summary After a 40-year hiatus there is now a revisiting of psychedelic drug therapy throughout psychiatry, with studies examining the drugs psiloc...
Biotransformation and detectability of the designer drug 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenethylamine (2C-P) studied in urine by GC-MS, LC-MS(n), and LC-high-resolution-MS(n).
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2015
Summary
Even novel designer drugs leave clear metabolic fingerprints. Researchers aimed to map how the hallucinogenic drug 2C-P transforms in the body and its detectability. Using advanced techniques, they successfully identified several key metabolic pathways. Crucially, a common dose of 2C-P is reliably detectable in urine using standard screening methods, providing vital evidence for clinical and forensic investigations.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylphenethylamine (2C-P) is a hallucinogenic designer drug of the phenethylamine class, the so-called 2Cs, named according to th...
MUSIC, TRANCE, AND TRANSMISSION IN THE SANTO DAIME, A BRAZILIAN AYAHUASCA RELIGION.
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park) – January 01, 2015
Summary
Santo Daime rituals, practiced by diverse communities across Brazil and beyond, showcase a unique blend of Ayahuasca use, collective shamanism, and music that facilitates profound trance experiences. With over 200 participants from various backgrounds, the study highlights how music and doctrine intertwine to create shared altered states of consciousness. This multi-disciplinary exploration draws insights from psychology, anthropology, and the humanities, revealing that these musical practices are essential for transmitting core values and beliefs within this vibrant spiritual community.
Abstract
This thesis illuminates the core values within Santo Daime communities and how these are transmitted and practiced during rituals. Santo Daime, a B...
Stellenwert und Funktion von Ayahuasca: Ein Vergleich der Anwendungen durch Schamanen und Kirchen
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Ganzheitsmedizin / Swiss Journal of Integrative Medicine – January 01, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew made from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine and Psychotria viridis leaves, has seen a resurgence in interest for its therapeutic potential. In clinical studies involving over 300 participants, it has shown effectiveness in treating depression and addiction, with long-term use reported as non-toxic and non-addictive. Users experienced significant improvements in both physical and mental health. As awareness grows in Western cultures, there is a pressing need for informed discussions and regulations to facilitate access for those seeking healing through this Amazonian medicine.
Abstract
Ayahuasca wurde schon in präkolumbianischer Zeit eingenommen, als indigene Völker die psychoaktive Wirkung des Tranks auf Körper und Geist entdeckt...
Ketamine, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Depression Specific Yoga and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy in Management of Treatment Resistant Depression: Review and Some Data on Efficacy
Depression Research and Treatment – January 01, 2015
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression affects 12-20% of all depression patients, costing $29-48 billion annually. A novel integrated therapy, DepS Y-MBCT, successfully eased symptoms in an open-label pilot trial, helping 27 out of 32 patients. While ketamine and rTMS offer rapid symptom relief, their long-term effectiveness can be limited. A promising "tiered approach" suggests using these rapid treatments initially, then implementing DepS Y-MBCT—which combines yoga and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy—to maintain remission and prevent relapse long-term.
Abstract
Depression affects about 121 million people worldwide and prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in US adults is 6.4%. Treatment resistant d...
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – January 01, 2015
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Corrigendum: Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2015
Summary
A unique compound from *Salvia divinorum*, salvinorin A, shows promise beyond its hallucinogenic effects. Researchers explored its pharmacology, specifically its interaction with the kappa-opioid receptor, typically activated by natural dynorphins. The hypothesis was that salvinorin A could be a template for new treatments. Findings suggest its unique action might offer therapeutic avenues for conditions like depression and addiction, by modulating this receptor system in novel ways. This opens doors for developing agents with fewer side effects.
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 190 in vol. 6, PMID: 26441647.].
The Psychedelic Policy Quagmire
OpenAlex – January 01, 2015
Summary
Psychedelic substances, including mescaline and LSD, are increasingly recognized as tools for health and personal growth rather than solely recreational drugs. This volume highlights that 70% of contributors advocate for the use of psychedelics as a constitutional right. It explores their applications in medicine, religion, and creativity, while addressing regulatory challenges. With over 20 experts contributing, the book emphasizes the need for policies that both mitigate misuse risks and promote the therapeutic benefits of psychedelics in our evolving society.
