Research
Mapping an Agenda for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Research in Patients with Serious Illness.
J Palliat Med – April 13, 2021
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy shows profound promise for seriously ill patients. A new framework charts a course for robust investigation, highlighting its therapeutic potential to significantly improve mental health and well-being. This strategic guide identifies key areas, from optimal treatment approaches to integration into patient care, ensuring these powerful therapies can safely enhance quality of life and deliver meaningful relief for those in critical need.
Abstract
Mapping an Agenda for Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Research in Patients with Serious Illness.
Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep.
Current biology : CB – April 12, 2021
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Dreams take us to a different reality, a hallucinatory world that feels as real as any waking experience. These often-bizarre episodes are emblemat...
Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy
Harm Reduction Journal – April 11, 2021
Summary
Despite legal restrictions, growing interest in psychedelic-assisted therapy leads many to explore psychedelics independently. This creates an ethical duty for therapists to provide support. A framework outlines how professionals can offer harm reduction and psychedelic integration, guiding clients pre- and post-experience. This approach helps minimize risks and maximize benefits, ensuring ethical practice for those navigating personal use of psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic-assisted therapy may represent an upcoming paradigm shift in the treatment of mental health problems as recent clinical trials...
Neuroimaging correlates and predictors of response to repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in PTSD: preliminary evidence
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 10, 2021
Summary
Brain imaging reveals a fascinating link: **improvement** in **PTSD symptoms** after **ketamine treatment** is tied to specific changes in **brain activity**. Successful **treatment** with **ketamine** was associated with increased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, key regions for emotion regulation. This suggests **ketamine** may normalize how the brain processes threats, leading to significant **improvement** for individuals with **PTSD**.
Abstract
Promising initial data indicate that the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine may be beneficial in post-traumatic str...
EEG Gamma Band Alterations and REM-like Traits Underpin the Acute Effect of the Atypical Psychedelic Ibogaine in the Rat.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – April 09, 2021
Summary
The dream-like experiences reported with the psychedelic ibogaine, known for its anti-addictive potential, might actually mirror brain activity during natural REM sleep. Researchers explored the brain's electrical signals during ibogaine-induced wakefulness in rats, hypothesizing a link between its unique "waking dream" state and specific brainwave patterns. They analyzed intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Remarkably, ibogaine significantly boosted gamma brainwave power. This activity, despite its strength, showed reduced coherence and complexity, closely resembling natural REM sleep. This discovery offers compelling biological evidence connecting the psychedelic experience to REM sleep, advancing our understanding of how ibogaine creates its vivid, dream-like effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychedelic alkaloid that has attracted large scientific interest because of its antiaddictive properties in observational studies in...
Consciousness, Religion, and Gurus: Pitfalls of Psychedelic Medicine.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – April 09, 2021
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
This viewpoint identifies pitfalls in the study of psychedelic compounds, including those that pose challenges for the potential use of psychedelic...
A draft sequence reference of the Psilocybe cubensis genome
F1000Research – April 09, 2021
Summary
A breakthrough in understanding psychedelics reveals the entire psilocybin synthesis cluster of *Psilocybe cubensis* resides on a single 3.2Mb contig. This advance in computational biology and genetics, achieved through whole genome sequencing, provides the complete 46.6Mb genome, assembled into 32 contigs with 97.6% completeness. Such detailed biology is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offering unprecedented insights into chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and accelerating research into alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology.
Abstract
We describe the use of high-fidelity single molecule sequencing to assemble the genome of the psychoactive Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. The genome ...
Naturalistic Use of Mescaline Is Associated with Self-Reported Psychiatric Improvements and Enduring Positive Life Changes.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – April 09, 2021
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid that has been used as a sacrament by Indigenous populations in spiritual ritual and healin...
Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – April 09, 2021
Summary
Psychedelic compounds reduce inflammation, independent of their mind-altering effects. Researchers hypothesized specific structures activate the 5-HT2A receptor for anti-inflammatory benefits. A rat model of allergic asthma screened 21 compounds. 2C-H (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) was the anti-inflammatory core. Its effects didn't link to typical receptor activation or behavioral potency. This suggests unique receptor pathways reduce inflammation, enabling anti-inflammatory drugs without psychoactive effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs can exert potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, anti-inflammatory effects do not appear to correlate with behavioral activit...
Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure
Translational Psychiatry – April 08, 2021
Summary
A compelling finding in cognitive psychology reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin uniquely impacts creativity. Administering 0.17 mg/kg psilocybin acutely increased spontaneous creative insights while decreasing deliberate task-based creativity. Seven days later, individuals showed more novel ideas, demonstrating lasting effects on cognition. These changes in creativity, a key psychological construct, were predicted by default mode network connectivity. This work from Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggests psilocybin, an alkaloid, offers a tool to understand the neural basis of cognitive flexibility.
Abstract
Abstract Creativity is an essential cognitive ability linked to all areas of our everyday functioning. Thus, finding a way to enhance it is of broa...
Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies
OpenAlex – April 07, 2021
Summary
A review of psilocybin use in bipolar disorder patients reveals a potential risk of mania, despite the hallucinogen's promise for depression. Historically excluded from clinical psychology trials, this population's profound economic and personal depression burden necessitates careful consideration. Analyzing existing medical case histories, 17 instances showed psilocybin potentially activated mania. While caution is warranted regarding this alkaloid, the limited systematic data suggests a need for targeted drug studies. These psychedelics could offer new medicine, but trials focusing on individuals with lower mania risk are crucial for psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of ...
Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology
International Review of Psychiatry – April 03, 2021
Summary
Breakthroughs in Psychiatry address trauma-related psychopathology. Approximately 50% of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder cases also experience Major Depressive Disorder, highlighting trauma's role in Psychology. Traditional treatments often fall short. Now, drug-assisted psychotherapy, utilizing the Hallucinogen Psilocybin and MDMA, offers new hope. These powerful Psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies, have received FDA 'breakthrough therapy' designation for resistant depression and PTSD. A Psychotherapist guides this innovative Medicine, leveraging compounds from Chemical synthesis and alkaloids for profound healing.
Abstract
This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for P...
Phenomenological assessment of psychedelic induced experiences: Translation and validation of the German Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) and Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)
OpenAlex – April 02, 2021
Summary
A 26-item German scale reliably measures diverse challenging experiences induced by psychedelics, advancing clinical psychology. Its 7-factor structure was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, showing strong construct validity and convergent validity with anxiety measures within a nomological network. An 8-item ego-dissolution scale was refined to five items through exploratory factor analysis, enhancing its psychometrics. These validated tools, essential for psychology, will illuminate how chemical synthesis of alkaloids and their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior manifest as subjective states, bolstering drug studies.
Abstract
Several measures have been designed to assess subjective experiences induced by psychedelic substances and other mind-altering drugs or non-pharmac...
Psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do we know so far?
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Promising findings suggest psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, may offer relief for obsessive-compulsive disorder. One open-label clinical trial observed acute reductions in obsessive-compulsive symptoms, sparking interest across psychology and psychiatry. This initial data is encouraging for medicine and clinical psychology, prompting further rigorous clinical trials. These investigations aim to solidify psilocybin's potential in mental health research topics, exploring new therapeutic avenues for psychotherapists and advancing psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid in mushrooms and a prodrug of psilocin. It is a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) agonist...
Psychedelics and psychiatric disorders: A emerging role
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and Mescaline, along with MDMA, demonstrate significant, enduring therapeutic potential in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. These hallucinogens offer immediate anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, proving effective for depression, cancer-related anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. In Medicine, Psychedelics and Drug Studies show these compounds, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors, are well-tolerated. Adverse effects are few and transient, including mild nausea or anxiety, with no serious persistent issues reported.
Abstract
Introduction Recently there has been renewal in interest of psychedelic research. Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ps...
Psychedelics: A new era of treatment?
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin, mescaline, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are showing remarkable promise in psychiatry and psychology. These hallucinogens, including ayahuasca, influence neurotransmitter receptors through their chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Neuroscience and drug studies confirm their therapeutic potential for anxiety and mood disorders: controlled trials observed significant reductions in anxiety and depression for cancer patients, and lessened alcohol/tobacco dependence, marking a significant shift in psychedelic medicine.
Abstract
Introduction Psychedelics - including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin, DMT (N, N-dimethyltryptamine), ayahuasca and mescaline - have a...
Ayahuasca
Journal of Addictions Nursing – April 01, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent hallucinogen made from Amazonian plants, is celebrated for its spiritual and therapeutic potential. However, risks are significant; users may experience psychotic episodes or serotonin syndrome, both of which can be life-threatening. With increasing popularity in the U.S., healthcare professionals must understand its pharmacology and possible drug interactions. Informed care is crucial, especially as the quality and safety of ayahuasca can be unpredictable. Educating the public about these risks empowers nurses and practitioners to guide safe usage effectively.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a pan-Amazonian botanical hallucinogenic decoction made from a mixture of the bark of the Banisteriopsis caapi plant, contain...
Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
A compelling finding in mental health research shows that psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, offers significant hope for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In studies involving 32 patients with major depressive disorder, two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support dramatically improved mood. All participants experienced symptom reduction, with substantial antidepressant effects sustained for up to six months. This serotonergic compound represents a promising new medicine for psychiatry, potentially transforming clinical psychology approaches to severe depression.
Abstract
Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 o...
A Qualitative Study of Intention and Impact of Ayahuasca Use by Westerners
OpenAlex – April 01, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences offer profound benefits for mental health and spirituality. Forty-one Western participants in qualitative research reported sustained psychological improvements, including substance use, relationships, and self-perception—outcomes a psychotherapist in clinical psychology often targets. This potent hallucinogen, like psilocybin in psychedelics and drug studies, also fostered enhanced creativity and sensory awareness. While biochemical analysis and olfactory function studies continue exploring such effects, these accounts highlight Ayahuasca's potential, despite two reported problematic experiences.
Abstract
Ayahuasca has gained the attention of researchers over the past decade as psychedelic-assisted therapy for MDMA and psilocybin have progressed thro...
Self-transcendence and life stories of humanistic growth among late-midlife adults.
Journal of personality – April 01, 2021
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Self-transcendence is the experience of feeling connected to something greater than oneself. Previous studies have shown high scores on self-transc...
Therapeutic interventions for PTSD – current evidence on the the role of psychedelics
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychological intervention offers a compelling new direction for chronic PTSD, often complicated by psychiatric comorbidity. Integrating this potent hallucinogen into psychotherapy, a psychotherapist can guide patients toward safe, effective, and durable relief, even for treatment-refractory cases. While psilocybin and other psychedelics are also being explored in medicine within clinical psychology, this novel pharmacotherapy represents a significant advance in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offering new hope.
Abstract
Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic condition, despite the existence of evidence-based treatment options. Psychot...
Treating addiction with psychedelics - are we waking up?
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Classic hallucinogens like psilocybin are showing remarkable promise for Addiction treatment, re-emerging in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology. A review of Drug Studies spanning 10 years (2010-2020) highlights how psychedelics, including mescaline, occasion profound psychological experiences. While research on Addiction is less developed than for cancer-related Distress, initial findings suggest safety and efficacy, with zero clinically significant adverse events when risk individuals are excluded. Psilocybin, potentially guided by a psychotherapist, could offer new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
Introduction Classic psychedelics have been administered in sacramental contexts since ancient times. They were of prominent interest within psychi...
Ayahuasca potential benefits
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a therapeutic tool for anxiety, depression, and addiction. Observational studies reveal significant reductions in depressive symptoms, with some participants experiencing decreased alcohol and cocaine use. A review of 100+ studies highlights its ability to promote introspection and emotional processing, akin to psychotherapy. Users often report improvements in mindfulness, comparable to those seen in meditators. The biochemical effects include enhanced neuroplasticity through 5HT2A agonism, suggesting potential benefits for cognition and mental health. Further investigation with larger samples is warranted.
Abstract
Introduction Ayahusca has potential therapeutic beneffits. Objectives Expose the potential beneffits of ayahuasca from neuropharmacology and clinic...
Pivotal mental states
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2021
Summary
Our brains hold an inherent capacity for profound psychological transformation. A new model proposes 'pivotal mental states' as hyper-plastic brain conditions enabling rapid, deep learning. These states, evolved for adapting to environmental pressures, can be primed by chronic stress and triggered by acute stress. Serotonin 2A receptor activity, robustly induced by certain compounds, reliably activates this natural system, linking specific brain signaling to enhanced learning and significant personal growth.
Abstract
This paper introduces a new construct, the ‘pivotal mental state’, which is defined as a hyper-plastic state aiding rapid and deep learning that ca...
New designer phenethylamines 2C-C and 2C-P have abuse potential and induce neurotoxicity in rodents.
Archives of toxicology – April 01, 2021
Summary
Designer drugs like 2c-c and 2c-p pose serious risks. Studies in rodents confirm their abuse potential, showing animals actively sought these compounds. High doses also induced significant neurotoxicity, impairing motor skills and memory. This damage involves altered brain dopamine signaling and triggers neuroinflammation, highlighting the severe impact on brain function.
Abstract
2C (2C-x) is the general name for the family of phenethylamines containing two methoxy groups at the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring. The abu...
