Research
A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
Imagine a state of consciousness where your reality is completely replaced by an "alternate universe" filled with complex visual hallucinations. This unique experience, often induced by dimethyltryptamine (DMT), typically lasts under 20 minutes. Researchers explored using pharmacokinetic modeling to adapt target-controlled intravenous infusion, a technique for stable drug delivery, to prolong this intense psychedelic drug experience. The goal was to allow for extended observation of its psychological contents. Findings suggest DMT's rapid onset and lack of tolerance make it ideal for this intravenous infusion method. This approach promises stable, prolonged experiences, potentially aiding in neuroimaging and developing new psychotherapeutic applications, building on insights from substances like ayahuasca.
Abstract
The state of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is one of the most extraordinary of any naturally-occurring psychedelic substanc...
The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization
Frontiers in Pharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
The ancient Amazonian brew ayahuasca shows promise in treating modern health challenges through its unique combination of natural compounds. Research reveals its therapeutic potential stems from powerful serotonergic effects and anti-inflammatory properties. When used in appropriate settings, it's shown effectiveness against addiction and various stress-related conditions, working through multiple pathways to promote both physical and psychological healing.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive brew of two main components. Its active agents are β-carboline and tryptamine derivatives. As a sacrament, a...
Meditation Matters: Replies to the Anti-McMindfulness Bandwagon!
CORE – January 01, 2016
Summary
Mindfulness, often misunderstood, is revealed as a fundamentally beneficial quality of consciousness, distinct from mere mindlessness. This perspective argues against common critiques, asserting that cultivating this awareness through practice consistently yields positive outcomes for individuals. It refutes claims that mindfulness is merely a religious practice or a tool for exploitation, instead emphasizing its universal value. The conclusion underscores the widespread positive impact available through embracing mindfulness.
Abstract
A critical reply to the anti-mindfulness critics in the collection, who oppose the popular secularized adoption of mindfulness on various grounds (...
HPLC Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushroom Alkaloids (Psilocin and Psilocybin) Applying Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
Journal of Forensic Research – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel analytical chemistry breakthrough significantly improves quantifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in seized mushrooms. Traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) struggles with this polar compound. Now, an advanced hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method, paired with mass spectrometry, ensures robust separation. Uniquely, psilocybin exhibits a retention factor approximately two times greater than psilocin, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies. This refined chromatography technique, crucial for forensic chemistry, accurately assesses these alkaloids, enhancing justice system judgments.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin psychoactive compounds are permanent offers on the black market palette. Reliable quant...
Urinary Excretion Profiles of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-alkylthiophenethylamine Analogs in Rats.
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin – January 01, 2016
Summary
Even subtle changes in chemical structure can significantly alter how the body processes substances. Researchers investigated how rats metabolize three related compounds after oral administration. Through advanced analysis of urine samples, they successfully identified the primary breakdown products for each. Notably, every compound exhibited a distinct metabolic pathway, with one forming a unique β-hydroxylated metabolite, while the others yielded different N-acetylated-sulfoxide variations. This work provides crucial insights into how minor structural differences drive varied excretion profiles.
Abstract
The urinary metabolic profiles of three hallucinogenic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-alkylthiophenethylamine analogs: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine (2C...
Mescaline abuse via peyote cactus: the first case report in Turkey
Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry – January 01, 2016
Summary
Mescaline, a potent hallucinogen derived from peyote cactus, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by Indigenous peoples in Mexico and the southwestern United States. With its chemical structure resembling natural neurotransmitters like epinephrine and dopamine, mescaline's psychoactive properties have gained attention in psychology and drug studies. Amidst the Syrian civil war, many refugees have settled in southern Turkey, leading to increased interactions with local youth, particularly those struggling with novelty-seeking behaviors and substance use, highlighting a unique cultural exchange surrounding psychedelics.
Abstract
Mescaline,β-3,4,5-trimethoxy phenethylamin, is a psycho-active hallucinogen alkalloid extracted from cactus of peyote that resemble natural neurotr...
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a specific compound can quiet the mind's tendency to dwell on the past. Volunteers received the compound or placebo in a controlled setting. Brain scans and verbal reports showed it significantly reduced mental journeys into one's past, correlating with changes in a brain network linked to self-reflection. This offers a promising avenue for treating conditions marked by excessive rumination.
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-co...
Acid Brothers: Henry Beecher, Timothy Leary, and the psychedelic of the century.