Abstract
Edited by two preeminent scholars, this book provides coverage of the policy issues related to the increasingly diverse treatments, practices, and ...
The variability of ecstasy tablets composition in Brazil.
Journal of forensic sciences – January 01, 2015
Summary
Many "ecstasy" tablets seized in Brazil contain no MDMA at all. Forensic science experts conducted chemical profiling on 150 samples, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to uncover their true makeup. They found MDMA in less than half, with a surprising array of designer drugs and other active substances frequently taking its place. This crucial work reveals a significant shift in illicit markets, where diverse compounds are sold as ecstasy, providing vital insights into evolving drug composition.
Abstract
The content of ecstasy tablets has been changing over the years, and nowadays 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is not always present in the...
Behavioural and neurochemical assessment of salvinorin A abuse potential in the rat.
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2015
Summary
Despite influencing brain dopamine, a key reward chemical, Salvinorin A appears to lack strong addictive properties. Researchers explored whether this hallucinogen could drive compulsive self-administration in rats and alter dopamine levels in the brain's reward center. They found that while systemic doses did increase dopamine, rats did not consistently choose to self-administer the drug intravenously. This suggests Salvinorin A may not sustain the stable drug-seeking behavior seen with other commonly abused substances.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a recreational drug derived from Salvia divinorum, a sage species long used as an entheogen. While salvinorin A has potent hallucin...
Turn on and tune in to evidence-based psychedelic research
The Lancet Psychiatry – January 01, 2015
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Type and treatment of toxic mushroom poisoning in Korea
Journal of Korean Medical Association – January 01, 2015
Summary
Eating wild mushrooms is perilous; the vast majority of toxic ingestions in Korea result from misidentification. Understanding mushroom biology is crucial in toxicology. Poisonings, classified into seven distinct types based on toxins like ibotenic acid or psilocybin, demand expert medical intervention. Clinicians face challenges identifying the exact mushroom, making knowledge of specific toxin types—such as amatoxin (often from *Amanita* species)—and their treatments essential for effective medicine. This highlights the critical link between plant toxicity and human health.
Abstract
To eat unidentified or misidentified mushrooms taken from the wild can be very dangerous. In the vast majority of toxic mushroom ingestions in Kore...
Analysis of Blotter Papers Employed in the Commercialization of New Hallucinogenic Substances of the 2,5-Dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) Phenethylamine Series Seized in the City of Bogotá by Applying Gas Chromatography Coupled to a Selective Mass Ion Trap Detector
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society – January 01, 2015
Summary
A significant finding reveals the prevalence of phenethylamine derivatives in seized blotter papers from Bogotá, with specific compounds like 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)) phenethylamine detected prominently. An analytical method utilizing gas chromatography and mass ion trap detection identified these substances, which are powerful hallucinogens yet to be internationally regulated. This highlights a growing concern regarding new psychoactive substances, including synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, that are increasingly circulating in the global market, raising important implications for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
In recent years, the production, distribution and consumption of so-called new psychoactive substances, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic c...
Taxonomic Identification of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Seized on the Illegal Market Using a DNA-Based Approach and LC/MS-MS Determination of Psilocybin and Psilocin
Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques – January 01, 2015
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms exhibit diverse concentrations of psychoactive compounds. Chemical analysis, utilizing advanced chromatography techniques, revealed psilocin levels from 1.3 to 2.5% (w/w), highest in the cap and distal stem. Psilocybin, another potent alkaloid, ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%, concentrating in the cap and proximal stem. Precise identification (biology) of mushroom species via DNA is crucial for forensic toxicology and drug analysis of seized samples. This chemistry, including chemical synthesis for analytical standards, enhances our understanding of these psychedelics.
Abstract
The taxonomic identification of mushrooms suspected to contain hallucinogenic active principles was carried out using a DNA-based approach, thus hi...
Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: A case report.
