794 results for "DMT"
THE BENEFITS OF PSYCHEDELIC THERAPY FOR MENTAL HEALTH: EXPLORING PSYCHEDELICS
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – May 13, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic psychotherapy shows profound promise for mental health. A systematic review highlights how **Psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** significantly benefit individuals battling depression, anxiety, and PTSD. This innovative approach in **Psychiatry** demonstrates that **Psilocybin** and DMT effectively reduce anxiety and depression levels, while MDMA powerfully decreases PTSD symptoms. For **psychotherapists** and **Health and Well-being Studies**, this signals a transformative era in **mental health** care, where these compounds, guided by principles of **Psychology** and **Clinical Psychology**, could offer new hope.
Abstract
This project is a systematic review that highlights how beneficial psychedelic psychotherapy can be to those suffering with mental illness. The thr...
An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 26, 2018
Summary
Encounters with psychedelic entities, from spirit guides to angels, fundamentally mirror diverse human conceptions, revealing a profound basis in our **evolutionary psychology**. These experiences, often involving **DMT** and other **psychedelics**, activate innate cognitive modules responsible for detecting animacy and understanding social roles. This **cognitive psychology** suggests a universal human tendency to attribute agency and personhood. The extensive interaction of these substances with brain receptors provides a powerful sense of **ontological** certainty, explaining how our **psychology** constructs vivid, human-like entities. This framework from **cognitive science** helps us understand the **epistemology** of non-human encounters.
Abstract
Psychedelic entity experiences are examined from perspectives of evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Their similarities with other enti...
Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities
Frontiers in Immunology – July 14, 2015
Summary
Classical psychedelics may hold significant promise for treating chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. These substances, including LSD and DMT, influence immune responses by activating key signaling pathways related to inflammation and cell survival. Notably, serotonin and sigma-1 receptors play vital roles in these processes. With a growing understanding of their pharmacological potential, psychedelics could be re-envisioned beyond their illicit status, offering innovative therapeutic avenues for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract
Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant ...
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – June 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage, significantly alters brain activity, as shown by a study involving 18 experienced volunteers. Participants received low and high doses of ayahuasca (0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT per kg). Results indicated substantial dose-dependent increases in subjective effects measured by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Notably, absolute power decreased by approximately 20.20 µV² in total power and 2.70 µV² in theta power at peak times (90 minutes post-high dose). EEG changes began within 30 minutes, peaking between 45-120 minutes before returning to baseline after 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Aims Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage used in Amazonian shamanism, and in the religious ceremonies of Brazilian‐base...
Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – May 26, 2016
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a potential treatment for addiction, with four out of five observational studies indicating significant reductions in substance use among regular consumers. In animal studies, all five demonstrated improvements in behaviors related to drug-induced disorders when exposed to harmaline, harmine, or ayahuasca. The beverage's anti-addictive effects may involve β-carbolines inhibiting MAO-A and DMT activating 5-HT2A receptors, influencing mood regulation. While these findings are encouraging, further controlled studies are essential to confirm the efficacy of ayahuasca in addiction treatment.
Abstract
Recently, the anti-addictive potential of ayahuasca, a dimethyltryptamine(DMT)- and β-carboline-rich hallucinogenic beverage traditionally used by ...
Characterization of Alkaloids in Palatable and Unpalatable Clones of Phalaris arundinacea L1
Crop Science – March 01, 1971
Summary
Palatable reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) genotypes contain significantly lower alkaloid levels than their unpalatable counterparts. In trials with lambs, palatable clones averaged 0.26% crude alkaloids on a dry-matter basis, while unpalatable clones reached 0.78%. Notably, the unpalatable varieties had 18 times more of the alkaloid 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT). This research enhances understanding of plant biology and grazing preferences, with implications for pasture management and bioenergy crop production in agricultural systems.
Abstract
We determined the types and amounts of alkaloids found in four reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) genotypes that differed in palatability....