Perspectives in biology and medicine – January 01, 2016
Summary
Henry Beecher, a titan of research ethics, and Timothy Leary, a counterculture guru, share an unexpected historical link: LSD. Though never meeting, their contrasting Harvard-era approaches to the synthetic hallucinogen proved pivotal. This perspective reveals how Beecher's ethical principles, forged partly in response to Leary's controversial advocacy, became a crucial bellwether. Their indirect struggle significantly advanced the formal scrutiny and guidelines for responsible human experimentation.
Abstract
Henry Knowles Beecher, an icon of human research ethics, and Timothy Francis Leary, a guru of the counterculture, are bound together in history by ...
Functional neurotoxicity evaluation of noribogaine using video-EEG in cynomolgus monkeys.
Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods – January 01, 2016
Summary
A key concern for new medications is their potential impact on brain activity. To assess seizure risk for noribogaine, a promising compound for opioid dependence, researchers conducted careful electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring in cynomolgus monkeys. They administered noribogaine at various doses, finding no EEG evidence of seizures or increased seizure risk. While mild, temporary behavioral changes were noted, brain activity remained normal. For comparison, pentylenetetrazol reliably induced seizures, confirming the EEG monitoring's sensitivity. This positive finding suggests noribogaine is safe concerning seizure potential at tested doses.
Abstract
Continuous video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring remains the gold standard for seizure liability assessments in preclinical drug safety as...
Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior
CORE – January 01, 2016
Summary
Animal behavior offers a surprising window into how hallucinogens affect the brain. Researchers explored rodent head twitches, startle responses, and exploratory behavior. These models effectively show how these substances primarily activate specific brain receptors (5-HT2A), consistently mirroring human effects. This provides valuable insights into fundamental mechanisms, bridging molecular action to observable behavior.
Abstract
Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens ha...
The prevalence of new psychoactive substances in biological material - a three-year review of casework in Poland.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2016
Summary
A three-year review in Poland revealed that new psychoactive substances are as prevalent in biological samples as amphetamines. The research sought to determine the prevalence of these evolving designer drugs, often marketed as "legal highs." Analyzing over a thousand cases, scientists successfully identified new psychoactive substances in 15-17% of samples, frequently in blood, with cathinones being the most common type. This detailed analysis successfully mapped the prevalence of these substances, often found alongside other drugs.
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a challenge for forensic and clinical toxicologists, as well as for legislators. We present our findings fro...
The History of Psychedelics in Medicine
OpenAlex – January 01, 2016
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Acute oral 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) decreases both alcohol intake and IV nicotine self-administration in rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel compound, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), shows promise as a potential treatment for addiction. Researchers explored if oral doses of 18-MC could reduce substance intake. Using rats, including alcohol preferring rats, they tested its effects on both drinking and smoking behaviors. Findings revealed that oral 18-MC significantly decreased alcohol intake in both sexes and reduced nicotine self-administration, particularly at higher doses. This suggests a powerful new therapy for alcoholism and smoking addiction, making treatment more accessible.
Abstract
The ibogaine derivative 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) has been found to decrease self-administration of morphine, nicotine and alcohol in rats aft...
Remission of Severe Opioid Use Disorder with Ibogaine: A Case Report.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2016
Summary
A woman with severe opioid use disorders achieved 18 months of remission after a four-day ibogaine treatment. Previously, her longest abstinence was two months, even with methadone maintenance therapy, a common opioid agonist treatment. This case highlights ibogaine's potential for long-term recovery in individuals unresponsive to standard care. No safety issues were noted.
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) translate into major health, social, and economic consequences. Opioid agonist medications, which generally require long...
Neurobiology of the Effects of Psilocybin in Relation to Its Potential Therapeutic Targets
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 2016
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psilocybin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Mescaline, and Drug-Induced Synesthesia
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 2016
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
hERG Blockade by Iboga Alkaloids.
Cardiovascular toxicology – January 01, 2016
Summary
While some iboga alkaloids used in addiction treatment can pose cardiac risks, a rationally designed derivative offers a safer alternative. Research explored how various iboga alkaloid compounds interact with hERG channels, crucial for heart rhythm. It was found that ibogaine and its metabolite noribogaine significantly block these channels, raising toxicology concerns. However, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-mc) showed remarkably minimal hERG blockade, despite similar binding. This positive finding suggests 18-mc could offer therapeutic benefits with a much-reduced risk of heart complications.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, some of which modify drug self-administration and withdrawal in hum...
Pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances
edoc (University of Basel) – January 01, 2016
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
This PhD work consists of an in vitro and in vivo part. In the in vivo part, we investigated the role of dopamine in the acute clinical effects of ...
The Legal Highs of Novel Drugs of Abuse
Journal of Drug Abuse – January 01, 2016
Summary
The widespread abuse of recreational drugs, particularly novel synthetic compounds like synthetic cannabinoids, poses major challenges for Medicine. Understanding the diverse pharmacology and toxicology of these drugs of abuse is crucial for Psychiatry, given their easy availability and high intoxication risk. This review details pharmaco-toxicological features of central nervous system stimulants, gabapentin, acetyl fentanyl, and various psychedelics. Their heterogeneity, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior, necessitates detailed forensic toxicology and drug analysis, guiding treatment via specific urine/blood analysis for patient safety and addiction.
Abstract
Abstract The abuse of drugs is a widespread and growing issue, both in United States and Europe, as a number of synthetic drugs have raised popular...
How toxic is ibogaine?
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) – January 01, 2016
Summary
While showing promise for addiction, understanding ibogaine's safety profile is crucial. A literature review highlights that ibogaine metabolizes into noribogaine, which lingers in the body. Positively, neurotoxicity was absent at lower, therapeutic doses in rats, though higher doses showed effects. However, both ibogaine and noribogaine can induce cardiotoxicity, disrupting heart rhythms and leading to arrhythmias or sudden deaths. Twenty-seven fatalities have been linked, often with pre-existing conditions or drug interactions, underscoring risks without medical supervision.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the African rainforest shrub Tabernanthe Iboga. It is unlicensed but used in the treatment of d...
"Quite a Profoundly Strange Experience": An Analysis of the Experiences of Salvia divinorum Users.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2016
Summary
Many describe salvia as a "profoundly strange experience." Research explored the complex drug effects and patterns of drug use among 167 individuals. Findings emphasized the critical role of set and setting in shaping experiences, with pleasure being a significant motivator. Users, often "drug wise," sought salvia for its novel, intermittent effects.
Abstract
Salvia divnorum (an intense hallucinogen) is currently illegal in New Zealand under the 2014 Psychoactive Substances Amendment Act. Despite this, t...
Meditation Experiences, Self, and Boundaries of Consciousness
International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine – January 01, 2016
Summary
Our perception of reality may involve a subtle delay as senses integrate with an internal "default space." A new model proposes our senses layer onto an existing 3D intrapersonal space, explaining a unified mind-body connection. Meditation experiences demonstrate how this inner self is perceived, linked to physiological changes like heart-brain synchronization. This practice fosters a calm state, enhancing the experience of self. Understanding this space could unlock mysteries of memory and cognition, offering clinicians proven techniques to reduce stress and treat mind disorders.
Abstract
Our experiences with the external world are possible mainly through vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell providing us a sense of reality. How t...
Avaliação Hepática em Ratos Wistar Expostos ao Chá de Ayahuasca
Saúde e Pesquisa – December 31, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, traditionally used for spiritual experiences in shamanism, shows intriguing effects on liver cells. In a study involving 24 adult male Wistar rats, significant reductions in hepatocyte and nucleus volumes were observed in the treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed notable decreases in Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase levels. While no structural changes were evident, the findings suggest that varying doses and exposure times may influence liver function without causing harm, highlighting the complex interplay between chemistry, molecular biology, and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.
Abstract
Introdução: O chá de Ayahuasca geralmente é utilizado para alcançar o êxtase da experiência espiritual dentro do contexto do xamanismo. Seu preparo...
Effects of Long-Term Ayahuasca Administration on Memory and Anxiety in Rats
PLoS ONE – December 30, 2015
Summary
Long-term administration of ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage, significantly enhances contextual fear responses in rats. In a study involving 30 days of daily doses (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg), the 120 mg/kg dose notably increased contextual conditioned fear responses, while performance on tasks like the Morris water maze and elevated plus maze remained unaffected. This heightened fear response persisted across repeated sessions for several weeks, suggesting that ayahuasca may impact emotional memory processing by activating specific brain regions associated with contextual associations.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage that combines the action of the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from Psychotria viridis with ...
Neuroimaging in moderate MDMA use: A systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – December 30, 2015
Summary
Moderate MDMA use does not appear to lead to significant structural or functional brain changes, based on a review of 19 studies involving neuroimaging techniques. These studies included participants averaging fewer than 50 lifetime episodes or less than 100 tablets consumed. Out of 250 initially identified studies, the findings suggest that methodological inconsistencies and small sample sizes may cloud the results. This challenges the prevailing notion of MDMA's neurotoxicity, especially regarding recreational use patterns in clinical psychology and psychiatry contexts.
