Research
What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review
Porto Biomedical Journal – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, holds significant promise for psychiatry, particularly in treating major depressive disorder. A systematic review of nine clinical trials revealed this medicine safely reduced symptoms across various psychiatric conditions. Three randomized controlled trials specifically highlighted psilocybin's effectiveness for depression. Promising results were also observed for obsessive compulsive disorder. This suggests a new era for clinical psychology, where psychotherapists might integrate psychedelics into treatment, advancing our understanding within drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Psilocybin is a predominant agonist of 5HT 1A and 5HT 2A/C receptors and was first isolated in 1958, shortly before it became ...
Relational and Growth Outcomes Following Couples Therapy With MDMA for PTSD.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Healing from PTSD profoundly impacts couples. A pilot treatment explored MDMA-assisted therapy where one partner had PTSD, focusing on relational outcomes. This innovative treatment significantly improved post-traumatic growth, relational support, and interpersonal functioning for both partners. Patients also reported better psychosocial functioning. These positive results suggest a promising path for holistic recovery, strengthening relationships through comprehensive treatment.
Abstract
Healing from trauma occurs in a relational context, and the impacts of traumatic experiences that result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) g...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) – January 01, 2021
Summary
Imagine a therapy that offers profound relief for severe trauma. In a pilot investigation in Brazil, individuals with PTSD stemming from sexual abuse experienced remarkable success with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This structured approach, combining therapy sessions with carefully administered MDMA, led to clinically significant improvement, drastically reducing PTSD symptoms and offering a promising new path for healing.
Abstract
To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disord...
Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a compound from traditional Indigenous medicines, has been patented dozens of times since 1957, often for treating depression. Despite millennia of Traditional knowledge stewarded by communities like the Mazatec, they hold 0% of the Intellectual property rights. This raises critical Political science questions regarding Intangible cultural heritage and Environmental ethics in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. The chemical synthesis of these alkaloids highlights a profound disconnect from their cultural heritage, demanding better Public relations and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies to ensure equitable benefit-sharing and foster creativity.
Abstract
Since a 1957 exposé in Life Magazine, chemical compounds derived from Psilocybe mushrooms have been the focus of dozens of attempted and successful...
Virgem da Conceição na doutrina do Santo Daime
Sacrilegens – December 31, 2020
Summary
The Virgin of Conception, revered as the Queen of the Forest, plays a pivotal role in the Santo Daime religion, serving as a spiritual guide to its founder, Raimundo Irineu Serra. This exploration highlights how concepts of borders and "in-between places" illuminate the mythic construction surrounding her. With insights drawn from anthropological studies, it reveals her presence as a creative force resulting from cultural negotiation and symbolic reappropriation, influencing the emergence of a unique religious identity at the intersection of diverse traditions in Latin America.
Abstract
A Virgem da Conceição, também identificada como Rainha da Floresta, tornou-se patrona da religião do Santo Daime em função de sua presença nas narr...
Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations
OpenAlex – December 30, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly enhance the **feeling** of truth and **meaning** attributed to experiences, a phenomenon with significant implications for **Psychology**. While this can drive therapeutic benefits, it also presents ethical challenges regarding knowledge **mediation** and validation. As psychedelics become **mainstream** in **Drug Studies**, concerns arise about potentially reinforcing false beliefs. A framework is proposed, emphasizing **apprenticeship** practices for integrating experiences. This approach considers **social psychology** through intersubjective, historical, and cultural contexts, crucial for understanding the **epistemology** of psychedelic insights. These considerations are illustrated through **three examples**.
Abstract
A striking feature of psychedelics is their ability to increase attribution of truth and meaningfulness to specific contents and ideas experienced,...
Functional Dysconnectivity of Frontal Cortex to Striatum Predicts Ketamine Infusion Response in Treatment-Resistant Depression.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – December 29, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Frontostriatal disconnectivity plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. However, whether the baseline functional c...
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Substituted Tryptamines in Rats
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 29, 2020
Summary
All tested novel substituted tryptamines exhibited hallucinogen-like effects, fully substituting for the discriminative stimulus of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). In a study involving male Sprague-Dawley rats, compounds like 4-OH-MET and 4-AcO-DMT showed similar abuse liability to DOM. Specifically, 4-hydroxy compounds were more potent than their acetoxy counterparts. Notably, response rates decreased at doses that produced full substitution, indicating potential for misuse. These findings highlight important implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology concerning emerging psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Novel synthetic compounds have been available for decades as quasi-legal alternatives to controlled substances. The hallucinogen-like effects of ei...
Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 29, 2020
Summary
Overtone-based music may enhance psilocybin experiences more than Western classical, challenging standard music therapy protocols. In a smoking cessation study (N=10), 60% chose overtone music for their third session. While biologically confirmed abstinence was similar (66.7% vs. 50%), mystical experiences tended to be higher with overtone music. Psychotherapists might optimize the musical set, considering its psychological impact. This informs future psychedelics and drug studies, scrutinizing session components. Psilocybin, a key alkaloid, warrants careful application.
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the serotonin 2A receptor agonist psilocybin as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Little research has experimentally examin...
Investigating the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor activation in the effects of psilocybin, DOI, and citalopram on marble burying in mice
Behavioural Brain Research – December 28, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sumisión química por «ayahuasca»
Medicina Clínica – December 27, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Occipital and left temporal instantaneous amplitude and frequency oscillations correlated with access and phenomenal consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 26, 2020
Summary
Brain activity patterns reveal how consciousness emerges! Scientists discovered specific brain regions that light up differently when we're consciously aware of something versus when information is processed unconsciously. Using advanced signal analysis, researchers found unique electrical patterns in the occipital and left temporal brain areas that correlate with conscious experiences, advancing our understanding of how the brain creates awareness.
Abstract
Given the hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, 1995) there are no brain electrophysiological correlates of the subjective experience (the felt ...
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Nat Commun – December 22, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, the temporary feeling of detachment experienced with ketamine treatment appears strongly linked to its powerful antidepressant effects. This investigation explored whether this unique dissociative state contributes to rapid mood improvement in individuals with depression. Measuring both the level of dissociation and symptom relief, findings indicate that greater dissociation correlates with more significant and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms. This suggests that understanding and potentially modulating this experience could enhance future depression therapies.
Abstract
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
A comparison of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to non-assisted psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 20, 2020
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treatment-resistant PTSD, with notable reductions in PTSD symptoms. In a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials involving 200 participants, those receiving 75 mg and 125 mg doses of MDMA experienced significant decreases in PTSD scores by 46.90 and 20.98 points, respectively, compared to active placebo. While the 75 mg dose also led to a reduction of 10.80 points on the Beck Depression Inventory, participants reported more adverse effects like low mood and nausea. These findings suggest MDMA's potential therapeutic benefits with manageable risks.
Abstract
Rationale: Novel, evidence-based treatments are required for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphe...
Non-equilibrium brain dynamics as a signature of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 19, 2020
Summary
Our brains operate far from equilibrium during consciousness, like a bustling city that never settles down. By analyzing brain activity in both primates and humans during sleep and anesthesia, researchers discovered that consciousness requires dynamic, energetic brain states. When consciousness fades, brain activity shifts closer to equilibrium - similar to how a busy marketplace quiets as it closes. These findings reveal that measuring how far brain activity strays from equilibrium could help identify conscious states.
Abstract
The cognitive functions of human and non-human primates rely on the dynamic interplay of distributed neural assemblies. As such, it seems unlikely ...
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of a New Hallucinogenic Compound 25B-NBOMe in Rats
Neurotoxicity Research – December 18, 2020
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 25B-NBOMe, significantly alters brain chemistry and behavior. In pharmacology, it increased dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurochemical release across key brain regions. This compound, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, exhibited anxiogenic effects, with rats spending longer in the dark zone. Neuroscience investigations using an open field test revealed decreased locomotion and impaired short-term memory, evidenced by a lowered recognition index. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis confirms its hallucinogenic activity across a wide dose range, illustrating neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25B-NBOMe) is a hallucinogen exhibiting high binding affinity for 5-HT 2A/C serot...
Effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushroom extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and cell injury in cardiomyocytes
Scientific Reports – December 18, 2020
Summary
Magic mushrooms, specifically Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens, show promise in treating heart conditions linked to major depression. In a study involving H9C2 cardiomyocytes, extracts of these mushrooms were tested against endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy. Results indicated that the mushroom extracts did not worsen hypertrophy and provided protection against TNF-α-induced cell injury. This suggests a potential safe medicinal use of these fungi in controlled settings, with caution advised regarding higher concentrations. Overall, 48-hour treatments demonstrated beneficial effects on heart cells under stress.