Long-Term Efficacy of Combination Therapy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Ketamine for Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression
CNS Spectrums – April 01, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, all 28 patients with severe, treatment-resistant depression achieved substantial, lasting symptom relief by combining brain stimulation (TMS) with ketamine infusions. These individuals, including 18 with unipolar and 10 with bipolar depression, underwent 10-30 sessions of this novel therapy. Their average symptom severity score dropped by 4.46 points, an improvement sustained for at least two years. This combined approach offers a promising new avenue for individuals struggling with persistent depression.
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe, effective and non-invasive treatment for many psychiatric illnesse...
The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy
Psychiatric News – March 31, 2021
Summary
The push to revive psychedelics like psilocybin, lauded for therapeutic potential, risks a public health tragedy akin to the opioid crisis. Despite grassroots decriminalization efforts and psychology insights, hallucinogens present significant concerns. MDMA saw lifetime use by 5-10% of the population, with one lab distributing 500,000 doses monthly before government restrictions. Lessons from political science and public relations failures in drug studies are vital. Unchecked politics and marketing could repeat the 450,000 opioid deaths in 20 years.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessThe Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent TragedyStanley N. Ca...
Relative profiling of L-tryptophan derivatives from selected edible mushrooms as psychoactive nutraceuticals to inhibit P-glycoprotein: a paradigm to contest blood-brain barrier
BioTechnologia – March 31, 2021
Summary
Edible mushrooms offer a promising CONTEST against depression, a global health burden. Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies reveal these non-hallucinogenic varieties contain Tryptophan metabolites like 5-HTP, crucial for brain health. Through advanced Chemistry and Pharmacology, mushroom extracts demonstrated potent P-gp inhibition in vitro and in silico, with binding energies down to -83.93 kcal/mol. This suggests these natural compounds could enhance drug delivery to the brain, acting as novel nutraceuticals in Medicine. This opens new avenues for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, distinct from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, to fortify mental health treatment.
Abstract
Depression is a mental illness and is considered to be a global threat. It is designated as burden of disease. There is therefore an intense need t...
Prediction of MDMA response in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2021
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has distinct effects influenced by personality traits and mood. In a comprehensive analysis of 194 healthy participants across 10 studies, higher MDMA plasma concentrations were linked to more intense experiences. Notably, individuals with elevated "openness to experience" reported greater feelings of connection and altered consciousness. Conversely, those scoring high in "neuroticism" faced increased chances of anxiety or unpleasant reactions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between drug effects and individual psychological profiles, essential for therapeutic applications of MDMA.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is used both recreationally and therapeutically. Little is known about the factors ...
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Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 28, 2021
Summary
High doses of Cannabis can induce subjective "breakthrough" experiences mirroring those from the Hallucinogen Psilocybin. While 59% of Psilocybin users report these profound effects in clinical psychology trials, 17–19% of cannabis users also experience them. These effects are crucial in Psychiatry, preceding relief from distress like depression. Perceived THC dosage correlated with these experiences in some instances, with heavier cannabis users reporting lower scores. This suggests potential for cannabis-assisted medicine, paralleling Psilocybin's therapeutic applications in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Background: Despite tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)’s reputation for creating dramatic effects at high doses, empirical work rarely addresses cannabis’s...
LSD and ketanserin and their impact on the human autonomic nervous system
Psychophysiology – March 27, 2021
Summary
LSD significantly boosts sympathetic nervous system activity, while the serotonin 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin enhances parasympathetic tone. In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 30 participants, heart rate variability (HRV) measures revealed that increased sympathetic activity correlated positively with psychedelic effects of LSD, whereas higher parasympathetic activity showed a negative correlation. Interestingly, HRV after placebo predicted subjective experiences post-LSD. These findings suggest that autonomic nervous system responses might serve as biomarkers for the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract The interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has sparked again due to its supposed positive effects on psychopathological conditions. ...
Exploring the relationship between microdosing, personality and emotional insight: A prospective study
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 26, 2021
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics appears to shift fundamental aspects of Personality. Over 31 days, 24 individuals experienced increased Conscientiousness and decreased Neuroticism, suggesting these Big Five personality traits are not entirely stable. Among 76 baseline participants, Neuroticism linked to Alexithymia, a challenge in emotional awareness often relevant in Clinical psychology. Extraversion also positively correlated with microdosing experience, hinting at how these substances, often alkaloids from chemical synthesis, influence psychology. This area of Drug Studies may offer insights into brain disorders involving Tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Backround and aims Having entered the recent public and research zeitgeist, microdosing involves consuming sub-perceptual doses of psyched...
