Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Insight of Ketamine Infusion Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Annals of Punjab Medical College December 31, 2024 Mohammad Ali, Urbah Viqar
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects many patients who do not respond to traditional therapies. A systematic review of 80 studies (55 clinical trials, 10 meta-analyses, 10 systematic reviews, and 5 observational studies) found that ketamine infusion therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy each produced significant improvements in clinical outcomes for TRD. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, showed rapid antidepressant effects. The review concludes that ketamine infusion therapy and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy are promising treatments for TRD, providing meaningful clinical benefits.