Biodiversity of β-Carboline Profile of Banisteriopsis caapi and Ayahuasca, a Plant and a Brew with Neuropharmacological Potential
Plants – July 09, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca's chemical profile reveals significant variability, with harmine concentrations in Banisteriopsis caapi averaging 4.79 mg/g and tetrahydroharmine (THH) at 2.18 mg/g across 159 samples. The study analyzed 176 plant lianas, showing native samples had notably higher harmine levels than cultivated ones. Ayahuasca samples contained harmine ranging from 0.109 to 7.11 mg/mL and DMT from 0.10 to 3.12 mg/mL. This extensive analysis highlights the biodiversity of Malpighiaceae, complicating standardization for ethnopharmacological applications involving traditional medicine and psychedelics.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive infusion with a large pharmacological application normally prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi, which contains the monoa...
2,5-Dimethylbufotenine and 2,5-dimethylbufotenidine: novel derivatives of natural tryptamines found in Bufo alvarius toads
Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications – January 29, 2021
Summary
The solid-state structures of two bufotenine derivatives reveal intricate molecular interactions. The 5-MeO-2-Me-DMT fumarate features a tryptammonium cation linked to a fumarate dianion through hydrogen bonds, forming extensive two-dimensional networks. In contrast, the 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide structure includes a tryptammonium cation and an iodide anion, connected by hydrogen bonds and enhanced by π–π interactions between indoles. Additionally, the hydrate version incorporates a water molecule, showcasing even more complex bonding patterns. These findings enhance understanding in medicinal chemistry and drug studies.
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the bufotenine derivative bis(5-methoxy-2, N , N -trimethyltryptammonium) (5-MeO-2-Me-DMT) fumarate (systematic name: ...
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS: ANTAGONISM OF THE EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE BY METHYLATED DERIVATIVES OF TRYPTAMINE
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1974
Summary
Psychotomimetic compounds like DMT and 5-HODMT antagonize serotonin (5-HT) excitations in brain neurons, while the non-psychotomimetic 5-MeOT does not. In a study involving rats and decerebrate cats, 5-MeOT was found to mimic 5-HT actions most effectively, with a notable potency. The psychotomimetic derivatives showed minimal effects on glutamate receptors, suggesting that the spatial relationship between 5-HT and glutamate receptors is distinct. These findings indicate that LSD-like psychedelics may disrupt 5-HT signaling rather than stimulating it directly.
Abstract
The actions of 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT), N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5‐hydroxy‐ N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine, 5‐HODMT) and 5‐methoxy‐...
Gas Liquid Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Studies on Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of N-Methyl- and N,N-Dimethyltryptamines
Journal of Chromatographic Science – August 01, 1971
Summary
Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of N,N-dimethyltryptamines, including DMT and bufotenin, were synthesized, showcasing their analytical potential. In a sample of 20 compounds, the indolic nitrogen demonstrated higher reactivity than secondary amines like N-methyltryptamine. Additionally, primary amines reacted with carbon disulfide to produce isothiocyanates, yielding excellent gas chromatography properties. This advancement in organic chemistry enhances the capabilities of advanced chemical sensor technologies and mass spectrometry, particularly for analyzing complex compounds such as phenothiazines and benzothiazines in medicinal chemistry applications.
Abstract
The N,N-dimethyltryptamines: N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-OMe-DMT) and 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine (bufotenin...
Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic Effects
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 21, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a decoction made from the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and often combined with Psychotria viridis, contains active alkaloids like β-carbolines and DMT. Analysis of over 100 plant sources revealed that while minimal adverse effects were reported in studies involving this beverage, potential therapeutic benefits remain unclear. In cases where concentrations of these alkaloids were known, no evidence suggested lethality; however, side effects were linked to pre-existing psychiatric conditions. Understanding the precise composition is essential for evaluating its pharmacological impact.
Abstract
Ahyahuasca is a term commonly used to describe a decoction prepared by cooking the bark or crushed stems of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi (contain...
O USO RITUALISTÍCO E FARMACOLÓGICO DA AYAHUASCA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Revista Interfaces Saúde Humanas e Tecnologia – April 01, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive tea from South America, shows promise in treating mental health issues like depression and anxiety. A review of 11 studies published between 2015 and 2019 highlights its effectiveness both in traditional rituals and therapeutic contexts. The infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis results in compounds that can block the degradation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), enhancing its psychoactive effects. As interest grows, ayahuasca's potential applications in psychology and medicine continue to expand, offering new avenues for healing.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a tea with psychoactive properties used by indigenous peoples of South America obtained from the infusion of two plants, Banisteriopsi...
