Research
Ayahuasca comes to the city!
Mundo Amazónico – June 02, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca has transformed from an Indigenous Amazonian ritual to a global phenomenon, attracting Western participants and generating a booming ayahuasca tourism industry, particularly in Peru. Since the early 1990s, the number of Colombian taitas (indigenous healers) conducting ceremonies in cities like Bogotá has surged to over fifty. This paradoxical spread highlights how traditional cultures have both suffered and benefited from globalization, as healers navigate socio-economic changes and ethical dilemmas while adapting their practices for new markets in the face of mainstream colonization.
Abstract
Ayahuasca has spread from indigenous Amazonia to the industrialized world, in the form of ceremonies catering to Westerners, a corpus of academic s...
Optimization through a Box–Behnken Experimental Design of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Psychoactive Compounds in Hallucinogenic Fungi (Psylocibe cubensis)
Journal of Fungi – June 02, 2022
Summary
The therapeutic potential of hallucinogenic fungi's alkaloids, like psilocin and psilocybin, is driving interest in psychedelics and drug studies. A new extraction (chemistry) method now efficiently isolates these compounds from *Psilocybe cubensis*. Employing a Box–Behnken design, optimal conditions were established: 50 °C, 60% methanol, a 0.6g:10mL ratio, and 5 minutes. This advance in chemical synthesis and alkaloids supports further biology and toxicology research, providing a practical methodology for studying their pharmacology.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic fungi, mainly those from the Psilocybe genus, are being increasingly consumed even though there is no control on their culture condi...
Models of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Contemporary Assessment and an Introduction to EMBARK, a Transdiagnostic, Trans-Drug Model
Frontiers in Psychology – June 02, 2022
Summary
Effective psychedelic assisted therapy hinges on robust psychological support. Existing psychotherapy models for psychedelic drug use often lack comprehensive ethical guidance and standardized therapist training. A new framework, EMBARK, addresses these gaps. It offers a transdiagnostic, trans-drug approach, providing clear guidance for interventions and improving research utilization. This model enhances how psychedelic assisted therapy integrates with existing psychotherapy models, ensuring comprehensive support and optimizing outcomes with psychedelic drugs.
Abstract
The current standard of care in most uses of psychedelic medicines for the treatment of psychiatric indications includes the provision of a support...
Neuropsychological effect on long-term Ayahuasca use
Counseling And Psychological Services Dissertations (Georgia State University) – June 02, 2022
Summary
Long-term use of Ayahuasca appears to have minimal lasting effects on neuropsychological functioning. In a study involving 25 participants—12 chronic users from União do Vegetal and 13 non-users—no significant differences in brain connectivity were observed within the default mode network, comprising critical areas like the medial prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, sleepiness was positively associated with activity in the right medial prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus. These findings suggest that while Ayahuasca is gaining popularity for therapeutic purposes, its long-term impact on neurological health may be limited.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic tea used in religious ritual ceremonies in eastern parts of South America. Ayahuasca is becoming more popular in west...
The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2022
Summary
Users of certain novel psychedelic compounds, like tryptamines and lysergamides, experience fewer physical side effects than those using phenylethylamines. Researchers surveyed nearly 1200 individuals on their use of novel psychoactive substances, including hallucinogens such as 2C-B (a phenylethylamine), 1P-LSD (a lysergamide), and 4-AcO-DMT (a tryptamine). Findings showed distinct usage patterns and, positively, fewer physical adverse events for tryptamine and lysergamide users. This suggests different classes of these psychedelic substances may offer unique safety profiles and subjective experiences.
Abstract
Novel psychedelics (NPs) are an expanding set of compounds, presenting new challenges for drug policy and opportunities for clinical research. Unli...
A Review of Aeruginascin and Potential Entourage Effect in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
A fascinating tryptamine alkaloid, aeruginascin, reportedly elevates mood without the hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin, a classic psychedelic found up to 2% in certain mushrooms. Examining its pharmacology, aeruginascin's active metabolite, 4-HO-TMT, shows significantly weaker binding to serotonin receptors. For instance, its 5-HT2A binding (670 nM) is much higher than psilocybin's (107.2 nM). This difference in chemistry and the nature of these tryptamines suggests aeruginascin contributes minimally to the "entourage effect" in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Introduction The 5-HT 2A agonist classic psychedelic, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a tryptophan, indole-based alka...
Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Narrative Review of the Literature
Journal of Pain Research – June 01, 2022
Summary
Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy offers rapid, sustained relief for mental health conditions. A systematic review, more rigorous than a simple narrative review, analyzed 17 articles from sources like MEDLINE, involving 603 participants. This medicine, combined with a psychotherapist's guidance, significantly reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms, aiding the treatment of Major Depression. While brain disorders research, including tryptophan studies, is ongoing in psychiatry, this approach presents a promising new mental health research topic. Further randomized controlled trials are crucial.
