Treatment-Resistant Depression in the 21st Century: A Scoping Review of Psychedelics and Neuromodulation in Transforming Care
Premier Journal of Neuroscience May 11, 2026 Khadija Kamene
Both psychedelic-assisted therapies (psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine) and neuromodulation (transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation) show rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin and ketamine produce fast symptom reduction, while neuromodulation demonstrates consistent efficacy in severe cases. However, evidence for long-term outcomes, comparative effectiveness, and personalized treatment strategies remains limited.