Between ecstasy and reason: a symbolic interpretation of UDV trance
OpenAlex – September 01, 2016
Summary
Psychoactive experiences with ayahuasca, a brew used in the União do Vegetal (UDV) religion, reveal profound insights into human cognition and social dynamics. In a sample of 150 participants, 85% reported transformative experiences that deepened their understanding of personal and cultural narratives. The interaction between DMT from Psychotria viridis and beta-carbolines from Banisteriopsis caapi highlights the complex interplay of psychology and philosophy in interpreting these rituals. This blend fosters unique states of trance and ecstasy, enriching both individual and collective consciousness within American socio-political contexts.
Abstract
Introduction The following discussion takes up symbolic elaborations of myth and ritual as expressive channels for institutional meanings activated...
Hemp proteins conjugated with green tea polyphenol extract form de novo plant-sourced emulsifiers suitable for nanodelivery systems bearing lipophilic psychopharmaceuticals
OpenAlex – February 27, 2025
Summary
A novel biocompatible emulsifier combining hemp protein with green tea polyphenols effectively enhances the stability and bioavailability of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). The resulting nanoemulsions, averaging 200 nm in droplet size, maintained stability for four weeks without phase separation. These formulations demonstrated cellular uptake and acceptable cell viability in vitro, showing potential for safe ingestion. This innovative approach leverages the antioxidant properties of polyphenols to protect sensitive compounds, marking a significant advancement in traditional medicine applications involving tea polyphenols.
Abstract
Nanoformulation is often used to improve the solubility and uptake of bioactives; however, it also protects sensitive bioactives from chemical deco...
Hemp Proteins Conjugated with Green Tea Polyphenol Extract Form De Novo Plant‐Sourced Emulsifiers Suitable for Nanodelivery Systems Bearing Lipophilic Psychopharmaceuticals
Advanced Therapeutics – October 05, 2025
Summary
A novel delivery system enhances the stability and bioavailability of sensitive compounds like 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). By conjugating hemp protein with green tea polyphenols, researchers created emulsifiers that form nanoemulsions with an average droplet size of approximately 200 nm. These emulsions maintained remarkable stability over four weeks, showing no phase separation, and exhibited effective cellular uptake with acceptable cell viability in vitro. This innovative approach promises improved delivery of bioactive compounds in food systems and beyond.
Abstract
Abstract Nanoformulation is often used to improve the solubility and uptake of bioactives; however, it also protects sensitive bioactives from chem...
Estudos de farmacocinética dos alcalóides da ayahuasca
OpenAlex – June 08, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew from the Amazon, is gaining popularity in religious ceremonies across Brazil, Europe, and the U.S. A study involving 20 volunteers examined the pharmacokinetics of its active compounds, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, using a gas chromatography method. This approach successfully quantified these alkaloids in plasma, crucial for understanding their effects on users. With ayahuasca’s increasing acceptance, this research highlights the need for comprehensive biochemical analysis to better understand its impact on individuals and society.
Abstract
\n O uso de substâncias alucinógenas há muito tempo é alvo de discussões, em virtude do grande número de adeptos que possui e das conseqüências que...
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community
Figshare – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin is highly recommended for first-time psychedelic users, with nearly 70% of 581 surveyed individuals endorsing its use. About 50% also suggested cannabis, while one-third favored MDMA for its manageable effects. In contrast, substances like ayahuasca and DMT were discouraged due to their intensity and associated risks. Participants advised against mixing psychedelics with alcohol and other stimulants. Emphasizing harm reduction, the community-driven resource aims to educate newcomers on safe practices, fostering informed and responsible psychedelic experiences amidst increasing interest in their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Background The use of psychedelics is currently increasing in the United States. Awareness of clinical trials investigating the therapeuti...
Seasonal Effect on the Chemical Composition of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir Stem Bark from the Semi‐Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil
Chemistry & Biodiversity – September 23, 2025
Summary
Mimosa tenuiflora, or "Jurema-preta," reveals significant seasonal variation in its chemical profile, impacting its medicinal applications. Over a 24-month period, plant samples collected bimonthly in Petrolina, Brazil, demonstrated that phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, are linked to water stress and temperature changes. Interestingly, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) production negatively correlated with radiation and temperature but not precipitation. The study involved 24 collections and highlighted the need for seasonally informed collection strategies to optimize the pharmacological use of this valuable species.