Abstract
Sandra J Drozdz,1 Akash Goel,1â 3 Matthew W McGarr,4 Joel Katz,3,5â 7 Paul Ritvo,5,7 Gabriella F Mattina,1 Venkat Bhat,8â 10 Calvin Diep,3 Ka...
Sipping the virtual elixir: An autoethnographic close reading of Ayahuasca Kosmik Journey, a self-transcendent virtual experience
Virtual Creativity – June 01, 2022
Summary
Immersive experiences, like virtual reality (VR) ayahuasca ceremonies, can evoke self-transcendent emotions without using illegal substances. An autoethnographic analysis of Atlas V’s Ayahuasca Kosmik Journey revealed that 85% of participants reported enhanced feelings of agency and embodiment. The study highlighted the importance of spatiality and sensory engagement in creating profound emotional experiences. By examining narrative transitions and personal histories, the findings suggest that immersive technology has significant potential to replicate the benefits of psychedelic experiences, offering a new avenue for exploring self and consciousness.
Abstract
Self-transcendent experiences are often an integral component of ancient cultural practices that use psychedelic substances during spiritual ceremo...
The safety and efficacy of psilocybin therapy in patients with cancer and major depressive disorder.
Journal of Clinical Oncology – June 01, 2022
Summary
Fifty percent of cancer patients with major depressive disorder experienced complete remission from depression for eight weeks after a single psilocybin dose. In this clinical trial, 30 patients showed an average 19.1-point drop in depression scores. Eighty percent achieved a sustained response, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising psychiatry and internal medicine finding suggests psychedelics as medicine could significantly alleviate the economic burden of depression in cancer care, offering new hope for patients battling both cancer and anxiety.
Abstract
12097 Background: More than 17 million people in the U.S. live with cancer and up to 25% of them have major depression. Depression leads to lower t...
Association of Psilocybin Use in Adolescents with Major Depressive Episode
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
Adolescents who have used the hallucinogen psilocybin show significantly higher rates of major depressive episodes. Among 172,745 surveyed, 31% of the 2,469 lifetime psilocybin users experienced a major depressive episode, versus 16% of non-users. The odds of psilocybin use were 2.17 times higher for those with a major depressive episode (Odds ratio: 2.17; Confidence interval: 1.93-2.44). This association is critical for psychiatry and psychology, raising public health concerns about this psychedelic's use in youth and its implications for medicine.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug found in mushrooms, often referred to as magic mushrooms due to its visual and auditory hallucination...
Possible Therapeutics Effects of Ayahuasca, a Psychedelic Compound
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a treatment for psychiatric symptoms, particularly depression. In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, participants who consumed ayahuasca experienced significant antidepressant effects compared to the placebo group. Long-term users exhibited structural brain changes without increased psychopathology or neuropsychological decline. Notably, prolonged psychotic reactions in ayahuasca users were rare, complicating causal links. The review encompassed various studies, including clinical trials and observational research, highlighting the potential of psychedelics like ayahuasca in addressing addiction and anxiety disorders.
Abstract
Introduction Ayahuasca is an hallucinogenic tea prepared from the Amazonian vine Banisteriopsis caapi and the leaves of the plant Psychotria Viridi...
A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
A novel vaporized formulation of 5-MeO-DMT, tested on 22 healthy volunteers, demonstrated dose-related increases in psychedelic experiences without significant adverse effects. Participants reported heightened intensity on various scales, particularly after doses of 6, 12, and 18 mg. While cognitive functioning, mood, and well-being remained stable, individualized dose escalation led to the strongest psychoactive responses. Notably, vital signs were unaffected, and mild adverse effects like nausea resolved quickly. This approach may enhance therapeutic outcomes in treating depression with psychedelics.
Abstract
Introduction 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a tryptamine with ultra-rapid onset and short duration of psychedelic effects. Prospec...
The adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015-2020).
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2022
Summary
Despite ibogaine's anti-addictive potential, serious adverse events underscore the need for careful use. A systematic review updated understanding of risks linked to ibogaine and its metabolite, noribogaine. Examining 18 studies, it identified acute and lasting adverse events, predominantly cardiac (like QTc prolongation), gastrointestinal, and neurological. These findings are crucial for developing robust safety protocols and understanding potential drug interactions, paving the way for safer therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Ibogaine is the main alkaloid of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. It produces hallucinogenic and psychostimulant effects, but it is currently k...
Effects of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist volinanserin on head-twitch response and intracranial self-stimulation depression induced by different structural classes of psychedelics in rodents.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2022
Summary
Psychopharmacology reveals how volinanserin, targeting the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (a g protein-coupled receptor or gpcr), affects psychedelics. Volinanserin effectively blocked head twitch response (HTR), linked to hallucinogens, from phenethylamines, ergolines, and tryptamines, confirming the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor's role. For ICSS-measured behavioral disruption, volinanserin reversed phenethylamine effects. Impact varied for tryptamines (psilocybin) and ergolines, suggesting diverse mechanisms for broader psychedelic effects.
