Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage used in Amazonian indigenous shamanism, is prepared by boiling Banisteriopsis caapi vine bark with Psychotria leaves, mainly P. viridis. Its active compounds and usage make it important in neuropharmacology, neurophysiology, and psychiatry research. Hallucinogens provide an experimental basis for studying altered states of consciousness, affecting brain functions like cognition, volition, ego, and self-perception. Prominent psychedelic features include ego imbalances that can naturally create psychoses. This review summarizes key aspects of ayahuasca tea studies in humans, including indications and contraindications for therapeutic and religious purposes.
Salvia divinorum, used for centuries by the Mazateca culture, has become popular as a recreational drug. Its active compound, Salvinorin A, is a kappa opioid receptor agonist with psychotropic effects. Use has increased in Europe and North America, yet no concrete evidence of abuse exists. This review examines the plant's abuse potential and its growing recreational use, despite being a legally permitted hallucinogen easily purchased in many countries.