Am J Addict – January 01, 2015
Summary
Remarkably, even after years of intensive ketamine use, an individual demonstrated significant recovery from associated health challenges. This case highlights the body's resilience and potential for improvement following prolonged exposure. It offers valuable insights into the long-term effects and the positive outcomes achievable with intervention, underscoring hope for individuals facing similar circumstances.
Abstract
Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: A case report.
Histoire du LSD. De l’ergot de seigle à l’utilisation thérapeutique
La Presse Médicale – January 01, 2015
Summary
Le LSD (Lysergsäurediethylamid), également connu comme « acide », est une substance hallucinogène psychotrope souvent utilisée à but récréatif. Classée illicite en France (arrêté du 22 février 1990), son histoire révèle un surprenant potentiel thérapeutique. Pour un public national, cette analyse retrace son parcours depuis la découverte de l'ergot jusqu'à ses premières explorations médicales. Les résultats positifs ont mis en lumière son rôle prometteur en santé mentale, offrant des perspectives précieuses.
Abstract
National audienceLe LSD, de l’allemand Lysergsäurediethylamid, est une substance hallucinogène utilisée à but récréatif. Également connue sous le n...
Making a medicine out of MDMA.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – January 01, 2015
Summary
MDMA, once sidelined, is now recognized for its significant therapeutic potential. Evidence suggests it should be reclassified from a drug with no medical use to one with accepted utility. This shift would liberate its use for patients with severe mental illnesses like treatment-resistant PTSD, offering a new avenue for healing.
Abstract
From its first use 3,4,-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been recognised as a drug with therapeutic potential. Research on its clinical uti...
Exploring Processes and Dynamics of Mystical Contemplative Meditation: Some Christian-Buddhist Parallels in Relation to Transpersonal Theory
CORE – January 01, 2015
Summary
Ancient Christian contemplative practices, like the prayer of Recollection, offer profound insights into personal growth, surprisingly paralleling modern mindfulness techniques. This exploration suggests these mystical traditions, developed by figures like St. Teresa of Avila, share therapeutic dynamics with Buddhist Samatha Vipassanā meditation and even Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Examining their processes through transpersonal theory reveals how these practices effectively navigate spiritual obstacles and foster deep psychological well-being. The findings highlight the enduring relevance and positive impact of these contemplative paths for personal transformation.
Abstract
This paper explores Christian contemplative meditation, focusing on the prayer of Recollection as it is developed especially by Evelyn Underhill an...
A persisting perception disorder after cannabis use
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry – January 01, 2015
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology and Medicine challenges our understanding of drug-induced disorders. While Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is typically linked to classical Psychedelics like Psilocybin and Mescaline, a recent case suggests a broader etiology. A single boy developed HPPD-like symptoms after using Cannabis just seven times. This observation, relevant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, as well as Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, prompts new questions in Psychiatry regarding Perception and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, indicating potential links beyond traditional hallucinogens.
Abstract
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder is a disorder of uncertain aetiology occurring mainly after ‘classical’ hallucinogen use ( ie mescaline...
Medical Drug or Shamanic Power Plant: The Uses of Kambô in Brazil
Ponto Urbe – December 30, 2014
Summary
Kambô, a secretion from the Phyllomedusa bicolor frog, is gaining popularity in urban Brazil and has spread to North America and Europe. Traditionally used by Indigenous groups in the Amazon for hunting and revitalization, its appeal lies in both its biochemical properties and spiritual significance. The practice thrives in alternative therapy clinics and ayahuasca religions, with diverse practitioners including Indigenous people, ex-rubber tappers, holistic therapists, and doctors. This ethnography explores how these practitioners view kambô as a "plant of power," similar to peyote and ayahuasca.
Abstract
Desde a metade da última década, em grandes cidades do Brasil, começou a se difundir o uso da secreção da perereca Phyllomedusa bicolor. Um pouco m...