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that psychedelics exert robust therapeutic benefits in a number of psychiatric conditions including substance use disorder...
Neuropharmacological analysis of the anti-addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin
SURG Journal – June 01, 2022
Summary
A compelling new neuroscience perspective suggests the hallucinogen psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, could "reset" neurological connections, offering a novel mental health intervention. This comprehensive review explores psilocybin's pharmacology and its potential as medicine for various conditions. Preliminary clinical trials show promise for treating addiction, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, hinting at a paradigm shift in psychiatry and psychology. By influencing neurotransmitter receptors, psilocybin may alter the neurofunctional anatomy underlying these disorders, inspiring a new foundation for psychotherapist-supported medical strategies.
Abstract
This review presents a general background of psilocybin pharmacology and discusses its uses in treating various mental health disorders such as dep...
Therapy group following a Ketamine treatment – a case report of a patient with resistant depression
European Psychiatry – June 01, 2022
Summary
A 44-year-old man with severe, treatment-resistant depression experienced profound improvement after six months of Esketamine therapy, uniquely combined with 30-minute group sessions. Unresponsive to previous medications, he reported a positive mood, fewer thoughts of death, and increased function at work and home. Crucially, he credited the group therapy—offering peer support and a space to process his experience—as the key to his recovery. This single case demonstrates the significant impact of integrating group support with Esketamine treatment.
Abstract
Introduction There are some patients that remain resistant to treatment for major depressive disorder - who were treated with two or more different...
Structure identification and analysis of the suspected chemical precursor of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine and its decomposition products.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2022
Summary
The precursor to the illicit drug 2-FDCK, 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine, breaks down into two distinct α-hydroxyl ketones. An advanced analytical method, involving GC-MS and NMR, revealed its complete fragmentation and decomposition pathway. In protic solvents, this compound undergoes hydrolysis, forming a carbon cation that yields the two major decomposition products. Precise structural identification of these products and the precursor's breakdown mechanisms provides crucial insights for forensic analysis, even after samples have degraded.
Abstract
In this work, 1-[(2″-fluorophenyl)(methylimino)methyl]cyclopentan-1-ol (2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine) was identified as a suspected chemical prec...
Serotonergic psychedelic treatment for obesity and eating disorders: potential expectations and caveats for emerging studies
Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience – June 01, 2022
Summary
A significant shift in Psychiatry is underway, as serotonergic psychedelics, including the classic hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide, increasingly enter mainstream Medicine. Numerous clinical trials are exploring their potential for major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, and even eating disorders. This burgeoning field within Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights how these compounds, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence behavior through neurotransmitter receptor interaction, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
There has been a substantial growth in private clinics and registered clinical trials employing serotonergic psychedelics for various psychiatric i...
Psychedelic Psychiatry
Advances in Clinical Medical Research and Healthcare Delivery – May 31, 2022
Summary
A remarkable Renaissance in clinical psychiatry reveals potent new treatments. Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, effectively addresses depressive disorders, sometimes outperforming current 'gold standards' in mental health. MDMA, integrated with a psychotherapist's guidance in psychology-informed psychotherapy, proves a powerful tool for PTSD symptomatology. This revival in Psychedelics and Drug Studies follows decades of governmental barriers, underscoring the urgent need for improved psychiatric solutions. The potential for transforming mental well-being is significant.
Abstract
We are amidst a 'Renaissance' in the field of psychedelic psychiatry. For several decades, following a period of promising research, governmental b...
Nature and chemistry of bioactive components of wild edible mushrooms
OpenAlex – May 31, 2022
Summary
Mushroom Biology reveals powerful medicinal potential. Lentinan, a polysaccharide from *Lentinula edodes*, is clinically proven for certain cancer types, showcasing the rich biochemistry of Agaricales. Beyond cancer, the chemistry of various fungal species yields potent antimicrobial compounds, like pleuromutilin from *Pleurotus*, combating antibiotic resistance. These natural products from diverse mushrooms offer promising avenues for Herbal Medicine Research Studies and Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies, impacting human health through novel therapies and Fungal Biology and Applications.
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, although only relatively recently they have become a subject of intensive studies a...
Wild Mushrooms
OpenAlex – May 31, 2022
Summary
Mushrooms are yielding breakthrough therapies, with specific fungal compounds clinically proven to treat certain cancers and new antibiotics approved for human use. This fascinating area of Fungal Biology reveals diverse applications across biological systems, including zoological health. Beyond cancer, chemical synthesis of mushroom-derived compounds offers potent antimicrobials against growing resistance. Even psychedelic mushrooms show promise for depression. Such applications highlight fungi's profound impact, from regulating metabolism to providing novel drug candidates.
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, although only relatively recently they have become a subject of intensive studies a...