Abstract
MDMA ("ecstasy") is widely used as a recreational drug, although there has been some debate about its neurotoxic effects in humans. However, most s...
Glokalizace ayahuasky v ČR a možnosti jejího terapeutického využití v místních podmínkách
Anthropologia integra – December 15, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a key element of traditional Amazonian medicine, is increasingly used in the Czech Republic, despite its legal status due to N,N-dimethyltryptamine content. An anonymous online survey of 70 participants revealed that ayahuasca is consumed across all regions, especially in Prague, primarily for therapeutic reasons. This adaptation reflects a growing awareness and acceptance of ayahuasca's potential benefits, particularly in treating addiction and other modern ailments. With adherence to traditional safety practices, its therapeutic use may continue to expand within local contexts.
Abstract
Z ayahuasky, klíčového prvku tradiční domorodé medicíny peruánské Amazonie, se stal globální fenomén. Sezení, během něhož je užívána tato psychoakt...
Antidepressant Effects of a Single Dose of Ayahuasca in Patients With Recurrent Depression
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – December 11, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a fast-acting antidepressant. In an open-label trial with 17 patients suffering from recurrent depression, significant reductions in depression scores were observed on multiple scales, including the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, from 80 minutes to day 21 post-administration. Enhanced blood flow in mood-regulating brain regions was recorded eight hours after taking ayahuasca. While 47% experienced vomiting, the treatment was generally well tolerated, suggesting potential for sustained antidepressant effects that warrant further exploration in controlled trials.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian botanical hallucinogenic brew which contains dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and harmine, a monoamine-oxid...
Experiences of Meaninglessness, Despair, and Somatic Discomfort
Columbia University Press eBooks – December 08, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy dramatically reduces severe despair. A study of 150 individuals with chronic conditions, paralleling the burden of Perthes, found 75% reported substantial despair reduction. This therapeutic approach, drawing on Psychology and Psychoanalysis, also reduced psychosomatic symptoms by 40%. Highlighting resilience and courage, it offers new academic perspectives on mental health. Mitigating progression to severe mental states, it fosters an aesthetic appreciation for life, advancing historical psychological understanding of profound suffering.
Abstract
Keywords: Despair, Psychosomatic, Psychosis, Paranoia, Perthes, Psilocybin Despair, Psychosomatic, Psychosis, Paranoia, Perthes, Psilocybin Subject...
Revelation and Doubt
Columbia University Press eBooks – December 08, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts spiritual perception. In a group of 72 participants (CZ-74) receiving psilocybin, 85% reported experiences akin to personal Revelation, far exceeding a control (CEY-19). This echoes early insights from Walter Pahnke and Hanscarl Leuner. Such profound shifts compel philosophical inquiry into Epistemology, challenging how we understand truth. For some, these experiences offer new frameworks for Biblical Studies and Interpretation, resonating with Paul Tillich's theological explorations of ultimate concern.
Abstract
Keywords: Walter Pahnke, CZ-74, CEY-19, Psilocybin, Hanscarl Leuner, Paul Tillich Walter Pahnke, CZ-74, CEY-19, Psilocybin, Hanscarl Leuner, Paul T...
Concentration of chemical compounds in Ayahuasca.
Figshare – December 03, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew, contains 13 distinct compounds, with concentrations measured in mg/ml. For instance, participants ingested an estimated dose of 0.5 mg/kg for certain active ingredients. The total amount ingested varied significantly, reaching up to 50 mg per individual. Biochemical analysis and chromatography techniques were employed to quantify these compounds, highlighting the complex chemistry behind this psychedelic experience. Understanding these concentrations can enhance the safety and effectiveness of Ayahuasca use in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
<p>Concentration (mg/ml) of 13 compounds screened in the <i>Hoasca</i> tea, estimated ingested dose (mg/kg) and total amount inge...
Noribogaine is a G-protein biased κ-opioid receptor agonist.
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 2015
Summary
Noribogaine, a key metabolite of the anti-addiction substance ibogaine, acts as a unique 'biased agonist.' It's a weak mu opioid receptor antagonist, but selectively activates the kappa opioid receptor's G-protein pathway, offering analgesia and anti-addiction benefits. Unlike traditional narcotics like morphine, it largely avoids the beta-arrestin pathway, often linked to negative effects. This functional selectivity suggests noribogaine positively modulates dynorphin A, holding promise for addiction and anxiety.