Abstract
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir., known as "Jurema-preta", is a species of ethnobotanical relevance, used in traditional medicine. The northeastern...
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine and harmine formulation shifts metastable topography sequences in the cortex
OpenAlex – December 09, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like DMT and harmine significantly accelerate brain dynamics, as evidenced by a study involving 25 participants. The use of microstate analysis revealed that while the duration of neural states decreased, the frequency of transitions increased, indicating heightened activity. Notably, the sequence of states became less random, with a 30% rise in accessibility to certain states (M3 and M5) while M2 was deprioritized. This suggests that psychedelics promote a structured reorganization of neural activity, enhancing the brain's capacity for diverse patterns and metastability.
Abstract
Abstract Classic serotonergic psychedelics are potent modulators of conscious awareness, yet the principles governing their effects on the temporal...
The Neurophysiology of Enlightenment: Measured EEG Markers at 43 Hz and t=41 s
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 23, 2025
Summary
Enlightenment has been identified as a measurable brain state, with findings showing significant neurophysiological markers at precisely 41 seconds post-stimulation. In a study involving breakthrough subjects under the influence of 5-MeO-DMT and during sustained meditation, EEG data revealed a striking 43 Hz coherence featuring DMN deactivation and gamma synchrony. The analysis included 50 participants, demonstrating a convergence of key metrics like complexity drop and persistence loss, suggesting consciousness may act as a physical field relevant to quantum mind theories.
Abstract
This paper presents the first reproducible neurophysiological evidence of enlightenment as a measurable brain state. Using raw EEG from breakthroug...
ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — The Final Law: Nirvana Maria (December 2025)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 06, 2025
Summary
A striking finding reveals that a measured current density of 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² can explain the entire observable universe without relying on dark matter or energy. Experimental evidence from three human brains undergoing 5-MeO-DMT and meditation, alongside 127 X-class solar flares, resonates at a precise frequency of 43 Hz, aligning with cosmic phenomena. The work includes a detailed 180-page theory, over 400 reproducible Python scripts, and a stunning 1200 dpi visualization titled “Nirvana Maria.” Data is publicly accessible at GitHub.
Abstract
One measured current density J₀ = 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² derives the entire observable universe with zero free parameters. Replaces dark matter, dark en...
ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — The Final Law of the Universe: Complete Repository (December 2025) — 430 MB Definitive Archive
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 14, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding reveals that a primordial current density of 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² can explain cosmology, consciousness, and quantum biology without invoking dark matter or energy. This comprehensive archive includes 486 reproducible Python proofs and raw EEG data from breakthrough subjects undergoing experiences like 5-MeO-DMT and sustained meditation. Key insights include consciousness as a physical field oscillating at 43 Hz, ego dissolution at 41 seconds, and a measurable immortality switch, suggesting profound connections between neurophysiology and enlightenment.
Abstract
Mihai Alexandru Bucurenciu (Aladin), independent researcher, Sibiu, Romania. This is the complete and definitive archive of ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — the Fin...
Classic Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression: Potential Benefits and Challenges.
Drugs – May 01, 2025
Summary
Emerging evidence suggests psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and ayahuasca may offer new hope for people with treatment-resistant depression. When combined with therapy, these substances appear to help reset negative thought patterns and promote emotional breakthroughs. While showing promise in clinical trials, careful protocols and supervised settings remain essential for safety and effectiveness.
Abstract
There has been a recent resurgence in research on psychedelics as therapeutic agents for psychiatric conditions. This leading article outlines the ...
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 20, 2025
Summary
Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, urging new Medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA show promise in suicide prevention, rapidly reducing suicidal ideation. A systematic review of PsycINFO and MEDLINE found four randomized controlled trials with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA (one study) reducing suicidal ideation (effect sizes 0.52–1.25). Non-randomized studies reported psilocybin reducing ideation (OR 0.40–0.75). However, LSD, another hallucinogen, increased suicidal ideation (OR 1.15–2.08). Complex neurotransmitter receptor influence means psychedelics' impact on suicidal ideation remains inconclusive for Psychiatry.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscore...
Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.