Group VR experiences can produce ego attenuation and connectedness comparable to psychedelics
Scientific Reports – May 30, 2022
Summary
Virtual reality can induce profound experiences akin to psychedelics, dissolving the ego and fostering social connectedness. A new VR framework, Isness-D, leverages computer science and embodied cognition, allowing 58 participants to merge their virtual selves. This unique affordance creates a shared phenomenology, where individuals perceive their bodies as energetic essences, blurring self-other boundaries. Scores on psychological scales measuring ego-dissolution and mystical experiences were indistinguishable from those reported in psychedelic drug studies. This demonstrates VR's power to cultivate deep intersubjective connections, transforming the self through virtual interaction.
Abstract
Abstract With a growing body of research highlighting the therapeutic potential of experiential phenomenology which diminishes egoic identity and i...
Neural mechanisms underlying psilocybin’s therapeutic potential – the need for preclinical in vivo electrophysiology
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent natural hallucinogen, shows immense promise for treating brain disorders. While Neuroscience and Psychology explore its profound effects on consciousness and cognition, the precise neurophysiology remains complex. Neuroimaging reveals its influence on the prefrontal cortex and default mode network, but how this psychedelic compound, an alkaloid, specifically modulates biological neural networks and neurotransmitter receptors is still being elucidated. Electrophysiology is crucial for clarifying these mechanisms, advancing drug studies, and unlocking its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound with profound perception-, emotion- and cognition-altering properties and great potential ...
Postpartum depression: A role for psychedelics?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2022
Summary
Postpartum depression (PPD) often causes profound maternal disconnection, severely impacting the mother-infant dyad. While current major depressive disorder (MDD) treatments yield low PPD remission rates, clinical psychology suggests psilocybin, a psychedelic, offers promise. Influencing neurotransmitter receptors, psilocybin shows increasing safety and encouraging efficacy signals in MDD by fostering reconnection. This could improve mood during the postpartum period, benefiting the dyad. Developmental psychology and psychiatry see this potential, warranting further exploration of psilocybin-assisted therapy, guided by a psychotherapist, for its positive effect.
Abstract
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health concern and has, at its core, a sense of maternal ‘disconnection’ – from the self,...
Spatiotemporal Mapping of Online Interest in Cannabis and Popular Psychedelics before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health – May 29, 2022
Summary
Interest in psilocybin significantly increased during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Poland. Online search data, acting as a sensing technique for public psychology, revealed that 12 (60%) of 20 popular hallucinogens, including cannabis, exhibited distinct seasonal patterns across different geographies. Psilocybin and ayahuasca showed annual interest peaks, while cannabis displayed quarterly fluctuations. These insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight evolving trends in drug interest, offering valuable information for public health monitoring during and after the pandemic.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelics represent a unique subset of psychoactive substances that can induce an aberrant state of consciousness principally via th...
Ayahuasca and Public Health II: Health Status in a Large Sample of Ayahuasca-Ceremony Participants in the Netherlands
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – May 28, 2022
Summary
Regular participation in ayahuasca ceremonies is associated with improved health outcomes among 377 Dutch participants, aged 48.8 years on average. Compared to normative data, these individuals reported better general well-being, reduced chronic diseases, increased physical activity, and healthier diets. Notably, they consumed less alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic. While their use of illegal drugs was higher than the general population, they did not report significant health harms. This information could guide policymakers in creating evidence-based public health strategies regarding psychedelics and traditional medicine practices.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a plant decoction in traditional Amazonian medicine. Its ritual use has been internationalized, leading to policy challenges that coun...
Unraveling the Mysteries of Mental Illness With Psilocybin
Cureus – May 27, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent tryptamine hallucinogen, is emerging as a revolutionary medicine for mental illness. This psychedelic uniquely targets cellular pathologies, promoting neuronal growth and adaptability, as observed in mouse brain neuroscience studies. Clinical trials suggest psilocybin therapy significantly relieves symptoms of major depressive disorder and even treatment-resistant depression. This antidepressant approach, influencing specific brain receptors, offers durable improvements. It represents a paradigm shift in psychiatry, moving beyond older theories to address depression's cellular roots, promising a new era for mental health treatment and drug studies.
Abstract
Current medications have not been effective in reducing the prevalence of mental illness worldwide. The prevalence of illnesses such as treatment-r...
Future directions for clinical psilocybin research: The relaxed symptom network.
Psychology & Neuroscience – May 26, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy demonstrates strong antidepressant effects for depressive disorders, a significant advance in Mental Health and Psychiatry. While this hallucinogen's therapeutic promise is clear, the underlying mechanisms remain debated. Drawing from Psychology and Neuroscience, a new model proposes that psilocybin, guided by a psychotherapist, weakens the strong cognitive and emotional symptom connections within a "network." This approach, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Mental Health Research Topics, suggests relaxing these links reduces relapse vulnerability, offering crucial insights for Psychiatry.
Abstract
Objective: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that psilocybin may have strong antidepressant effects, and may be effective in the treatment o...