Psychedelics and Health Behavior Change - Journal of Psychopharmacology (in press)
OpenAlex – March 24, 2021
Summary
Imagine a powerful new psychological intervention for behavior change: psilocybin. This non-addictive psychedelic, with low toxicity, is showing promise in addressing anxiety and addictive behavior by disrupting rigid patterns. Integrating psilocybin with established methods like Motivational Interviewing offers a potent approach for health psychology and public health. Psychotherapists in clinical psychology and psychiatry envision its use to improve diet, exercise, and mindfulness, enhancing cognition and well-being. This innovative strategy, emerging from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, could profoundly impact lifestyle disease prevention.
Abstract
Healthful behaviors such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active, and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of dev...
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca.
Sci Rep – March 23, 2021
Summary
Imagine a single, powerful experience reshaping your very personality. Researchers investigated whether shamanic ayahuasca ceremonies could alter an individual's traits. Participants completed personality assessments before and after their ceremonial use. Results indicated significant positive changes, particularly in areas like openness and conscientiousness, suggesting a unique path to personal growth and enhanced well-being.
Abstract
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca.
Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – March 22, 2021
Summary
Brain entropy, a key measure of neural complexity in neuroscience, profoundly shifts with consciousness. This neurocognitive review reveals brain entropy decreases in reduced consciousness, like physiological aging, but increases in psychedelic states and psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the work explores how the brain's information processing, central to cognition, maintains a dynamic balance. This perspective, relevant to cognitive science and psychology, extends the entropic brain hypothesis across neural dynamics and functional brain connectivity, from drug studies to aging.
Abstract
Neural complexity and brain entropy (BEN) have gained greater interest in recent years. The dynamics of neural signals and their relations with inf...
Medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction: Advancing research of an emerging paradigm
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – March 21, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin and other psychedelics show immense promise for mental health, potentially revolutionizing psychiatry. Growing interest in these hallucinogens stems from compelling preliminary results, positioning them as a new class of medicine. Psychotherapist-guided treatments, focusing on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are key. While the field of drug studies requires rigorous trials to assess benefits and safety, the potential for these chemical compounds and alkaloids to treat psychiatric disorders is significant. Strict protocols are essential for safe integration into psychology and medicine.
Abstract
The medical use of psychedelic substances (e.g. psilocybin, ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is attract...
Hallucinogenic/psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics: Evidence and mechanisms of action
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 19, 2021
Summary
Almost a third of patients with major depressive disorder are non-responders to current antidepressants, a critical challenge in Psychiatry. Promisingly, fast-acting serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ayahuasca demonstrate antidepressant and anxiety-reducing effects. Modern medicine is exploring these psychedelics; five psilocybin trials and two ayahuasca trials confirm their efficacy. Their pharmacology involves influencing the 5-HT2A receptor, a key serotonin receptor. These drug studies highlight their profound neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new therapeutic avenues beyond traditional serotonin antagonists in Psychology.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide, and it is associated with a reduced quality of life ...
Trends in MDMA‐related mortality across four countries
Addiction – March 19, 2021
Summary
MDMA-related deaths surged across Australia, Finland, Portugal, and Turkey from 2011 to 2017, highlighting a troubling trend. A total of 2,052 deaths were recorded: 1,400 in Turkey, 507 in Australia, 100 in Finland, and 45 in Portugal. Males comprised 81-94% of these cases, with median ages between 24 and 27.5 years. In Australia and Finland, drug toxicity was the leading cause of death (61% and 70%, respectively), while multiple drug toxicity was more common overall.
Abstract
Abstract Aims To determine trends in 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐related death rates across Australia, Finland, Portugal and Turkey an...
Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – March 18, 2021
Summary
Shamanic trance induces profound shifts in consciousness, often surpassing those under psychedelics. Electroencephalography (EEG) on 24 practitioners and 24 controls revealed unique neural correlates. During active listening to drumming, practitioners showed distinct brain wave patterns, like increased gamma absolute power, influencing consciousness. This neuroscience advances cognitive psychology, distinguishing shamanism from drug studies (neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior). These findings broaden consciousness understanding, complementing resting state fMRI, biochemical analysis, and audiology, offering unique insights into human psychology.
Abstract
Psychedelics have been recognized as model interventions for studying altered states of consciousness. However, few empirical studies of the shaman...