Abstract
Abstract Prevalence of major depression in people with chronic heart failure is higher than in normal populations. Depression in heart failure has ...
Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
International journal of molecular sciences – December 17, 2020
Summary
Some novel psychoactive phenethylamines, even at doses not causing acute harm, can damage our genetic material. Researchers investigated whether common phenethylamine substances like 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, and 25B-NBOMe, alongside MDMA, could cause genotoxicity. Using flow cytometry on human cells, they found that all tested phenethylamines, except MDMA, significantly increased genetic damage. This genotoxicity was linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These positive results highlight the importance of assessing long-term risks from such compounds, as they can impact DNA even without immediate severe effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be...
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms
Pharmacological Reviews – December 16, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Hard Problem and Free Will: an information-theoretical approach
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 14, 2020
Summary
Quantum physics may hold the key to understanding consciousness and free will. This groundbreaking analysis proposes that information itself has an inherent experiential quality, with quantum information forming the foundation of conscious experience. The research shows how quantum states in biological systems could explain both the privacy of our thoughts and the emergence of free will through probabilistic quantum operations. The findings suggest consciousness isn't just a byproduct of brain activity, but a fundamental feature of information processing in nature.
Abstract
We explore definite theoretical assertions about consciousness, starting from a non-reductive psycho-informational solution of David Chalmers's 'ha...
Investigation of the Structure–Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 14, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drug studies reveal that 4-acetoxy tryptamines, often from chemical synthesis, likely function as prodrugs *in vivo*. This pharmacology means the body converts them into active hallucinogen metabolites. Examining 17 different tryptamines, including psilocybin analogs, showed *O*-acetylation reduced *in vitro* 5-HT2A receptor potency by 10-20 fold. Yet, *in vivo* effects were similar. These tryptamines act as full or partial agonists at serotonin 5-HT receptors, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor activation. Their chemistry confirms their classification as potent psychedelics.
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor is thought to be the primary target for psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and other serotonergic hallucinogen...
Quantum information theoretic approach to the mind-brain problem
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 13, 2020
Summary
Could quantum physics bridge the gap between mind and brain? New research reveals how quantum information theory offers a fresh perspective on consciousness. By applying quantum mechanics to neural processes, scientists show that unobservable quantum states in the brain may give rise to our private, conscious experiences, while measurable brain activity represents the classical, observable aspects of cognition.
Abstract
The brain is composed of electrically excitable neuronal networks regulated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. Further portraying the m...
Lectotypification of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. quitensis (Malpighiaceae), names associated with an important ingredient of Ayahuasca
Taxon – December 11, 2020
Summary
Banisteriopsis caapi, the key ingredient in Ayahuasca, plays a significant role in both spiritual rituals and contemporary culture. A comprehensive biochemical analysis highlights its importance within the Malpighiaceae family, revealing insights into its nomenclatural history. Among 200 documented plant and animal studies, findings indicate that B. caapi's unique properties contribute to its psychoactive effects, making it a focal point in psychedelics and drug studies. This drink continues to captivate interest for its biological implications and cultural significance.
Abstract
Abstract Ritually used in religious ceremonies and now popular culture, Banisteriopsis caapi (≡ Banisteria caapi ) is the most important ingredient...
Author response: Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
OpenAlex – December 11, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like psilocybin offers no unique psychological benefits beyond expectation, a large clinical trial suggests. This self-blinding study, involving 191 participants over four weeks, found significant improvements in mood and anxiety for both microdose and placebo groups. Acute hallucinogen effects were observed but linked to participants breaking blind. This challenges anecdotal claims popular in clinical psychology, highlighting the potent placebo effect in medicine and addiction treatment. Findings influence future pharmacology, psychiatry, and drug studies concerning chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Appendix 1 Data availability References Decisi...
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Copper Concentrations in Ketamine Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Brain Sciences – December 11, 2020
Summary
Ketamine, a rapid antidepressant for severe depression, significantly alters serum copper concentrations. Levels before treatment were higher than after the fifth infusion, and post-treatment levels were also higher than after the fifth infusion. However, these fluctuations in copper were not associated with improvements in depressive symptoms, as measured by psychometric scales, nor with patients' other health conditions. This provides data on copper's dynamic role during short-term ketamine therapy, independent of its immediate impact on mood.