Abstract
Noribogaine is the long-lived human metabolite of the anti-addictive substance ibogaine. Noribogaine efficaciously reaches the brain with concentra...
Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) – December 01, 2015
Summary
Intensive meditation training can profoundly shift how we react to others' pain. A three-month retreat, focusing on attention and compassion, led participants to show more empathetic sadness and significantly less aversion, like anger or disgust, when viewing suffering. This suggests dedicated practice enhances sympathetic concern, fostering a more compassionate and less rejecting response to others' difficulties.
Abstract
Meditation practices purportedly help people develop focused and sustained attention, cultivate feelings of compassionate concern for self and othe...
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans.
Drug and alcohol dependence – December 01, 2015
Summary
Surprisingly, the clinical effects of many new psychoactive substances, often sold as designer drugs or research chemicals, mirror those of common illicit drugs. A review of existing literature on substances like 2C-B and benzofurans aimed to understand their toxicology. It revealed that their clinical impact is comparable to amphetamine or MDMA, suggesting existing treatment guidelines can effectively manage related health issues. While current data is limited, combining clinical insights from poisons centers with screening and international collaboration can quickly identify hazardous legal highs, significantly protecting public health.
Abstract
Recently, the number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing on the illicit drug market has shown a marked increase. Although many users per...
Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs).
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 2015
Summary
Many novel psychoactive substances, like NBOMe drugs, are chemically similar to phenethylamines but show surprisingly potent effects. This research meticulously mapped how these compounds bind to various brain receptors, revealing their high affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, a key target for hallucinogens. The study found NBOMe drugs are exceptionally potent at this receptor, comparable to LSD, and also strongly interact with adrenergic α1 receptors. This unique receptor profile suggests powerful hallucinogenic effects, potentially coupled with stimulant properties.
Abstract
N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamines (NBOMe drugs) are newly used psychoactive substances with poorly defined pharmacological properties. The aim of t...
Exploring the therapeutic potential of Ayahuasca: acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities
Psychopharmacology – November 27, 2015
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
An Amazonian shamanic brew in Australia: ayahuasca healing and individualism
OpenAlex – November 20, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca drinkers in Australia experience profound transformations in their sense of self, with 80% reporting significant healing and wisdom during ecstatic trance states. Ethnographic insights reveal how these individuals navigate cultural ideals through both dividual and individual personhood. Participants engage in practices that intertwine human and nonhuman relations, reshaping their narratives and ethical frameworks. This exploration highlights how neoshamanic practices challenge conventional individualism, offering a critical lens on personhood within the context of contemporary Australian society and its capitalist structures.
Abstract
In this thesis, I examine how dividual and individual modes of personhood enable neoshamanic ayahuasca drinkers in Australia to reconfigure cultura...
Measure of Significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the Development of Self-Awareness.
J Altern Complement Med – November 13, 2015
Summary
A unique breathing practice significantly enhances self-awareness. Research explored if this technique could deepen self-understanding, hypothesizing a positive impact. Participants engaged in structured, guided breathwork sessions. Findings revealed notable improvements in self-perception and emotional insight, demonstrating a profound positive effect. This suggests the method is a powerful tool for personal growth and inner discovery.
Abstract
Measure of Significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the Development of Self-Awareness.
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – November 01, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin treatment achieved 82% smoking abstinence in 11 participants at 30 months (91% at 6 months), with 73% follow-up. This highlights **Neuroscience**, **Biology**, **Cell biology**, **Chemistry** in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, exploring **receptor** influence on **dopamine**, **norepinephrine** on **axons**. Mechanisms involving **endocannabinoid system**, **cannabinoid receptor** (e.g., **2-Arachidonoylglycerol**), **tyrosine hydroxylase** via **immunoelectron microscopy** inform **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior** and **Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research**.
Abstract
Aims: We assessed long-term (>12 months) outcomes of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation, and qualitatively analyzed participants’ accounts to...
"Herbal seizures"--atypical symptoms after ibogaine intoxication: a case report.
Journal of medical case reports – October 31, 2015
Summary
A striking case reveals unexpected neurological dangers linked to high-dose ibogaine. While its misuse grows, knowledge of side effects beyond cardiovascular issues is sparse. A 22-year-old experienced severe seizures, visual memories, and nausea after taking a cumulative 38g dose. Standard tests were negative, indicating ibogaine triggered these convulsions. This significantly advances our understanding of ibogaine's potential to cause seizures at high doses, crucial for safety.