Acute and Sustained Reductions in Loss of Meaning and Suicidal Ideation Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Life-Threatening Cancer
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – March 18, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy rapidly reduces suicidal ideation in cancer patients, with effects appearing within 8 hours and lasting 6.5 months. This clinical intervention, studied via a randomized controlled trial, also robustly alleviates profound distress and loss of meaning for over 4.5 years. For this vulnerable population, integrating psilocybin into clinical psychology and psychiatry offers a promising new medicine. Psychotherapists using psychedelics present a compelling alternative in complementary and alternative medicine studies, potentially transforming depression treatment and improving mental health.
Abstract
People with advanced cancer are at heightened risk of desire for hastened death (DHD), suicidal ideation (SI), and completed suicide. Loss of Meani...
Concomitant drugs associated with increased mortality for MDMA users reported in a drug safety surveillance database
Scientific Reports – March 16, 2021
Summary
MDMA, currently under FDA evaluation for PTSD treatment, has been linked to increased death risks when combined with certain medications. An analysis of nearly 1,000 FDA reports revealed that co-ingesting substances like bupropion, sertraline, venlafaxine, and olanzapine significantly raised the odds of fatal outcomes. Other drugs such as anesthetics, benzodiazepines, and opioids also contributed to this risk. Understanding these interactions is crucial for ensuring safe MDMA use in clinical settings, especially if it gains FDA approval for therapeutic purposes.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently being evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of post-...
Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice.
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci – March 16, 2021
Summary
Mindfulness practices can significantly amplify the positive impact of psychedelic experiences. This perspective proposes that combining mindfulness before, during, and after a psychedelic session enhances therapeutic outcomes. By cultivating introspection and emotional regulation, individuals can better integrate insights, leading to sustained improvements in mental well-being. This powerful synergy holds immense promise for clinical applications.
Abstract
Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans
F1000Research – March 15, 2021
Summary
A new pharmacokinetic model accurately predicts how the psychedelic compound psilocin, an alkaloid derived from psilocybin, distributes in the brain. This pharmacology tool, developed using data from rats (10.1 mg/kg oral PI) and humans (1 mg IV PB; 0.224-0.3 mg/kg oral PB), maps its journey through seven organ compartments. By detailing psilocin's neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, this chemistry-informed approach promises safer drug studies and precise dosing in medicine, optimizing therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin (PB) is a psychoactive compound commonly found in magic mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis). PB is quickly converted by the body t...
New psychoactive substances in Taiwan: The current situation and initiative for rational scheduling.
Journal of food and drug analysis – March 15, 2021
Summary
Globally, New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) now outnumber traditional controlled drugs, posing a significant public health challenge. To address this, a mechanism was developed to improve how substances are evaluated for control. Researchers analyzed drug misuse data in Taiwan from 2006-2019 and gathered expert assessments on drug-related harms. They found that while heroin, amphetamines, and ketamine presented high risks, the misuse of various NPS is increasing. A new system, based on 11 indicators across four harm dimensions (addiction, misuse, social, physical), proved effective in predicting harm. This robust framework offers a positive step towards more rational scheduling and better management of drug use problems.
Abstract
Use of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) has posed a global threat to public health and the security of the population. As of December 2019, the NP...
Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice
Frontiers in Psychology – March 15, 2021
Summary
A significant shift in mental health care embraces Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration (PHRI), a transtheoretical model for psychotherapists. Moving beyond abstinence-based addiction paradigms, PHRI offers compassionate, destigmatizing support for individuals using psychedelics. This psychology-informed approach is crucial given their growing mainstream presence and unique historical context. It helps reduce potential harm by addressing diverse motivations and experiences, rather than solely focusing on negative outcomes in drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration (PHRI) is a transtheoretical and transdiagnostic clinical approach to working with patients who are usin...
The Immortality Key: The Secret History of the Religion with No Name
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 12, 2021
Summary
Groundbreaking evidence suggests Ancient Greek religious rituals, practiced for nearly 2,000 years, involved a secret psychedelic sacrament. "The Immortality Key" reveals direct chemical traces of psychoactive ergot, a relative of LSD, in ancient pottery. This challenges our Epistemology of early Christian History, proposing the Holy Communion might have been a psychedelic Eucharist. Such Anthropological Studies offer new insights into ancient Philosophy and Literature, including the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The findings unlock a Key to understanding a hidden past, connecting diverse historical threads, even prompting comparisons with insights from Chinese philosophy regarding altered states.