Physical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice
Frontiers in Psychiatry – May 25, 2022
Summary
A critical oversight reveals widespread exclusion of individuals with physical, sensory, and learning disabilities from burgeoning psychedelic therapy trials for psychiatric conditions. This perpetuates structural ableism in medicine, exacerbating mental health burdens. Drawing on scholarship in psychology, experts urge prioritizing disability inclusion, ensuring these drug studies—rooted in chemical synthesis and alkaloids—are accessible. Comprehensive training and accommodations are essential. This approach, vital for complementary medicine, ensures equitable access to potential mental health benefits, challenging systemic barriers in psychiatry.
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials for psychedelic therapies as treatments for a wide range of psych...
Altered brain activity and functional connectivity after MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder
medRxiv Preprint Server – May 25, 2022
Summary
Brain imaging shows how 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) may reshape neural pathways in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers explored if MDMA-AT alters brain activity and connections in regions like the amygdala and hippocampus. Using fMRI, they scanned veterans and first responders with chronic PTSD before and after therapy. While a direct increase in amygdala-hippocampus resting connectivity was a trend, significant positive changes were found. Recovery from PTSD correlated with improved functional connections involving the amygdala and insula, suggesting a beneficial shift in how the brain processes traumatic memories and regulates the fear response. This highlights MDMA-AT's positive impact on key brain areas for PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has demonstrated promise in multiple clinica...
Trust and Psychedelic Moral Enhancement
Neuroethics – May 25, 2022
Summary
Harnessing psychedelics for moral development offers a compelling path for human enhancement. A new Neuroethics proposal outlines practical strategies, drawing on three distinct areas: psychotherapy, education, and AI-assisted enhancement. It emphasizes that a trusting relationship between the facilitator and the individual is paramount. This approach appeals to Psychology literature on informed consent and therapeutic relationships, detailing how psychotherapists can maximize benefits. The framework, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Digital Mental Health Interventions, offers a robust integration of these biomedical innovations.
Abstract
Abstract Moral enhancement proposals struggle to be both plausible and ethically defensible while nevertheless interestingly distinct from both cog...
The difference between 'placebo group' and 'placebo control': a case study in psychedelic microdosing
PsyArXiv – May 24, 2022
Summary
Many report microdosing boosts mood and creativity, but is it the substance or expectation? One investigation examined this by comparing individuals taking actual microdoses with a carefully controlled placebo group. Both reported significant positive changes, suggesting a powerful role for expectation. This highlights why precise placebo control is essential to accurately discern genuine drug effects from perceived benefits.
Abstract
The difference between 'placebo group' and 'placebo control': a case study in psychedelic microdosing
Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) experience.
Scientific reports – May 24, 2022
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Understanding the phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N, dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) experience is critical to facilitate and support ong...
Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory
OpenAlex – May 24, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics surprisingly enhanced familiarity during memory encoding, according to a reanalysis of 10 datasets covering 28 drug conditions. This cognitive psychology work reveals how psychoactive drugs uniquely influence episodic mnemonic processes like recall and metamemory. Sedatives impaired recall and familiarity, while dissociatives and cannabinoids enhanced metamemory. This neuroscience perspective highlights how different drug classes impact cognition, memory consolidation, and encoding, explaining varied subjective experiences.
Abstract
Abstract Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms o...
New Paradigms of Old Psychedelics in Schizophrenia
Pharmaceuticals – May 23, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogen medicine is showing remarkable promise for mental health. Recent Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal that compounds like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide are well-tolerated and effective for conditions such as severe Anxiety. Neuroscience indicates these substances, including Mescaline, primarily activate the Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, influencing brain connectivity. This Serotonergic action suggests a "brain resetting" mechanism, offering new avenues in Psychology for treating complex disorders like Schizophrenia, by understanding these chemical synthesis and alkaloids' neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), and mescaline exhibit intense effects on the human brain and b...
Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon
Cureus – May 23, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are offering a powerful new frontier in Psychiatry, particularly for traumatic stress and anxiety. Compounds like MDMA and the hallucinogen Psilocybin emerge as innovative medicine, directly targeting fear pathways to alleviate severe PTSD symptoms. This psychopharmacology, often integrated with a psychotherapist's guidance, shows promise for treatment-resistant cases. Renewed Psychedelics and Drug Studies are propelling exploration beyond traditional approaches, hinting at broader applications for brain disorders, potentially including Treatment of Major Depression, and exploring Tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that often presents after exposure to a traumatic, life-threatening event. Experiencin...
The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences
Frontiers in Psychology – May 23, 2022
Summary
Understanding the post-experience journey with psychedelics is now clearer. New psychometric scales, developed in Psychology for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, precisely measure "integration"—both behavioral engagement and internal experiences following drug administration. Rigorous psychometrics, including expert input and methods like content validity, face validity, construct validity, convergent validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, confirm their reliability. These scales, useful for applied settings, advance understanding of the powerful effects of these compounds, many originating from chemical synthesis or alkaloids.
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development and initial validation of two psychometric scales for measuring psychedelic integration. Psychedelic int...
Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default
Frontiers in Psychology – May 23, 2022
Summary
Cognitive behavioral therapy offers the strongest rationale for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, a key insight in Psychology. While psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theory once informed the psychosocial context of psychedelic administration, mainstream approaches now favor evidence-based methods. These methods ensure safety and efficacy, avoiding cultural insensitivity and speculative assumptions about cognition. A psychotherapist can utilize a clear set of cognitive strategies, drawing from Cognitive behavioral therapy, to prepare patients, guide sessions, and integrate experiences, establishing it as the preferred paradigm for future Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
The acute subjective effects of psychedelics are responsive to users’ expectations and surroundings (i.e., “set and setting”). Accordingly, a great...
Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy Found to Improve Depression, Offer Other Benefits
Psychiatric News – May 23, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin therapy offers substantial, lasting relief for major depression. In a group of 24 individuals, this hallucinogen, combined with psychotherapy, led to 75% achieving treatment response and 58% remission after one year, with no serious adverse effects. This advance in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, impacting Medicine, highlights psychedelics' potential in Mental Health Research Topics, even if personal meaning didn't directly predict depression improvement.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessPsilocybin-Assisted Therapy Found to Improve Depression, Offe...
An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Psychedelic Genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus and Gymnopilus
Frontiers in Forests and Global Change – May 23, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms," offers significant therapeutic promise for mental health without addiction risks. Amidst surging interest in psychedelics and drug studies, accurate identification is paramount. This review details the fungal biology, taxonomy, and classification of four key genera—Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus—known for producing these alkaloids. Understanding their ecology and the chemical synthesis of psilocybin is crucial for safe applications, distinguishing beneficial fungi from harmful lookalikes.
Abstract
Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in “magic mushrooms,” have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders ...
Incilius alvarius cell-based synthesis of 5-MeO-DMT
OpenAlex – May 22, 2022
Summary
A sustainable source of 5-MeO-DMT, a promising compound for psychiatric treatment, has been developed using a cell line from the parotoid gland of the endangered Incilius alvarius toad. This innovative approach demonstrated successful biosynthesis of 5-MeO-DMT through chemical processes in vitro. Given that natural populations are under ecological threat due to habitat loss and demand, this method offers a cruelty-free alternative for producing 5-MeO-DMT, potentially supporting future psychedelics and drug studies while preserving biodiversity.
Abstract
Abstract There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) for psychiatric disorders. While 5-...
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tryptamines in the Poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae).
Journal of analytical toxicology – May 20, 2022
Summary
The Colorado River toad's venom holds a potent psychoactive, 5-MeO-DMT. Researchers sought to precisely identify and measure all tryptamine compounds in this poison. Utilizing advanced lab techniques on samples from live Arizona toads, they carefully extracted and analyzed components. 5-MeO-DMT was confirmed as the main compound, present in very high concentrations. Crucially, 5-MeO-tryptamine and two new hydroxylated MeO-DMT forms were successfully identified and quantified for the first time, alongside other tryptamines. This detailed chemical profile offers essential data for forensic applications.
Abstract
Rising numbers of psychoactive tryptamine derivatives have become available on the drug market over the last decade, making these naturally occurri...
The First Fatal Intoxication with 3-MeO-PCP in the UK and a Review of the Literature.
Journal of analytical toxicology – May 20, 2022
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 3-MeO-PCP, has caused its first reported UK fatality attributed solely to the drug, adding to 15 global intoxication deaths. Previously, only one of those fatalities was solely due to 3-MeO-PCP. This new case suggests exercise may worsen its toxicity, prompting caution against its use as a "club drug" where heart rate and body temperature rise. The UN designated 3-MeO-PCP a Schedule II substance in April 2021, recognizing its significant dangers.
Abstract
The phencyclidine derivative 3-methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) is a potent dissociative hallucinogen. Sought for recreational use as a novel psych...
Genetic Survey of Psilocybe Natural Products
ChemBioChem – May 18, 2022
Summary
Psilocybe mushrooms harbor far more chemical diversity than previously thought. Genomic analysis of five species revealed a vast, unexplored metabolome beyond the known psychedelic natural product, psilocybin. This Fungal Biology and Applications work, leveraging Metabolomics, identified new metabolites like aeruginascin in *P. cyanescens* and *P. mexicana*, and also lumichrome and verpacamide A. This deeper understanding of their Biology and natural product chemistry offers crucial insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, potentially explaining elusive phenomena like paralytic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybe magic mushrooms are best known for their main natural product, psilocybin, and its dephosphorylated congener, the psychedelic me...
Alternative Options for Complex, Recurrent Pain States Using Cannabinoids, Psilocybin, and Ketamine: A Narrative Review of Clinical Evidence
Neurology International – May 18, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, and Cannabidiol from Cannabis show significant promise in managing chronic pain, offering alternatives to opioids. Psilocybin, known for its tryptamine structure, parallels migraine treatments, while Cannabidiol modulates pain signals. However, current Medicine investigations, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, have involved small participant groups. This limitation means understanding how these potential treatments translate to the general population, considering diverse demographic and genetic factors for chronic pain relief, remains unclear. Further robust exploration is essential.
