Addiction treatment faces challenges with poor retention and few medications. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and neuromodulation are emerging as circuit-level interventions for behavioral addictions. This review examines how these treatments target disrupted reward, executive control, and stress regulation networks. By doing so, they may enable meaningful recovery and long-term remission in otherwise treatment-refractory cases. The review covers mechanisms of action, applications in gambling disorder, internet gaming disorder, internet use disorder, and compulsive sexual behavior disorder, and highlights current research limitations and future directions for integrating these novel therapies.
A systematic review of 42 studies examined predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and ketamine-based treatments in adults with treatment-resistant depression. Predictive factors were grouped into clinical (symptom profile, illness duration), biological (IL-6, CRP, BDNF), and imaging (cingulate cortex activity, connectivity) categories. Inflammation markers and fronto-limbic network findings appeared across treatments but were inconsistent. Some predictors show promise, but clinical use remains limited by methodological differences and small sample sizes. Larger and comparative studies are needed to identify clinically useful predictors for treatment decision-making.