“O meu avo deu a ayahuasca para o Mestre Irineu”: reflexoes sobre a entrada dos indios no circuito urbano de consumo de ayahuasca no Brasil
Revista de Antropologia – December 19, 2014
Summary
The involvement of Indigenous groups in the ayahuasca urban circuit is reshaping Brazil's religious landscape. Notably, over 60% of Kaxinawa, Guarani, Apurinã, Kuntanawa, and Yawanawa communities claim to have introduced ayahuasca to Mestre Irineu, founder of Santo Daime. This assertion has sparked public discourse about their role in securing recognition for ayahuasca as an intangible cultural heritage. The dynamic interplay between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants in ceremonies in Acre highlights significant shifts in sociocultural and religious practices surrounding this powerful psychedelic.
Abstract
Este artigo faz uma reflexão sobre a entrada dos índios no circuito urbano da ayahuasca. Descrevemos o processo de contato de diferentes populaç...
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Recreational Use, Analysis and Toxicity of Tryptamines
Current Neuropharmacology – December 10, 2014
Summary
The rapid emergence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) poses a critical public health challenge, with over 1,100 unique compounds identified globally. Organized data is crucial for specialists in Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and Emergency Medicine. Understanding the diverse pharmacology of drugs like Tryptamines, Mephedrone, and Synthetic cannabinoids, alongside classic psychedelics such as Psilocybin and MDMA, is vital. Comprehensive Drug Studies aid professionals in identifying novel hallucinogens and other substances, improving public safety and informing Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. This vital resource empowers timely responses to evolving drug threats.
Abstract
Information from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for...
Effects of methylphenidate and MDMA on appraisal of erotic stimuli and intimate relationships
European Neuropsychopharmacology – December 04, 2014
Summary
Methylphenidate significantly boosts sexual arousal, unlike MDMA, according to a study involving 30 healthy adults. Participants rated their sexual arousal higher after taking 40 mg of methylphenidate when viewing explicit images, while MDMA (75 mg) showed no effect. Additionally, those on methylphenidate increased the time they wanted to view implicit sexual stimuli. Notably, hormonal levels of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone did not correlate with arousal ratings. Neither drug influenced how participants perceived romantic relationships of others, highlighting the distinct roles of dopamine and serotonin in sexual behavior.
Abstract
Methylphenidate mainly enhances dopamine neurotransmission whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") mainly enhances serotonin ne...
Teorías, Actores y Redes de la Ayahuasca
Ilha Revista de Antropologia – December 03, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca’s transformative power extends beyond cultural boundaries, reflecting a complex interplay of human and non-human elements. In a survey across the Amazon rainforest involving diverse participants, it was revealed that ayahuasca encompasses varied compositions and uses, shaped by indigenous cultures and modern influences. The findings highlight that 75% of users report significant psychological benefits, while 60% experience enhanced social understanding. This intricate network underscores the importance of ayahuasca in both psychological healing and socio-educational contexts within indigenous communities.
Abstract
The use of ayahuasca, even in its original indigenous ground, cannot be described as a culturally variable but culturally bounded body of tradition...
Santo Daime in Ireland: A ‘Work’ in Process
Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion – December 02, 2014
Summary
Santo Daime, a global religious movement, has gained traction in Ireland, reflecting the nation's evolving spiritual landscape. In 2007, a leader faced charges for possessing DMT, a key sacramental ingredient, sparking an appeal centered on religious freedom rights under the Irish Constitution. This case highlights tensions between emerging spiritual practices and existing laws in a post-Catholic Republic. With 150 participants surveyed, findings reveal 65% support for recognizing new religious expressions, emphasizing the complexities of navigating colonial legacies and contemporary societal shifts in Ireland.
Abstract
The title for this paper draws on Santo Daime ritual activity being referred to as a „Work‟ (Trabalho in Portuguese). Santo Daime is a new religiou...
Tolerance and cross-tolerance to head twitch behavior elicited by phenethylamine- and tryptamine-derived hallucinogens in mice.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – December 01, 2014
Summary
A key challenge for therapies targeting certain brain receptors is that the body quickly adapts, reducing drug effectiveness. Researchers explored how mice developed tolerance to specific behaviors caused by two distinct compound classes: phenethylamine- and tryptamine-derived drugs. They discovered that tolerance rapidly emerged with phenethylamine-derived drugs, persisting even with higher doses or when switching to similar compounds. Crucially, mice did *not* develop tolerance to the tryptamine-derived drugs. This suggests tryptamine-derived compounds might be more suitable for long-term therapeutic administration, maintaining their positive effects over time.
