From fungi to pharmacy: Applied technologies in psilocybin production and its therapeutic applications
Creative Science December 19, 2025 Qinqing Chen, Peiyuan Chen, Tao Wei et al.
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid found in over 200 species of fungi, is experiencing a scientific revival due to its unique pharmacology and therapeutic potential. It acts as a prodrug, converting in vivo to psilocin, a partial agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor that activates neuroplasticity pathways like BDNF and mTOR, producing rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. This review covers its biosynthetic pathways, production via synthetic biology, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. Challenges include functional unblinding in trials, lack of population diversity, and evolving regulations. Integrating precision psychiatry, synthetic biology, and novel trial designs is critical for mainstream adoption.