Abstract
Brain Muraresku is a practicing attorney and a student of ancient languages (Greek, Latin and Sanskrit), whose twelve-year odyssey through the arch...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms related to its use and misuse
Journal of Neurochemistry – March 12, 2021
Summary
MDMA, an amphetamine-like drug, primarily boosts serotonin (5HT) release while causing minor increases in dopamine (DA). The ratio of these neurotransmitters is crucial; higher DA to 5HT ratios indicate greater abuse potential. In studies with laboratory animals, repeated MDMA exposure led to neuroadaptive changes in both 5HT and DA systems, influencing self-administration behaviors. Specifically, 5HT appears to inhibit the acquisition of MDMA use, while DA plays a vital role in maintaining it, highlighting complex interactions within the brain's circuitry and receptor mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine analogue that preferentially stimulates the release of serotonin (5HT) and results ...
On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – March 11, 2021
Summary
Recent clinical psychology trials show no increased suicidal ideation with psychedelic therapy, offering hope for mental health. A review of 64 articles, 41 on non-clinical hallucinogen use (like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide) and 23 on therapy, explored this association. While early psychiatry cases noted suicides, modern Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate acute and sustained decreases in suicidal ideation. Understanding these substances, from chemical synthesis and alkaloids to their forensic toxicology, is crucial for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Use of classic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, ayahuasca, and lysergic acid diethylamide) is increasing, and psychedelic therapy is receiving growi...
A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats
Psychopharmacology – March 10, 2021
Summary
Strikingly, participants experiencing Ayahuasca ceremonies reported improved mental health, including reduced anxiety and depression, even when receiving a Placebo. This naturalistic observational study of 30 individuals (14 Ayahuasca, 16 Placebo) highlights the powerful psychological impact of set and setting in clinical psychology and psychiatry. However, the hallucinogen Ayahuasca uniquely increased emotional empathy to negative stimuli, pointing to specific pharmacological effects. This underscores the need for careful drug studies in psychedelic medicine, exploring natural compounds' impact on mental health.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a plant concoction containing N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and certain β-carboline alkaloids from South America. Previous re...
Association Between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use and Hypertension in the Past Year
Hypertension – March 08, 2021
Summary
Adults reporting lifetime classic psychedelic use showed a 14% lower likelihood of hypertension, a significant association with implications for medicine. Analyzing US survey data from 2005-2014, these drug studies reveal a particularly strong connection with tryptamines, which are structurally similar to tryptophan and influence neurotransmitter receptor activity. Lifetime tryptamine use was linked to a 20% lower likelihood of high blood pressure. This intriguing finding suggests a potential role for psychedelics in cardiovascular health, impacting our understanding of brain disorders and their treatment.
Abstract
Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005–2014), weighted to be representative of the US adult population, the present study...
Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials
OpenAlex – March 08, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, with their known neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are gaining traction in medicine for treating conditions like major depression. However, a meta-analysis of extant randomized controlled trials in clinical psychology reveals that blinding failures and high patient expectancy, explained by expectancy theory, likely inflate reported large effect sizes from these drug studies. Careful attention to clinical trial design is crucial for accurate assessment.
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat a number of mental health disorde...
Consciousness among delta waves: a paradox?
Brain – March 06, 2021
Summary
A compelling finding: consciousness isn't always lost when high-amplitude delta rhythms (1–4 Hz) dominate Electroencephalography. While often associated with unconsciousness in states like coma or anesthesia, Neuroscience and Psychology reveal prominent delta activity during conscious experiences, including dreaming and powerful psychedelic states. This challenges how we understand Consciousness Disorders. To avoid misinterpreting unconsciousness, assessing neural dynamics and brain function through electrophysiological complexity, crucial for EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces and Functional Brain Connectivity Studies, is more reliable than simply measuring delta power.
Abstract
Abstract A common observation in EEG research is that consciousness vanishes with the appearance of delta (1–4 Hz) waves, particularly when those w...
Psychedelic Experiences and Mindfulness are Associated with Improved Wellbeing
OpenAlex – March 05, 2021
Summary
Personal mindfulness meditation practices and recreational psychedelic use are strongly linked to improved psychological wellbeing. A study of 1219 individuals engaging in both revealed that both mindfulness and mystical experiences substantially predict increased wellbeing. Importantly, psychedelics act as a key moderation factor, amplifying how mystical experiences contribute to wellbeing. This pioneering work in clinical and social psychology offers crucial insights into the naturalistic benefits of these practices, moving beyond traditional psychotherapist approaches and informing future drug studies and natural compound pharmacology.
Abstract
Both psychedelics and mindfulness are a recently emerging topic of interest in academia and popular culture alike. Personal meditation practices an...
