Viveiros de Castro's concept of comparison as ontology defines the ontological turn in anthropology, requiring philosophy to adopt a comparative strategy. Morten Pedersen interprets this turn as fulfilling an anthropological version of Husserl's phenomenological method, drawing phenomenology into dialogue with its critique by Speculative Realism. Amerindian perspectivism necessitates reconceptualizing perspective as a challenge to established discourses, particularly Kantian perspectivism and its offspring. It proposes cosmological deictics that hold a spatiality of the other's perspective, opposing Kant's system. Phenomenology, as a Kantian offspring, faces a predicament intertwined with the critique of correlationism from Speculative Realisms, but its synthetic character allows flexibility to traverse these charges. The article draws a comparative picture of dynamic co-evolution of recent thought, striving for a synthetic multiplicity permeated by a common perspectival thread.
The paper examines how the concepts of hallucination and psychedelic experience carry Western presuppositions about body and soul, nature and culture. It contrasts Viveiros de Castro's Amerindian perspectivism, which suspends assumptions of unreality, with Meillassoux's speculative materialism, where hallucination appears as an imitation of the real. This debate relates to the naturalization of spirituality. The critique extends to terms like psychedelic and entheogen. By revisiting the Matsigenka concept of kepigari and Derrida's pharmakon, the authors suggest that pharmakon offers a useful comparative tool for indigenous thought and psychedelic philosophy. They interpret psychedelics as an existential medicine with ambiguous, indeterminate possibilities.