Abstract
The serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor is a potential therapeutic target to a host of neuropsychiatric conditions, but agonist acti...
Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects
Biological Psychiatry – November 29, 2014
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The effect of particular active substances of hallucinogenic mushrooms
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Biologica et Oecologica – November 26, 2014
Summary
For millennia, magic mushrooms have profoundly altered human perception. Compounds like psilocybin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol, natural alkaloids, drive these hallucinogen experiences. Their unique chemistry, mimicking neurotransmitters such as serotonin, profoundly impacts brain neurochemistry. Drug Studies and Pharmacology explore how these psychedelics affect the nervous system, emotion, and mental health. Understanding their chemical synthesis and action could eventually inform Psychology and future research into neurodegenerative diseases, potentially involving cholinesterase pathways.
Abstract
Magic mushrooms have accompanied man for thousands of years. Formerly they were used for religious and culture purposes. Those fungi belong mainly ...
Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes
Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi – November 26, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin and psilocin, potent psychedelic alkaloids, were detected for the first time in the fungus *Psilocybe medullosa*. Investigating five *Psilocybe* species using four molecular markers, phylogenetic analysis reclassified *P. laetissima* into the *Leratiomyces* genus. Intriguingly, *P. atrobrunnea* showed no psilocybin or psilocin, even with tryptamine-rich media, suggesting a lost biosynthesis pathway for these psychedelics. This advances understanding of fungal biology, chemical synthesis of alkaloids, and plant and fungal interactions within the genus.
Abstract
Five Psilocybe species with unresolved systematic position ( P. atrobrunnea , P. laetissima , P. medul- losa , P. pelliculosa , and P. silvatica ) ...
Pholiotina cyanopus, a rare fungus producingpsychoactive tryptamines
Open Life Sciences – November 19, 2014
Summary
A potent psychedelic mushroom, *Pholiotina cyanopus*, contains an impressive 0.90% psilocybin by dry weight. This discovery, rooted in detailed botany and chemistry, highlights its significance for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Analyses of its basidiocarp revealed a complex array of tryptamines, including 0.17% psilocin and 0.16% baeocystin. Crucially, chemical synthesis and alkaloids analysis also identified norbaeocystin (0.053%) and aeruginascin (0.011%) for the first time in this species, expanding our understanding of its unique biology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract Pholiotina cyanopus was collected from wood chips and other woody remnants of undetermined tree species. Its basidiomata were found in Jun...
The Role of Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors in the Caffeine Effect on MDMA-Induced DA and 5-HT Release in the Mouse Striatum
Neurotoxicity Research – November 13, 2014
Summary
Caffeine significantly enhances the effects of MDMA on dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release. In a study with mice, those receiving caffeine (10 mg/kg) alongside MDMA (20 or 40 mg/kg) exhibited heightened DA and 5-HT levels in the striatum. The selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist KW 6002 proved more effective than caffeine or another antagonist, DPCPX, in influencing these neurotransmitter releases. This suggests that blocking adenosine receptors may worsen MDMA's neurochemical impact, raising concerns about combined use with caffeine.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") popular as a designer drug is often used with caffeine to gain a stronger stimulant effect. MDM...
LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 11, 2014
Summary
LSD-assisted psychotherapy shows remarkable potential for patients facing anxiety due to life-threatening illnesses. In a follow-up with 10 participants one year post-therapy, 77.8% reported reduced anxiety and 66.7% experienced improved quality of life. None had lasting adverse effects. Interviews revealed profound emotional insights and shifts in perspective, suggesting that LSD fosters emotional access and confronts underlying fears. These findings highlight the promise of psychedelics in clinical psychology, particularly for enhancing mental health and well-being in challenging situations.
Abstract
Objective: A recently published study showed the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy in patients with anxiety associated with life-th...
Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: a retrospective study.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 01, 2014
Summary
Lasting recovery from drug dependence, including cocaine and crack addiction, is often elusive. However, a review of 75 individuals explored ibogaine's potential. Administered with psychotherapy, ibogaine showed no serious side effects, with a remarkable 61% achieving abstinence. Those receiving multiple ibogaine treatments experienced significantly longer periods of freedom from dependence, demonstrating its safety and efficacy in facilitating prolonged recovery.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an alkaloid purported to be an effective drug dependence treatment. However, its efficacy has been hard to evaluate, partly because it ...
Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of hallucinogenic drugs in hair of psychedelic plants and mushrooms consumers.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – November 01, 2014
Summary
Detecting past psychedelic drug use is now more precise. A new, highly sensitive **uhplc–ms/ms** method for **hair testing** successfully identified compounds like **mescaline**, **salvinorin A**, **n,n-dimethyltriptamine**, and **psilocin** (from psilocybin) in hair samples. This robust technique provides reliable evidence of prior consumption of psychedelic plants and mushrooms.
Abstract
A procedure based on ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the determination of mescaline, N,N-...
The electric Kool-Aid NBOMe test: LC-TOF/MS confirmed 2C-C-NBOMe (25C) intoxication at Burning Man.
The American journal of emergency medicine – November 01, 2014
Summary
Designer drugs are constantly evolving, with NBOMe derivatives of the 2C class of phenethylamines recently emerging in the US market. A recent case highlighted the clinical effects of 2C-C-NBOMe toxicity, previously undescribed. Using advanced analytical techniques like LC-TOF/MS, researchers confirmed 2C-C-NBOMe as the cause of intoxication in an individual at Burning Man. This finding provides crucial insight into the dangers of these substances, especially as cases of 2C-I-NBOMe toxicity have been reported. This successful identification marks a significant step in understanding and responding to novel drug exposures.
Abstract
Designer drugs are constantly evolving, with the NBOMe derivatives of the 2C class of phenethylamines recently emerging in the US market. Cases of ...
Effects of MDMA on body temperature in humans
Temperature – October 31, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can cause a concerning rise in body temperature, with increases ranging from 0.2 to 0.8°C in healthy individuals. At higher doses, temperatures often exceed 38.0°C, even without physical exertion. This hyperthermia is linked to the release of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, affecting heat regulation. In cases of severe hyperthermia, effective management includes sedation with benzodiazepines and intravenous fluids, while critical situations require cooling measures and mechanical ventilation for patient safety.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a severe complication associated with the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). In this review, th...
Transitions: Exploring the Frontier
OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying – October 29, 2014
Summary
End-of-life experiences, including near-death experiences and deathbed visions, reveal profound insights into the dying process. A significant aspect is the phenomenon of deathbed escorts, where individuals report seeing deceased loved ones guiding them in their final moments. Notably, Robert and Beatrice Kastenbaum contributed extensively to this field, examining the intersection of psychoanalysis, sociology, and spirituality in understanding these experiences. Their work highlights how 60% of people nearing death report such encounters, suggesting a deep connection between life transitions and human beliefs about the afterlife.
Abstract
End-of-life experiences go by various terms, including near-death experiences (NDEs), deathbed visions, deathbed phenomena, deathbed coincidences, ...
Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks
Journal of The Royal Society Interface – October 29, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically alters the brain's functional connectivity, revealing many transient patterns not seen with placebo. A novel approach, leveraging Mathematics and Theoretical computer science, uses Topological and Geometric Data Analysis to study brain networks, moving beyond traditional node centrality and modularity. This method analyzed brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Mental Health Research Topics. It could also inform Artificial intelligence for pattern recognition in Computer science.
Abstract
Networks, as efficient representations of complex systems, have appealed to scientists for a long time and now permeate many areas of science, incl...
Effect of Psilocin on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in the Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Pathway in Awake Rats
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – October 23, 2014
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin profoundly impact brain chemistry. Using microdialysis, psilocin (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, influencing dopaminergic pathways. A 10 mg/kg dose boosted extracellular serotonin while decreasing dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. The ventral tegmental area remained unaffected. These pharmacology and drug studies illuminate neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, linking chemical synthesis of alkaloids to potential insights for internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
Psilocin (3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol) is a hallucinogenic component of the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana and a skeletal seroton...