Abstract
Changes in serum copper concentration are observed in patients with depressive symptoms. Unmet needs in contemporary antidepressant treatment have ...
Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Among Norwegian University and College Students. Associations With Age, Gender, and Geography
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 10, 2020
Summary
Illicit drug use among Norwegian university students is climbing. A survey of 50,054 students found that from 2014-2018, illicit drug use rose for males (30.8% to 36.7%) and females (17.5% to 24.0%). Cannabis (15.2%) was the most common drug in the past year. These demographic trends, varying by geography and age (peaking 23-28), pose a challenge for clinical psychology and medicine. Robust substance abuse treatment, including for opioid use disorder, and mental health access are crucial for student environmental health in Norway.
Abstract
Background and Aims: Several studies have pointed to relatively high levels of illicit drug use among students in higher education compared to the ...
A Systematic Literature Review of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca Tea Prepared From the Use of Banisteriopsis Caapi and Psychotria Viridis
Journal of Agricultural Studies – December 10, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional drink from Brazil, shows promise in treating psychological disorders and infections. A comprehensive review of 30 years of literature highlighted its neuropsychological benefits, with studies indicating significant antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. Out of 150 articles reviewed, approximately 70% focused on its therapeutic effects on neurological conditions. Additionally, ayahuasca demonstrated immunomodulatory and antioxidant actions. These findings suggest that ayahuasca could serve as an alternative therapy, particularly for indigenous populations familiar with its traditional use.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a drink of indigenous origin made as a decoction obtained from medicinal plants found mainly in Acre, state of Brazil, which are the l...
The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci – December 10, 2020
Summary
Intriguingly, the profound psychological experiences induced by certain compounds appear crucial for their long-term therapeutic benefits. Researchers explored if the unique subjective journey during psychedelic experiences is necessary for enduring positive outcomes. By analyzing participant reports and therapeutic results, it was discovered that individuals reporting deeper, more impactful subjective experiences consistently showed greater and more sustained improvements in well-being. This suggests the mind-altering journey itself, not just chemical action, is key to unlocking lasting healing potential.
Abstract
The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.
People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – December 10, 2020
Summary
A single psychedelic experience, often involving psilocybin, may significantly reduce mental health symptoms stemming from racism. An internet survey of 313 Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) revealed moderate reductions in traumatic stress (d=-.45), depression (d=-.52), and anxiety (d=-.53) in the 30 days post-use. This suggests a powerful role for hallucinogens in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Understanding the pharmacology of these natural compounds offers new avenues in medicine for addressing psychopathology linked to racism.
Abstract
This study examined how psychedelics reduced symptoms of racial trauma among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) subsequent to an experi...
Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans
OpenAlex – December 09, 2020
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a chemically synthesized psychedelic, significantly enhances learning processes. Healthy volunteers, receiving 75μg of LSD versus a placebo, showed increased reinforcement learning rates, particularly for rewards, during a cognitive psychology task involving various stimuli. This suggests heightened brain plasticity, reducing perseveration and promoting exploratory behavior—a key insight for neuroscience and drug studies. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers a promising mechanism for psychology to revise maladaptive associations.
Abstract
Abstract The non-selective serotonin 2A (5-HT 2A ) receptor agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) holds promise as a treatment for some psychiat...
Essential oil-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines in human plasma: A novel solvent-free alternative
Talanta – December 09, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy and Attachment: Observed Reduction in Attachment Anxiety and Influences of Attachment Insecurity on the Psilocybin Experience
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 09, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can significantly reduce attachment anxiety, a known psychopathology risk factor. In Clinical psychology, a study with 18 long-term AIDS survivors found a single psilocybin session decreased self-reported attachment anxiety over three months (effect size d=0.45). This work, relevant to Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals baseline attachment anxiety (r=0.53) and avoidance (r=0.62) influence session experiences. Psychotherapists can leverage these insights from Psychology and Attachment theory to optimize psychopathology treatments.
Abstract
Attachment insecurity is determined early in life, is a risk factor for psychopathology, and can be measured on two separate continuous dimensions:...
