A modified concept of self-consciousness is presented that merges essential features from two contrasting theories. The model proposes that self-consciousness emerges from the brain's comparative representation of sensations originating in the subject's own body versus those from the environment. This comparison is argued to be both essential and sufficient for self-consciousness, unlike alternative proposals. The model also describes a gradual, overlapping progression of sensory and cognitive abilities across evolution and development, rather than distinct, discrete stages of consciousness.
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American brew used in ceremonial contexts, can catalyze profound psychological and spiritual transformations. This article examines its therapeutic and psycho-spiritual dimensions within a unified integrative model of medicine, covering historical, cultural, and scientific aspects. The brew may address addiction, trauma, and existential crises when used with proper preparation, professional guidance, and integration. The protocol emphasizes monotheistic prayer during ceremonies to reinforce a connection with divine forces for balance and holistic well-being. By bridging indigenous wisdom and contemporary science, ayahuasca is presented as a tool for deep healing and spiritual awakening.
Cannabidiol (CBD) appears to reduce psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment associated with cannabis use and decrease the risk of developing psychosis in that context. Early clinical studies confirm its potential as an effective antipsychotic compound with negligible side effects, excellent safety profile, and tolerability. CBD also modulates neuronal circuits involved in substance use disorders, presenting potential to reduce dependence. CBD is an emerging therapeutic agent with potential efficacy for psychotic disorders and substance use disorders, possibly representing a more acceptable and tolerable option for vulnerable populations.