Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
August 26, 2002
Felix Hasler, Daniel Bourquin, Rudolf Brenneisen et al.
100 citations
After oral doses of psilocybin (212 ± 25 µg/kg body weight), the metabolite psilocin appears in urine, peaking at 870 µg/L between 2 and 4 hours. Within 24 hours, 3.4 ± 0.9% of the dose is excreted as free psilocin. Adding beta-glucuronidase doubles measured psilocin levels, indicating partial excretion as psilocin-O-glucuronide, though 18 ± 7% of unconjugated psilocin decomposes during incubation. Enzymatic hydrolysis extends detectability in urine.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
November 27, 2016
Achim T. Caspar, Simon D. Brandt, Andreas E. Stoever et al.
43 citations
25B-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe, potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists linked to hallucinogenic effects and severe intoxications, are extensively metabolized in rats and humans. Using LC-HR-MS/MS, 66 metabolites were identified for 25B-NBOMe and 69 for 25C-NBOMe, primarily through O-demethylation, O,O-bis-demethylation, hydroxylation, and subsequent glucuronidation and sulfation. After low-dose administration to rats, both substances were detectable mainly via their metabolites using LC-based screening approaches. In an authentic human urine sample from an acute intoxication, 25B-NBOMe and its metabolites were detected by GC-MS as well. Initial screening showed CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 involvement in hydroxylation, and CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in O-demethylation.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
May 28, 2019
Christina Grumann, Kerstin Henkel, Alexander Stratford et al.
27 citations
1-propionyl-LSD (1P-LSD), an uncontrolled derivative of LSD, requires sensitive detection methods due to its high potency. A validated LC-MS/MS method quantified 1P-LSD and LSD in urine and serum with a calibration range of 0.015-0.4 ng mL⁻¹ and limits of detection and quantification at 0.005 and 0.015 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Stability tests showed 1P-LSD remained stable in samples stored at -20 °C, 5 °C, or room temperature for up to five days, but LSD formed at room temperature (up to 21% in serum), likely from enzymatic hydrolysis. Sodium fluoride prevented this conversion. In an intoxication case, only LSD was detected: 0.51 ng mL⁻¹ in urine and 3.4 ng mL⁻¹ in serum, suggesting rapid in-vivo hydrolysis of 1P-LSD to LSD.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
August 1, 2022
Jan Thomann, Laura Ley, Aaron Klaiber et al.
23 citations
A bioanalytical method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated to rapidly quantify mescaline and its metabolites (TMPAA, NAM, and 4-desmethyl mescaline) in human plasma. The single-step protein precipitation extraction achieved complete recovery (≥98.3%) with minor matrix effects (≤7.58%). Intra-assay accuracy ranged from 84.9% to 106%, and precision was ≤7.33%. The method's sensitivity allowed lower limits of quantification of 12.5 ng/mL for mescaline and TMPAA, and 1.25 ng/mL for NAM, sufficient for clinical pharmacokinetic studies. However, 4-desmethyl mescaline could not be selectively quantified due to interference from another metabolite. The method is reliable and easy-to-use for forensic and clinical pharmacokinetic applications.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
July 21, 2020
Izumi Morita, Hiroyuki Oyama, Yuki Kiguchi et al.
17 citations
Two independent monoclonal antibodies were generated against psilocybin and its dephosphorylated metabolite psilocin, the psychoactive compounds in hallucinogenic mushrooms. Novel immunogenic conjugates were prepared by modifying the side chains of these molecules and linking them to carrier proteins. Mice were immunized, and hybridoma clones secreting the specific antibodies were established. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using these antibodies enabled detection of psilocybin and psilocin at ranges of approximately 0.20–20 μg/assay and 0.040–2.0 μg/assay, respectively, with low cross-reactivity between the two compounds. In dried Psilocybe cubensis powder, psilocybin and psilocin contents were 0.39% and 0.32% by weight. These ELISAs offer a promising tool for identifying illegal hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
March 23, 2016
Veniero Gambaro, Gabriella Roda, Giacomo Luca Visconti et al.
17 citations
DNA-based identification of biological material in hallucinogenic mushroom culture media enables forensic identification of illegal samples even when only basidiospores are present, without needing fruiting bodies. This approach allows customs to stop and destroy potentially illicit material before cultivation, avoiding the need for criminal cases. A validated LC-UV method with a cation exchange column quantified psilocybin and psilocin in mushrooms grown from seized grow-kits. Psilocybin content ranged from 1.02 to 7.60 mg/g of dry material, and psilocin from 0.415 to 8.36 mg/g. The method showed linearity (R² > 0.9992), low detection limits, and high precision.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
September 9, 2020
Tímea Körmöczi, Írisz Szabó, Eszter Farkas et al.
15 citations
A new two-dimensional liquid chromatography method coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was developed to measure the level of N,N-dimethyltriptamine (DMT) in rat plasma and brain tissue. The method achieved high recovery (90% in plasma, 88% in brain) and sensitivity (limit of detection 0.108 ng/mL in plasma, 0.212 ng/g in brain) within a 10-minute run. In an experimental model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, DMT concentration in rat plasma before hypoxia (49.3–114.3 ng/mL) was generally higher than after hypoxia (10.6–96.1 ng/mL). After treatment, brain DMT levels rose to 2–6.1 ng/g. The approach reliably detects and confirms DMT administered therapeutically.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
December 28, 2007
Simon D. Brandt, Cláudia P.B. Martins, Sally Freeman et al.
10 citations
DMT, a simple tryptamine with powerful psychoactive properties, reacts with dichloromethane during work-up or long-term storage, forming the quaternary ammonium salt N-chloromethyl-DMT chloride. Analysis of this side-product by gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-MS) yielded only degradation products, such as 3-(2-chloroethyl)indole and 2-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline, while HPLC detected the original salt. Because GC-MS is standard for drug fingerprinting, the presence of these degradation products could lead to erroneous conclusions about the synthetic route of a DMT sample.