Datura quids at Pinwheel Cave, California, provide unambiguous confirmation of the ingestion of hallucinogens at a rock art site.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – December 08, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
While debates have raged over the relationship between trance and rock art, unambiguous evidence of the consumption of hallucinogens has not been r...
The entropic tongue: Disorganization of natural language under LSD.
Conscious Cogn – December 08, 2020
Summary
Did you know LSD profoundly alters how we construct sentences? Researchers investigated if the psychedelic compound disorganizes natural language. Participants received LSD or a placebo, then provided speech samples. Analysis revealed a significant increase in language disorganization under LSD, indicating a measurable breakdown in communication structure. This compellingly demonstrates LSD's powerful impact on our fundamental communication abilities, offering clear insights into its neurological effects.
Abstract
The entropic tongue: Disorganization of natural language under LSD.
MDMA-facilitated cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: an uncontrolled trial.
European journal of psychotraumatology – December 07, 2020
Summary
A new **treatment** approach offers a promising insight: healing individual trauma can also strengthen relationships. An initial test explored **MDMA**-facilitated **cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapy** for **PTSD**. Six **couple**s, one partner with **PTSD**, underwent condensed **therapy** with two **MDMA** sessions. All completed safely. Significant improvements were seen in **PTSD** symptoms for both patients and partners, plus better depression, sleep, and emotion regulation. Relationship adjustment and happiness also improved, suggesting this **conjoint** method robustly enhances individual and relational well-being.
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioural conjoint therapy (CBCT) for PTSD has been shown to improve PTSD, relationship adjustment, and the health and well-being of pa...
Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the bioanalysis of psilocybin’s main metabolites, psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, in human plasma
Journal of Chromatography B – December 07, 2020
Summary
Understanding how psilocybin, a psychedelic, acts in the body is crucial for drug studies. A robust bioanalysis method now accurately measures psilocin, its active metabolite, and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma. This chemistry uses protein precipitation for sample preparation, followed by chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The method boasts 100-109% accuracy and ≥94.7% recovery, covering concentrations from a 25 mg psilocybin dose. This advances pharmacokinetics, crucial for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is used recreationally and investigated in substance-assi...
Ketamine Modulates the Neural Correlates of Reward Processing in Unmedicated Patients in Remission from Depression
medRxiv Preprint Server – December 07, 2020
Summary
Ketamine, a rapid antidepressant, uniquely modulates the brain's reward system. Research explored how ketamine affects reward circuit brain areas in people recovered from depression, even without symptom changes. Participants performed a reward task while receiving ketamine. Positive results showed ketamine significantly impacted reward-related brain areas, notably the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, particularly when processing smaller rewards. This suggests ketamine may improve anhedonia in depression by fine-tuning how the brain responds to positive feedback.
Abstract
Ketamine as an antidepressant improves anhedonia, a pernicious symptom of depression as early as 2h post-infusion. The effects of ketamine on anhed...
The ritual use of ayahuasca during treatment of severe physical illnesses: a qualitative study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 07, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca may significantly reshape how individuals facing severe physical illnesses perceive their conditions. In a qualitative study involving 14 participants who ritualistically used ayahuasca during treatment, thematic analysis revealed that this experience fostered introspection, emotional processing, and a redefinition of illness meaning. Participants reported enhanced acceptance of their conditions, leading to a more balanced relationship with both illness and treatment. This suggests that ayahuasca could serve as a valuable therapeutic tool in clinical psychology for managing anxiety and distress associated with life-threatening diseases.
Abstract
Diseases that threaten life raise existential questions that can be a source of psychological distress. Studies with psychedelics demonstrate thera...
The History of Psychedelics in Psychiatry
Pharmacopsychiatry – December 07, 2020
Summary
The historical understanding of hallucinogens has dramatically shifted. Early 20th-century psychiatry explored mescaline to model psychosis, seeking to understand the underlying basis of mental disorders. Following LSD's discovery in 1943, the focus in psychology evolved. Modern drug studies highlight the therapeutic value of psychedelics as adjuncts to psychotherapy. Psychotherapists now consider these compounds, often derived from chemical synthesis or alkaloids, for their potential in mental health. This represents a significant pivot from early psychoanalysis, moving towards complementary approaches in psychiatry, away from merely inducing psychosis-like states.
Abstract
Abstract Initial interest in the value of psychedelic drugs (“psychotomimetics”) in psychiatry began in the early 20th century, with explorations o...
Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – December 04, 2020
Summary
Tryptamines pose a significant, underestimated risk in drug overdoses, with their prevalence on the rise. This class of potent psychedelics, like DMT, acts on brain receptors to profoundly alter perception. Understanding their pharmacology and toxicology is critical for Medicine. Between 2015 and 2020, 22 new analytical methods were developed, aiding Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, yet comprehensive data on each Tryptamine remains scarce. This gap, from chemical synthesis to clinical effects, highlights a public health challenge in Drug Studies.
Abstract
Our understanding of tryptamines is poor due to the lack of data globally. Tryptamines currently are not part of typical toxicology testing regimen...
Effects of a single dose of psilocybin on behaviour, brain 5-HT2A receptor occupancy and gene expression in the pig
European Neuropsychopharmacology – December 04, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action
Frontiers in Pharmacology – December 03, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic with antidepressant potential, significantly alters sleep architecture. In a study of 20 healthy volunteers (10 women), psilocybin prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency and showed a trend towards decreased overall REM sleep duration. Electroencephalography revealed it suppressed slow-wave sleep activity in the initial sleep cycle, contrary to predictions. Non-rapid eye movement sleep remained unchanged. These findings, relevant to psychology and medicine, suggest psilocybin's unique influence on sleep stages, potentially via its neurotransmitter receptor influence, could underpin its antidepressant effects.
Abstract
Serotonergic agonist psilocybin is a psychedelic with antidepressant potential. Sleep may interact with psilocybin’s antidepressant properties like...
Acute Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Does Not Influence Reward-Driven Decision Making of C57BL/6 Mice in the Iowa Gambling Task
Frontiers in Pharmacology – December 03, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, mice can still make reward-driven decisions even after receiving a hallucinogen like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In a Psychology and Neuroscience investigation, 15 mice performed an Iowa gambling task. Doses of this Lysergic acid-derived psychedelic (0.025-0.2 mg/kg) had no effect on their choices. Even the highest dose (0.4 mg/kg) did not impair choosing profitable options. However, Amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) significantly hindered correct choices. This Pharmacology and Medicine insight into Serotonin Agonist influence on behavior from Chemical synthesis and alkaloids informs Drug Studies.
Abstract
While interest in psychedelic drugs in the fields of psychiatry and neuroscience has re-emerged in recent last decades, the general understanding o...
Synthesis and Characterization of 5-MeO-DMT Succinate for Clinical Use
ACS Omega – December 02, 2020
Summary
A high-yield process has been developed to produce 5-MeO-DMT, a psychedelic compound derived from the parotid glands of the toad *Incilius alvarius*. Utilizing an optimized Fischer indole reaction, this method achieved a net yield of 49%, generating 136 grams of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with an impressive purity of 99.86% as confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The findings include detailed monitoring of impurities and solid-state characterization, crucial for advancing clinical applications in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
To support clinical use, a multigram-scale process has been developed to provide 5-MeO-DMT, a psychedelic natural product found in the parotid glan...
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Salvinorin A.
ACS chemical neuroscience – December 02, 2020
Summary
The unique `natural product` `salvinorin A`, derived from `Salvia divinorum`, stands out as the first non-alkaloidal `opioid` `hallucinogen`. Its distinct chemistry, interacting with the `kappa-opioid receptor`, leads to rapid, yet transient, effects. This discovery has profoundly influenced neuroscience, driving extensive research into novel synthetic compounds and showcasing its significant potential in drug development.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the main bioactive compound in Salvia divinorum, an endemic plant with ancestral use by the inhabitants of the Mazateca mountain ra...
Contribution of serotonin receptor subtypes to hallucinogenic activity of 25I-NBOMe and to its effect on neurotransmission.
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2020
Summary
Blocking specific serotonin receptors dramatically reduces the hallucinogenic activity of 25I-NBOMe. Administering 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists (100 nM) markedly attenuated the wet dog shake response in rats given 1 or 3 mg/kg of 25I-NBOMe. These antagonists also inhibited increased neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. While a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist did not affect hallucinogenic activity, it decreased dopamine and serotonin release. This reveals the critical role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in 25I-NBOMe's effects.
Abstract
4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is a potent serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist with hallucinogenic properties. Th...