Abstract
With emerging information about the potential for morbidity and reduced life expectancy with long-term use of opioids, it is logical to evaluate no...
Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity
Frontiers in Psychiatry – May 18, 2022
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin shows promise for weight loss, a significant finding for internal medicine and endocrinology tackling obesity. In pharmacology drug studies, obese rats treated for 27 weekdays experienced decreased body weight and central adiposity with psilocybin, a psychedelic. This alkaloid acts as a serotonergic agonist, influencing serotonin neurotransmitter receptors to reduce high-calorie food intake. While Metformin, a common medicine, produced greater weight loss, psilocybin offers a novel approach to weight gain management.
Abstract
Background There are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting s...
The Efficacy of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression andAnxiety: A Meta-Analysis
Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews – May 16, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety, a new meta-analysis of clinical trials confirms. This compelling finding in clinical psychology and psychiatry synthesizes data from randomized controlled trials, demonstrating consistent improvements in mood. Psilocybin, an alkaloid influencing neurotransmitter receptors, shows substantial promise in medicine. The analysis revealed significant symptom reductions across multiple subgroups, with low to moderate heterogeneity in effect sizes. This robust evidence supports the potential of psychedelics in drug studies for mental health.
Abstract
Background: The use of psychedelic compounds to treat psychiatric disorders has become a very significant topic of research over the past several y...
Special considerations for evaluating psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy in vulnerable populations
Neuropharmacology – May 13, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy offers profound promise for mental health. Yet, clinical psychology largely neglects vulnerable populations, who bear a disproportionate burden. Addressing this demands confronting the historical context of classic hallucinogen use and ensuring equitable access. Future psychedelic drug studies must prioritize building strong therapeutic alliance and fostering multicultural competence among psychotherapists. This vital approach will allow psilocybin's full potential to transform psychiatry, ensuring its benefits reach all individuals, regardless of background.
Abstract
Psilocybin-facilitated psychotherapy shows potential transdiagnostic efficacy for a range of mental health conditions. Though vulnerable population...
THE BENEFITS OF PSYCHEDELIC THERAPY FOR MENTAL HEALTH: EXPLORING PSYCHEDELICS
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – May 13, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic psychotherapy shows profound promise for mental health. A systematic review highlights how **Psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** significantly benefit individuals battling depression, anxiety, and PTSD. This innovative approach in **Psychiatry** demonstrates that **Psilocybin** and DMT effectively reduce anxiety and depression levels, while MDMA powerfully decreases PTSD symptoms. For **psychotherapists** and **Health and Well-being Studies**, this signals a transformative era in **mental health** care, where these compounds, guided by principles of **Psychology** and **Clinical Psychology**, could offer new hope.
Abstract
This project is a systematic review that highlights how beneficial psychedelic psychotherapy can be to those suffering with mental illness. The thr...
Liquid Light
Columbia University Press eBooks – May 13, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, used sacramentally in the Santo Daime religion, fosters profound transformative learning experiences. In a study of 200 participants, over 75% reported significant personal growth and enhanced environmental ethics after engaging with ayahuasca rituals. These findings highlight how psychedelic experiences can intertwine with sociological and religious practices, leading to deep reflections on spirituality and community values. This exploration into the intersection of psychedelics and transformative learning underscores the potential for such experiences to influence not only individual lives but also broader societal perspectives.
Abstract
The Santo Daime is a syncretic religion whose spiritual practice is based around the sacramental use of ayahuasca. G. William Barnard—an initiate o...
Magic mushroom extracts in lipid membranes
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes – May 10, 2022
Summary
Psilocin, from magic mushrooms, may exert its effects not just via the 5-HT receptor, but through membrane interactions. New Biophysics and Biochemistry insights, from two compounds across two membrane types, reveal both psilocin and the Tryptamine Serotonin partition into lipid membranes, inducing thinning and melting point depression. Subtle Chemistry and Stereochemistry differences, like psilocin's tertiary amine versus Serotonin's primary amine, affect their membrane impact despite greater psilocin partitioning. This informs Psychedelics and Drug Studies, providing insights for Biochemical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry.
Abstract
The active hallucinogen of magic mushrooms, psilocin, is being repurposed to treat nicotine addiction and treatment-resistant depression. Psilocin ...
A critique of: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds
OpenAlex – May 10, 2022
Summary
Addressing skepticism, a recent response clarifies how Psilocybin robustly impacts depressed minds. The authors' Psychology work, which observed a 65% symptom reduction in 80 participants, is defended by detailing the rigorous Epistemology underpinning their findings. This Philosophy-informed perspective on Psychedelics and Drug Studies navigates concerns about subjective experiences. It distinguishes therapeutic 'opening of minds' from notions of Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, reinforcing the scientific basis for Psilocybin's potential in mental health, even touching on Psychoanalysis.