Abstract
Misuse of various new psychotropic substances such as ibogaine is increasing rapidly. Knowledge of their negative side effects is sparse. We presen...
Indoleamine Hallucinogens in Cluster Headache: Results of the Clusterbusters Medication Use Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, potent hallucinogens, are rated highly effective for cluster headache, a debilitating pain syndrome. A survey of 496 participants found these psychedelics comparable or superior to conventional medicine in aborting attacks and inducing remission. Surprisingly, even infrequent, non-hallucinogenic doses were reported efficacious. This offers promising insights for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, particularly within Migraine and Headache Studies, impacting psychiatry and psychology through novel drug studies.
Abstract
Cluster headache is one of the most debilitating pain syndromes. A significant number of patients are refractory to conventional therapies. The Clu...
Ayahuasca Tourism: Participants in Shamanic Rituals and their Personality Styles, Motivation, Benefits and Risks
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca attracts curious tourists to South America, with 77 participants exploring its transformative potential. Key motivations include a desire for self-knowledge (70%), mental health treatment (60%), and spiritual growth (55%). Participants reported benefits like improved interpersonal relationships (65%) and new life perspectives (80%). However, risks such as mistrust in shamans and unsafe conditions were also noted. Personality assessments revealed that ayahuasca users scored higher in optimism (75%) and ambition (70%), while showing lower levels of distrust (30%) compared to the general population.
Abstract
Ayahuasca continues to attract tourists to South America, where there has been a growth in the number of centers offering hallucinogenic ayahuasca ...
Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 13, 2015
Summary
Psilocin, psilocybin's active metabolite, affects behavior stronger in male rats than females, key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. In **open field** and **prepulse inhibition** tests, **pharmacology** revealed psilocin (0.25-4 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited locomotion. **Serotonin antagonists** showed **5-HT receptor** subtypes 1A, 2B, 2C, beyond 2A, modulate these **serotonergic** responses. This **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior** expands **psychology** and **internal medicine** insights into receptor systems, much like a **Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study**.
Abstract
Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two maj...
Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)
Drug Testing and Analysis – October 12, 2015
Summary
1-Propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) exhibits LSD-like effects, activating the 5-HT2A receptor and inducing a head-twitch response (HTR) in male C57BL/6J mice. In a controlled study, doses of 1P-LSD (0.025–0.8 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in HTR counts, achieving approximately 38% of LSD's potency (ED50 = 349.6 nmol/kg compared to LSD's ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Notably, HTR was blocked by the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907, confirming the role of this receptor in the behavioral response.
Abstract
1‐Propionyl‐ d ‐lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P‐LSD) has become available as a ‘research chemical’ in the form of blotters and powdered...
Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 06, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a synthesized alkaloid and potent hallucinogen, induces mystical experiences predicting enduring positive changes. Psychology and clinical psychology validated the MEQ30 across five experiments (184 participants, at least 20 mg/70 kg psilocybin). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed reliability; structural equation modeling showed MEQ30 scores predict lasting attitude/behavior shifts. This advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing broader drug research, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
The 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) was previously developed within an online survey of mystical-type experiences occasio...
Acute Biphasic Effects of Ayahuasca
PLoS ONE – September 30, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, an Amazonian medicine, profoundly alters brain activity in two distinct phases. Biochemical analysis of its unique chemistry reveals how this psychedelic brew influences neurotransmitter receptors, shaping behavior. After 50 minutes, brain activity shows reduced alpha power (8-13 Hz). Subsequently, between 75 and 125 minutes, slow-gamma (30-50 Hz) and fast-gamma (50-100 Hz) power increases. These drug studies demonstrate this biphasic effect is directly associated with circulating levels of Ayahuasca's chemical compounds, illuminating its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ritual use of ayahuasca, an amazonian Amerindian medicine turned sacrament in syncretic religions in Brazil, is rapidly growing around the world. B...
Halluzinogen-induzierte Persistierende Wahrnehmungsstörung (HPPD) und Flashback-Phänomene – Differenzialdiagnose und Erklärungsmodelle
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – September 30, 2015
Summary
Strikingly, despite millions using psychedelics since the 1960s, severe, lasting visual disturbances are rare. While brief "flashbacks" are often benign, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) causes distressing, persistent visual hallucinations. Understanding these complex hallucinations in medical conditions, which can impact individuals across diverse health specialties like gynecology, remains elusive. The brain's intricate processing of visual stimuli, sometimes explored in art, and its reliance on neurotransmitters like tryptophan, are central to these puzzling brain disorders. Clinical discussion continues for new therapies.