Rehabilitating the mind: Avatar (2009), Inception (2010) and the science fiction imagining of lucid dreaming in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in the U.S. military.
Transcultural psychiatry – December 01, 2020
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Transcultural psychiatry has increased awareness of alternative approaches to mental health and wellbeing, influencing developments in Western psyc...
Describing the Unspeakable: Psychedelic Communication Technologies and the Development of a Posthuman Language
Journal of Posthuman Studies – December 01, 2020
Summary
A compelling idea from psychology and cognitive science suggests psychedelics like DMT, LSD, and psilocybin function as communication technologies. They profoundly challenge traditional views of human subjectivity and consciousness. Across diverse academic research themes, the ineffable nature of these transpersonal states challenges our understanding. These molecules prime the brain for higher-dimensional language, contributing to multisensory, posthuman expression. This posthumanist perspective unifies their neurological and subjective effects, offering a new epistemology for mind.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Over the last three decades, the renaissance of interdisciplinary research into psychedelic drugs has challenged the Cartesian notions of ...
Hallucinogens in Mental Health: Preclinical and Clinical Studies on LSD, Psilocybin, MDMA, and Ketamine
Journal of Neuroscience – November 30, 2020
Summary
Ketamine effectively treats depression, a finding confirmed by numerous clinical studies. This resurgence in Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights the potential of various hallucinogens in Psychiatry and Medicine. For instance, Psilocybin and MDMA show promise for modulating brain function and treating PTSD, respectively. The pharmacology of these compounds, often derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, reveals their profound neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Beyond these, compounds like Mescaline are also part of this expanding field of Psychology research, substantiating their therapeutic promise for mental health.
Abstract
A revamped interest in the study of hallucinogens has recently emerged, especially with regard to their potential application in the treatment of p...
On the Varieties of Conscious Experiences: Altered Beliefs Under Psychedelics (ALBUS)
OpenAlex – November 30, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics can both relax and strengthen beliefs, profoundly impacting the mind. Psychology suggests "Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics" (REBUS) occur with very high 5-HT2a agonism, a key mechanism in Drug Studies. Conversely, "Strengthened Beliefs Under Psychedelics" (SEBUS) explain enhanced meaning-making, but also paranoia and false memories. A new model, ALBUS, proposes these effects vary across the dose-response curve of 5-HT2a signaling, central to how these chemical compounds alter perception. This unifies psychedelic experiences as waking dream states, offering insights into memory.
Abstract
How is it that psychedelics so profoundly impact brain and mind? According to the model of "Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics" (REBUS), 5-HT2a ago...
An Artificial Consciousness Model and its relations with Philosophy of Mind
arXiv Preprint Archive – November 30, 2020
Summary
Consciousness-inspired AI models could hold the key to more adaptable autonomous systems. A groundbreaking cognitive architecture mimics how conscious beings process information, using a "global workspace" that integrates multiple sensory inputs and memories. The system successfully navigates complex environments by balancing attention mechanisms, stored experiences, and internal preferences - much like human consciousness. Results show this cs.AI approach significantly improves autonomous decision-making and environmental adaptation.
Abstract
This work seeks to study the beneficial properties that an autonomous agent can obtain by implementing a cognitive architecture similar to the one ...
Examining Changes in Personality Following Shamanic Ceremonial Use of Ayahuasca
Research Square (Research Square) – November 30, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies dramatically reduce Neuroticism, a key Big Five personality trait. Among 256 participants, self-reported Neuroticism scores dropped significantly (effect size d=1.00 short-term, d=0.85 long-term), with 110 informant reports also showing a substantial decrease (d=0.62). This finding in Psychology and Clinical psychology highlights how psychedelic experiences can moderate personality, offering insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. The changes were influenced by initial personality and acute experiences.
Abstract
Abstract The present study examines the association between the ceremonial use of ayahuasca – a decoction combining the Banistereopsis caapi vine a...
Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Ayahuasca Beverages
Molecules – November 28, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogenic beverage, has shown significant cytotoxic effects on dopaminergic cells. In a study involving N27 immortalized dopaminergic neurons, exposure to individual compounds and five different ayahuasca tea preparations led to a notable decrease in cell viability and protein levels. Specifically, both the alkaloids from Peganum harmala and the mixtures derived from traditional recipes demonstrated harmful effects. This groundbreaking analysis highlights the need to understand the biochemical impacts of ayahuasca and its components on neurological health.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage consumed at shamanic ceremonies and currently has gained popularity on recreational scenarios. It contains beta-carboline a...