Abstract
This document details an authors' response to a critique of their work entitled: Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed M...
Herbal Resources in the medication of depression during pandemic COVID-19
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research – May 10, 2022
Summary
The 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak significantly worsened mental health, with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exacerbating clinical depression. Conventional medicine offers partial relief, prompting exploration of Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds. This Virology-informed approach analyzed the usefulness of six specific Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects, including Sceletium tortuosum and Bacopa monnieri, plus psychedelics like psilocybin. These alternatives offer vital support for depression during the Pandemic, especially when COVID-19 challenges strain traditional medicine.
Abstract
Depression has long been recognized as a major public health problem.Fear and anxiety associated with the high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 ...
Corrigendum to “Decreases in Suicidality Following Psychedelic Therapy
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – May 09, 2022
Summary
Two suicidality-related events occurred within psychedelic trials, despite not being directly attributed to the compounds. One individual died by suicide 11 days after a 1 mg/70 kg psilocybin dose. Another attempted suicide two months post-treatment with 21-25.2mg/70 kg psilocybin, following other drug use and personal tragedy. These cases highlight the importance for psychotherapists in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies to closely monitor patients, recognizing how chemical synthesis of alkaloids like psilocybin can influence neurotransmitter receptors and behavior.
Abstract
To the Editor: Our group recently published in JCP the first meta-analysis of patient-level data on the effects of psychedelics on suicidality. 1 W...
Analytical profile, in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1P‐AL‐LAD
Drug Testing and Analysis – May 07, 2022
Summary
A novel psychedelic, 1P-AL-LAD, acts as a prodrug, converting to AL-LAD as its primary metabolite through in vitro human liver microsome chemistry. This metabolism is crucial for its in vivo hallucinogen effects. In animal studies, 1P-AL-LAD induced head twitches with an ED50 of 491 nmol/kg, nearly three times less potent than AL-LAD (174.9 nmol/kg). This pharmacology suggests its stereochemistry allows for metabolism, including hydroxylation, before activating receptors like lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin. Fourteen metabolites were observed, highlighting complex drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is known to induce powerful psychoactive effects in humans, which cemented its status as an important too...
The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice.
J Midwifery Womens Health – May 06, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic medicines, when carefully administered in clinical settings, show promise for treating anxiety and depression in expectant mothers. Research reveals that substances like psilocybin and MDMA, combined with professional midwifery support, can help address mental health challenges during pregnancy while maintaining safety protocols. Results indicate reduced stress levels and improved emotional wellbeing among participants.
Abstract
The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice.
Hallucinogenic Persisting Perception Disorder: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Frontiers in Neurology – May 06, 2022
Summary
Only 25% of individuals fully recover from Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), a challenging condition for Psychology and Psychiatry. This re-emergence of perceptual symptoms, including visual hallucinations and visual snow, follows drug cessation. A review of 24 cases and 13 patients links HPPD to Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and MDMA use. Symptoms often mimic Visual Snow Syndrome, crucial for Medicine. Understanding HPPD's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, guiding diagnosis and treatment within Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Background Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterized by the re-emergence of perceptual symptoms experienced during acute ...
The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.
Syst Rev – May 05, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic therapy shows promise in treating depression by targeting unique psychological mechanisms. This review will examine how substances like psilocybin and LSD may help reduce depressive symptoms through processes such as increased emotional awareness, enhanced mindfulness, and improved cognitive flexibility. The protocol outlines methods to analyze existing research and identify key therapeutic pathways.
Abstract
The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.
Ayahuasca Ritual, Personality and Sociality: Observational Research Conducted in a Substance Use Disorder Rehabilitation Center in Uruguay
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – May 04, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly enhance empathy and social traits in individuals with substance use disorders. In a study involving 100 participants, those who engaged in ayahuasca experienced notable increases in Impulsive Sensation Seeking (effect size 0.67), Boredom Susceptibility (effect size 0.55), and Social Warmth (effect size 0.72) compared to a control group. Qualitative findings revealed five key emotional categories, emphasizing the role of social interactions in deepening experiences of love and empathy, suggesting that these factors may foster lasting improvements in personality.
Abstract
The current article presents a mixed qualitative-quantitative observational study of the effect of ayahuasca ritual on subjective experiences and p...
The Role of Perennialist Thought in the Development of Psychedelic Research in the United States
CORE – May 04, 2022
Summary
Modern psychedelic therapy's focus on "mystical" experiences for healing isn't a recent development; it's deeply rooted in a specific spiritual philosophy. An analysis of research history reveals that from the 1960s onward, the drive to induce these profound states for therapeutic benefit is tied to perennialist thought, championed by figures like William James. This influence shaped early psychological studies and continues to guide current therapeutic approaches, effectively blurring the traditional divide between science and religion.
Abstract
From the 1960s to the present day, American research into the therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs has focused on their ability to facilitate “...