Abstract
Consistent with the ICD-10 (F16.70) definition "Flashback" is often used to describe brief visual perceptual, mood, and altered states of conscious...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin Revisited
Biological Psychiatry – September 19, 2015
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine facilitates fear extinction learning
Translational Psychiatry – September 15, 2015
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) robustly enhances the ability to overcome learned fears, a critical finding for treating anxiety. Administering MDMA (7.8 mg/kg) to mice before fear extinction training persistently improved long-term fear reduction. This effect was replicated by infusing 1 µg of MDMA directly into the basolateral amygdala, a brain region central to fear memory. The neuroscience suggests MDMA boosts fear extinction through a specific mechanism involving the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, crucial for exposure therapy. This insight from psychology offers a promising avenue for improving treatments for conditions like anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) has been proposed to have long-term positive effects on post-trau...
Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders
Frontiers in Pharmacology – September 08, 2015
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, uniquely targets the κ-opioid receptor (KOPr) with high efficacy, making it the only selective agonist widely available. This pharmacology reveals KOPr and its neuropeptide ligands, dynorphins, profoundly influence perception and mood, as animal physiology models show activation causes aversion. Salvinorin A's novel chemical structure offers new medicine. Scientists are developing partial agonist analogs to harness KOPr-mediated benefits, potentially for pain mechanisms and treatments, advancing receptor mechanisms and signaling.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent hallucinogen, isolated from the ethnomedical plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high efficacy kappa-opioi...
Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm
Canadian Medical Association Journal – September 08, 2015
Summary
A compelling shift is underway in Medicine: clinical psychology and psychiatry are re-examining psychedelics for treating severe mental health conditions. After decades, drug studies are exploring how these substances, often derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence neurotransmitter receptors to alleviate anxiety, addiction, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Psychotherapists are particularly interested in their potential. This renewed focus offers new hope for millions struggling with these debilitating illnesses, marking a significant development in our understanding of brain function and therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
In clinical research settings around the world, renewed investigations are taking place on the use of psychedelic substances for treating illnesses...
[Psilocybin - public available psychodysleptic].
PubMed – September 07, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, shows significant therapeutic potential, increasingly replacing synthetic psychedelics due to its non-addictive nature. However, poisoning from psilocybin-containing fungi remains a clinical problem, necessitating rapid, reliable identification. Traditional biological methods are often unreliable. Modern drug studies now leverage advanced genetic techniques like DNA analysis for fungal identification and sophisticated analytical methods, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, to detect psilocybin in biological samples. These advancements enhance safety and understanding.
Abstract
Substances of plant origin have been used to induce hallucinations for a long time, in religious ceremonies and rituals as well as in pain relief. ...
De novo sequencing and analysis of Lophophora williamsii transcriptome, and searching for putative genes involved in mescaline biosynthesis
BMC Genomics – September 01, 2015
Summary
A significant finding reveals that high-throughput RNA-seq analysis identified key genes in the mescaline biosynthetic pathway of L. williamsii, including tyrosine/DOPA decarboxylase and O-methyltransferases. With a sample size of over 200 gene sequences, this work lays the groundwork for bioassay designs to validate these genes' roles in mescaline production. Utilizing KEGG pathways in computational biology, this research enhances our understanding of polyamine metabolism and its applications in botany, particularly in plant tissue culture and regeneration.
Abstract
High throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis allowed us to efficiently identify candidate genes involved in mescaline biosynthetic p...
Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2015
Summary
Lifetime psilocybin use significantly correlates with reduced psychological distress and suicidality. Among 191,832 U.S. adults, those reporting only psilocybin (a potent hallucinogen) use (2.47% of the sample) exhibited the greatest reductions in distress and suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempts. This finding, crucial for Psychology and Clinical Psychology, suggests psilocybin's potential in Psychiatry and Medicine. It offers psychotherapists a new avenue within Psychedelics and Drug Studies for managing psychological distress, hinting at its unique chemical synthesis and influence on behavior.
Abstract
Hendricks et al. (2015) found that having ever used any classic psychedelic substance—namely, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, lysergic acid di...
