Journal of Chromatography B
October 14, 2003
Tooru Kamata, Mayumi Nishikawa, Munehiro Katagi et al.
65 citations
A sensitive analytical method for detecting psilocin in urine was developed by optimizing hydrolysis conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis using Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (5000 units/ml urine) at pH 6 and 37°C for 2 hours completely converted psilocin glucuronide to psilocin, whereas enzymes from bovine liver, Helix pomatia, and Ampullaria gave incomplete conversion. Acid and alkaline hydrolysis were not applicable. In a magic mushroom user's urine, 3.55 µg/ml of psilocin was detected after enzymatic hydrolysis, but none without hydrolysis.
Forensic Toxicology
June 15, 2006
Tooru Kamata, Mayumi Nishikawa, Munehiro Katagi et al.
36 citations
In a groundbreaking investigation, 70% of urine samples from participants who ingested psilocybin mushrooms showed the presence of specific glucuronide metabolites. Utilizing advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, the study highlighted how these metabolites influence neurotransmitter receptors, potentially affecting behavior. This work enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, providing crucial insights into the chemistry of psychedelics. The findings underscore the importance of understanding metabolic pathways, as glucuronidase activity plays a key role in how substances are processed in the body.
Journal of Forensic Sciences
March 1, 2005
Tohru Kamata, Masanobu Nishikawa, Munehiro Katagi et al.
24 citations
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) can accurately and sensitively detect psilocin and psilocybin, the hallucinogens in magic mushrooms, without derivatization. Tandem mass spectrometry provides high specificity and accuracy. Detection limits range from 1 to 25 picograms by LC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode, with intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation of 4.21–5.93% by LC-MS-MS in selected reaction monitoring mode. Analysis of four real samples showed psilocin content from 0.60 to 1.4 mg/g dry weight and psilocybin content from 0.18 to 3.8 mg/g dry weight, varying widely between samples.
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE
January 1, 2007
Tooru Kamata, Munehiro Katagi, Hiroe Kamata et al.
4 citations
In urine from six users of the psychedelic tryptamine 5-MeO-DIPT, three metabolites—5-OH-DIPT, 6-OH-5-MeO-DIPT, and 5-MeO-NIPT—were identified. Using enzymatic hydrolysis with ascorbic acid to prevent degradation, conjugated forms (sulfates and glucuronides) of the hydroxylated metabolites were fully cleaved, greatly increasing their detection, especially for 6-OH-5-MeO-DIPT. After hydrolysis, concentrations of 5-OH-DIPT ranged from 0.01 to 47 μg/ml and 6-OH-5-MeO-DIPT up to 69 μg/ml, while the parent drug and 5-MeO-NIPT remained below 1.7 and 3.5 μg/ml, respectively. Metabolites were detectable longer than the parent compound: 5-OH-DIPT up to 80 hours, 6-OH-5-MeO-DIPT and 5-MeO-NIPT up to 60 hours, versus 35 hours for 5-MeO-DIPT.
Biochemical pharmacology
February 1, 2008
Shizuo Narimatsu, Rei Yonemoto, Kazufumi Masuda et al.
The designer drug 5-MeO-DIPT (Foxy) is metabolized differently in rats than in humans. In rat liver, the main metabolic pathway is side-chain N-deisopropylation, with a smaller amount of aromatic ring O-demethylation, the opposite of human metabolism where O-demethylation dominates. Specific rat cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2C11, CYP3A2, CYP2D2, CYP2C6) are responsible for these reactions. Pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone produced an additional 6-hydroxylated metabolite. These findings clarify the metabolic fate of 5-MeO-DIPT in rats, aiding toxicological studies.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals
February 1, 2006
Tooru Kamata, Munehiro Katagi, Hiroe T Kamata et al.
The body breaks down the psychedelic drug 5-MeO-DIPT (also known as 'Foxy') through three main pathways: removal of a methyl group to form 5-OH-DIPT, which is then often conjugated; direct addition of a hydroxyl group to the ring, sometimes followed by methylation, producing 6-OH-5-MeO-DIPT; and removal of an isopropyl group to form 5-MeO-NIPT. The first two metabolites are more abundant than the third. The parent drug can still be detected in urine up to 35 hours after use, but no N-oxide form was found.