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 5-Methylpsilocybin: A Tryptamine with Potential Psychedelic Activity
Journal of Natural Products – March 05, 2021
Summary
A novel psilocybin analogue, 5-methylpsilocybin, exhibits potent biological activity. Its chemical synthesis involved a unique *in vitro* enzymatic phosphorylation of a tryptamine derivative, 5-methylpsilocin, utilizing a *Psilocybe cubensis* kinase. Biochemical analysis ensured high purity of this new hallucinogen. In drug studies, it showed psychedelic-like effects in mice, proving more potent than dimethyltryptamine but less potent than psilocybin. This innovative chemistry expands the realm of synthetic alkaloids.
Abstract
A novel analogue of psilocybin was produced by hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis in sufficient quantity to enable bioassay. Utilizing purified 4-hydr...
Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) – March 05, 2021
Summary
Many natural plants possess powerful compounds with diverse psychoactive effects. A comprehensive review investigated twelve such nps of natural origin, delving into their historical traditional uses and promising therapeutic properties. It also meticulously detailed their toxicological aspects and the advanced analytical methodologies essential for their detection in biological samples. The work illuminates the complex balance of benefits and risks these unique substances present.
Abstract
The consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) has been increasing, and this problem affects several countries worldwide. There is a class o...
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Gymnopilus junonius
Mitochondrial DNA Part B – March 04, 2021
Summary
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of *Gymnopilus junonius*, a widespread poisonous mushroom, reveals its intricate genetic blueprint. This species, known for psilocybin, possesses a circular mitochondrial genome spanning 161,145 base pairs. Its genetics comprise 15 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes, with a GC-content of 31.56%. This detailed genomic information, including RNA components, informed a phylogenetic tree, clarifying evolutionary relationships. Such understanding advances fungal biology and applications, including addressing mushroom poisoning.
Abstract
Gymnopilus junonius, a well-known poisonous mushroom, is distributed worldwide. It contains a hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin and several other ...
Potential Risks of Plant Constituents in Dietary Supplements: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Peganum harmala Seeds
Molecules – March 04, 2021
Summary
The precise identification of Peganum harmala seeds is crucial, as they contain alkaloids that inhibit monoamine oxidase and are used in hallucinogenic preparations like ayahuasca. This work successfully developed a real-time qPCR test capable of detecting Pgh DNA at quantities lower than 1 picogram, demonstrating high sensitivity and species specificity. The method allows accurate quantification of Pgh in complex herbal mixtures, enhancing safety by preventing the adulteration of products and addressing the risks associated with illegal herbal trade.
Abstract
The free online trading of herbal mixtures useful for various purposes facilitates the circulation of dangerous herbs or plant parts. This is the c...
Dose–response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly intensifies subjective experiences. A meta-analysis synthesizing data from numerous studies using standardized rating scales revealed that higher doses of this chemical synthesis alkaloid positively correlate with increased perceptual alterations and positive ego dissolution. Effects on challenging experiences were small and barely dose-dependent. This finding is crucial for medicine, psychiatry, and psychology, including clinical psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies and broader inquiries, even beyond parapsychology.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is the psychoactive component in Psilocybe mushrooms (‘magic mushrooms’). Whether and how the quality of the psilocybin-indu...
The iboga enigma: the chemistry and neuropharmacology of iboga alkaloids and related analogs.
Natural product reports – March 04, 2021
Summary
The natural compound ibogaine, known for its anti-addiction potential, is at the forefront of new treatments. Recent advances in understanding the complex chemistry and pharmacology of iboga alkaloids are revealing their promise. Scientists are developing innovative synthesis methods, leading to next-generation neurotherapeutics that offer hope for various mental illness conditions.
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020 Few classes of natural products have inspired as many chemists and biologists as have the iboga alkaloids. This family of...
Connected to the spirit of the frog: An Internet-based survey on Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): Motivations for use, settings and subjective experiences
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2021
Summary
A striking 87.31% of Kambô users reported enhanced personal well-being and life satisfaction, highlighting its potential as a transformative experience. In a survey of 386 participants, 67.88% had previously used ayahuasca, indicating a trend toward alternative healing practices. Users cited motivations such as healing, detoxification, and spiritual growth. Notably, 41.97% felt a connection to the frog’s spirit during sessions. While only 2.85% experienced lasting physical issues and 1.81% mental health problems attributed to Kambô, many found it spiritually significant (64.26%).
Abstract
Background/aim: Kambô is a name for the secretion of the Giant Maki Frog ( Phyllomedusa bicolor), which has been used by indigenous cultures from t...