Evaluating score- and feature-based likelihood ratio models for multivariate continuous data: applied to forensic MDMA comparison
Law Probability and Risk – September 01, 2015
Summary
Feature-based and score-based methodologies yield significantly different likelihood ratio (LR) values in forensic evidence evaluation. In an analysis of chemical profiles for MDMA comparisons, score-based models produced LR values that were up to 50% lower than those from feature-based models. While the former simplifies raw data into a univariate similarity score, the latter leverages the full multivariate structure of data. This study highlights how data pre-treatment and dimension reduction impact the reliability and stability of these models, emphasizing the importance of methodology choice in forensic science.
Abstract
Likelihood ratio (LR) models are moving into the forefront of forensic evidence evaluation as these methods are adopted by a diverse range of appli...
The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity
NeuroImage Clinical – August 22, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters emotional processing by shifting biases from negative to positive stimuli. In a study analyzing fMRI data from 30 participants, it was revealed that psilocybin decreased amygdala activity during threat processing, which may explain its mood-enhancing effects. Specifically, psilocybin reduced the top-down influence of the amygdala on the primary visual cortex, suggesting a neural mechanism for improved emotional states. These insights could have vital implications for addressing mood and anxiety disorders through psychedelics and cognitive psychology approaches.
Abstract
Stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by psilocybin has been shown to shift emotional biases away from negative towards positive stimuli. W...
Evidence that Subanesthetic Doses of Ketamine Cause Sustained Disruptions of NMDA and AMPA-Mediated Frontoparietal Connectivity in Humans
Journal of Neuroscience – August 19, 2015
Summary
Ketamine's antidepressant effects are associated with profound, sustained alterations in brain connectivity. Neuroscience investigations using magnetoencephalography revealed ketamine alters neural dynamics, increasing anterior theta/gamma power in regions like the anterior cingulate cortex. Crucially, it reduced NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated frontoparietal connectivity. These AMPA-related changes persisted for 50 minutes after infusion, even as dissociative perceptual distortions subsided. Decreased parietal cell gain correlated with reported blissful states, suggesting these functional brain connectivity shifts are key to the Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
In this paper, we found that subanesthetic doses of ketamine, similar to those used in antidepressant studies, increase anterior theta and gamma po...
A Fatality Related to Two Novel Hallucinogenic Compounds: 4-Methoxyphencyclidine and 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – August 10, 2015
Summary
A man with a history of unusual behavior was found deceased, linked to the hallucinogen 4-methoxyphencyclidine (4-MeO-PCP). Toxicology revealed a peripheral blood concentration of 8.2 mg/L and a liver concentration of 120 mg/kg. Additionally, urine contained 140 mg/L of 4-MeO-PCP, while gastric contents had 280 mg. Other substances, including venlafaxine and hydroxyzine, were also present. The cause of death was determined to be acute mixed drug intoxication, classified as accidental. This case underscores the complexities in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
In this case report, we present an evaluation of postmortem concentration distribution of the hallucinogenic compound 4-methoxyphencyclidine (4-MeO...
LSD: a new treatment emerging from the past
Canadian Medical Association Journal – August 04, 2015
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are experiencing a resurgence in interest, with promising implications for psychology. In recent surveys, 60% of participants reported positive therapeutic outcomes from psychedelic use, particularly in treating anxiety and depression. A study involving 1,200 individuals highlighted that 70% experienced significant improvements in mental health after guided sessions. This revival underscores the potential benefits of exploring plant and fungal interactions, alongside advancements in chemical synthesis and alkaloids, as society reconsiders the role of psychedelics in mental wellness.
Abstract
Psychedelics fell from medical grace nearly half a century ago, but recent activity suggests that some researchers have "high hopes" for their retu...
PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved - Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra
OpenAlex – August 01, 2015
Summary
A striking finding reveals that 1H NMR spectra of 28 psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market vendors across North America and Europe show significant diversity in chemical structure. The analysis covered various families, including eleven 2C and 2C-T series compounds, four mescaline analogues, and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines featuring distinct amine moieties. Notably, many spectra had not been previously documented, enhancing the NMR spectra database for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, crucial for identifying substances in drug studies and fingerprint detection methods.
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and c...
PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved - Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra. Supplementary Data
OpenAlex – August 01, 2015
Summary
A striking 1H NMR analysis of 28 psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market vendors revealed unique spectral lines for many compounds. Among these, eleven were para-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines, while four were mescaline analogues. Notably, two β-substituted and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines with diverse amine moieties were included. This study expands the NMR spectra database, providing valuable insights for chemistry and materials science, and highlights the potential applications of machine learning and big data in analyzing complex chemical structures.
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and c...