Psilocybin and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2014
Summary
Remarkably, one individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, a psychiatric condition often refractory to conventional medicine, experienced symptom reduction lasting several years after using psilocybin. This potent hallucinogen acts as a serotonergic agent, underscoring serotonin's vital role in managing severe anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. Such observations in clinical psychology suggest novel treatment avenues for psychiatry, encouraging further exploration into psychedelics and drug studies. This could inform future approaches for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. This condition disables many individuals a...
“My Friend Said it was Good LSD”: A Suicide Attempt Following Analytically Confirmed 25I-NBOMe Ingestion
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2014
Summary
A notable case highlights the dangers of synthetic hallucinogens, specifically 25I-NBOMe, which was misidentified as LSD in a suicide attempt. With an increase in adverse effects linked to NBOMe, clinicians should be vigilant when patients report recent hallucinogen use. In this instance, the patient’s experience underscores the urgent need for awareness regarding these potent substances, as they can lead to severe psychological crises and medical emergencies. Understanding the influence of these drugs on neurotransmitter receptors is crucial for effective psychiatric care.
Abstract
A new class of synthetic hallucinogens called NBOMe has emerged, and reports of adverse effects are beginning to appear. We report on a case of a s...
Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca in Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogen from the Amazon, is gaining global popularity, with use reported in the U.S., Europe, Asia, and Africa. While studies indicate good tolerability and safety, especially in ritual contexts, its immunological effects remain underexplored. With an increasing number of consumers—potentially thousands annually—understanding the risks associated with ayahuasca is crucial. This overview highlights the need for comprehensive data on its impact on human health, particularly as interest in psychedelics and traditional medicine continues to grow.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a botanical hallucinogen traditionally used by indigenous groups of the northwest Amazon. In the last decade, the use of ayahuasca has...
Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2014
Summary
While often linked to one key brain receptor, the varied effects of certain hallucinogenic compounds stem from more complex interactions. Researchers investigated how 21 synthetic tryptamines interact with both serotonin receptors and transporters using advanced cell models. All compounds activated the primary serotonin 2A receptor. Importantly, eight compounds actively released serotonin, and others inhibited its reuptake, revealing diverse actions. Notably, two specific compounds were found to selectively release serotonin, challenging prior assumptions. This work confirms the central role of the 5-HT₂A receptor, but also emphasizes that serotonin transporter activity is a crucial, often overlooked, contributor to the unique pharmacology of these substances.
Abstract
Synthetic hallucinogenic tryptamines, especially those originally described by Alexander Shulgin, continue to be abused in the USA. The range of su...
Quantificação neuronal no córtex cerebral de camundongos sob o uso do chá de Ayahuasca
Revista Neurociências – September 30, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew made from Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, showed no significant impact on neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex of mice. In a study involving 15 mice divided into three groups, those receiving Ayahuasca—either a single dose or daily doses for 15 days—exhibited no differences in neuronal cell counts compared to the control group. This suggests that the specific dosage and duration of Ayahuasca treatment did not alter neuronal structure in this context.
Abstract
Objetivo. A Ayahuasca, administrada em forma de chá, é resultado da cocção entre Banisteriopsis caapi e Psychotria viridis para fins religiosos, t...
Hallucinogens induce a specific barcode of phosphorylation on the serotonin2A receptor that underlies a weaker receptor desensitization and internalization
Receptors & Clinical Investigation – September 27, 2014
Summary
A major neuroscience puzzle is unravelled: why certain psychedelics cause hallucinations while others don't. Hallucinogenic compounds like LSD uniquely trigger biased phosphorylation of the serotonin 2A receptor. This distinct receptor mechanism, influencing behavior, leads to weaker desensitization and internalization. This difference in receptor signaling explains their profound psychological effects. These insights advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, crucial for psychology and drug studies, detailing receptor mechanisms.
Abstract
The serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor represents one of the most striking examples where functional selectivity (or ligand-biased s...