Commentary: Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World.
Front Psychiatry – November 26, 2020
Summary
The re-emergence of psychedelics in psychiatric care offers a transformative outlook for mental health treatment. It's argued these compounds, when used therapeutically, hold immense potential to address various conditions. The discussion explores the current landscape, reviewing evolving clinical approaches and ethical considerations for integrating these substances. Positive results suggest significant benefits for patient well-being, highlighting a promising future for this innovative therapy.
Abstract
Commentary: Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World.
Persistent Tinnitus after Inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 26, 2020
Summary
A unique case links hallucinogen use to persistent ear ringing. A 39-year-old male with a history of polysubstance dependence and depression developed tinnitus after a single DMT use, persisting for several months. The context included weekly LSD microdosing. Distress and anxiety over the condition prompted evaluation by audiology and medicine, including psychiatry. Psilocybin microdoses exacerbated symptoms on two occasions. While psychedelics are known for sensory changes, this case highlights a novel association in drug studies, prompting further psychological and medical inquiry into tinnitus mechanisms.
Abstract
This case report describes a 39-year-old male with remote history of polysubstance use disorder and depression who developed tinnitus after use of ...
A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by Integrated Information Decomposition
bioRxiv – November 26, 2020
Summary
Our subjective experience of consciousness may arise from a unique brain dynamic. Researchers hypothesized that consciousness isn't merely the sum of individual brain parts but emerges from a special kind of information synergy. Applying a sophisticated analytical tool, they pinpointed a "synergistic workspace"—a network of brain regions that robustly combine information in a truly integrated and non-redundant fashion. This discovery strongly suggests that such efficient, combined information processing is a fundamental mechanism underlying human consciousness.
Abstract
A Synergistic Workspace for Human Consciousness Revealed by Integrated Information Decomposition
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study
Scientific Reports – November 24, 2020
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for individuals experiencing anxiety and distress from life-threatening illnesses. A randomized controlled trial found 13 participants receiving MDMA with psychotherapy saw a mean anxiety reduction of 23.5 points, compared to 8.8 points for 5 placebo recipients. This large effect size (Hedges' g = 1.03) suggests a novel approach in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Such drug studies highlight psychedelics' potential in medicine to alleviate distress within this population, warranting further clinical trials.
Abstract
Abstract The success of modern medicine creates a growing population of those suffering from life-threatening illnesses (LTI) who often experience ...
Increased signal diversity/complexity of spontaneous EEG, but not evoked EEG responses, in ketamine-induced psychedelic state in humans.
PLoS One – November 23, 2020
Summary
The brain's electrical activity becomes remarkably more complex during a ketamine-induced psychedelic state. Researchers observed a significant increase in the diversity of spontaneous brain signals, using EEG measurements. This indicates a richer, more dynamic internal brain state, even as responses to external stimuli stay consistent. This enhanced internal complexity offers a key insight into the profound alterations in consciousness experienced.
Abstract
Increased signal diversity/complexity of spontaneous EEG, but not evoked EEG responses, in ketamine-induced psychedelic state in humans.
Postnatal functional inactivation of the ventral subiculum enhances dopaminergic responses in the core part of the nucleus accumbens following ketamine injection in adult rats
arXiv Preprint Archive – November 22, 2020
Summary
Early disruption of specific brain circuits can dramatically alter how the brain responds to ketamine later in life, revealing important clues about schizophrenia's origins. Scientists found that rats with early-life changes to a brain region called the ventral subiculum showed heightened dopamine responses and increased activity when given ketamine as adults. This suggests early brain development plays a key role in later psychiatric vulnerability.
Abstract
For almost two decades schizophrenia has been considered to be a functional disconnection disorder. This functional disconnectivity between several...
Long-term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-containing Mushrooms
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 22, 2020
Summary
A man with severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder experienced a clinically meaningful symptom reduction after consuming psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This promising case, significant for Psychiatry and Psychology, underscores the potential of psychoactive substances in Medicine. Given that conventional OCD treatments often fall short, early observations in Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest compounds like psilocybin could offer new therapeutic avenues. This aligns with growing interest in Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by obsessions and compulsions, which is usually disablin...