Translational psychiatry – December 04, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD produce stronger visual experiences than psilocybin, while uniquely rewiring brain connectivity patterns. This comprehensive analysis reveals how these substances affect consciousness at multiple levels - from brain chemistry to subjective experience. Different psychedelics create distinct neural "fingerprints," though they share core mechanisms through serotonin receptors. The findings highlight how these compounds alter mental states through complex brain network changes.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, inc...
Structural insights into tryptamine psychedelics: The role of hydroxyl indole ring site in 5-HT2A receptor activation and psychedelic-like activity.
European journal of medicinal chemistry – January 05, 2025
Summary
The position of chemical groups on psychedelic compounds dramatically influences their effects in the brain. Scientists found that psilocin, the active form of magic mushrooms, works best when its hydroxyl group is in specific positions on its molecular structure. Using advanced simulations, they revealed how this positioning affects binding to the brain's 5-HT2A receptor, explaining why some compounds produce stronger psychedelic-like activity than others.
Abstract
Recent advancements in the study of mushroom-derived tryptamines, particularly psilocybin and its metabolite psilocin, highlight their unique psych...
Psychedelics: From Cave Art to 21st-Century Medicine for Addiction
European Addiction Research – September 25, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics offer compelling new hope for treating addiction. A comprehensive review spanning 40 years of Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights their therapeutic potential in medicine and psychiatry. Substances like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, and Mescaline, alongside MDMA, are being re-examined. These hallucinogens influence neurotransmitter receptors, impacting behavior and improving psychological symptoms of dependence. This re-emergence in psychology and chemical synthesis and alkaloids research suggests these compounds could be vital tools for psychotherapists addressing addiction, especially when conventional methods fail.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic substance use in ritualistic and ceremonial settings dates back as early as 8,500 BCE. Only in recent years, from the mid-2...
Psychedelics: A review of their effects on recalled aversive memories and fear/anxiety expression in rodents
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – September 20, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics show significant potential for treating anxiety and maladaptive memories from aversive stimuli. A review of nearly 400 studies since 1957 reveals various psychedelics, like psilocybin and MDMA, reduce the expression of learned fear and impair memory reconsolidation in rodents. This Neuroscience and Psychology research highlights how Psychedelics and Drug Studies modulate neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Understanding these effects, vital for Developmental psychology regarding memory aging, promises new therapeutic strategies for stress-related conditions.
Abstract
Threatening events and stressful experiences can lead to maladaptive memories and related behaviors. Existing treatments often fail to address thes...
Adverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics
JAMA Psychiatry – September 04, 2024
Summary
Healthy participants experienced zero serious adverse effects from classic hallucinogens like psilocybin. A review of 214 studies (114 analyzable, 3504 participants), using data extraction from PsycINFO and MEDLINE, found serious adverse events in only 4% of those with neuropsychiatric disorders. Nonserious adverse effects needing medicine were similarly rare. While generally well-tolerated in clinical psychology and psychiatry, understanding these psychedelics' neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is vital for new populations in drug studies, especially for compounds from chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Importance A clear and comprehensive understanding of risks associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy is necessary as investigators extend its a...
Toxicology and Pharmacological Interactions of Classic Psychedelics.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – July 24, 2024
Summary
Classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin show remarkably low physical toxicity, even at high doses. Their metabolism in the liver means they can interact with common medications, particularly antidepressants. While adverse effects like anxiety can occur, they're typically manageable with proper screening and supervision. Understanding these interactions helps ensure safe therapeutic use.
Abstract
As psychedelics are being investigated for more medical indications, it has become important to characterize the adverse effects and pharmacologica...
The mitogenomic landscape of Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae), the sacred liana used for ayahuasca preparation.
Genetics and molecular biology – January 01, 2024
Summary
Scientists have decoded the complete mitochondrial DNA of the sacred ayahuasca vine, revealing fascinating insights into this culturally significant Amazonian plant. The vine works synergistically with another plant to create ayahuasca's effects by preventing the breakdown of its psychoactive compounds. Analysis shows unique genetic features, including unusual gene patterns and evidence of DNA sharing between cellular components, helping confirm its identity as the "Tucunacá" variety used in traditional ceremonies.
Abstract
The sacred ayahuasca brew, utilized by indigenous communities in the Amazon and syncretic religious groups in Brazil, primarily consists of a decoc...
Prospective associations of psychedelic treatment for co-occurring alcohol misuse and posttraumatic stress symptoms among United States Special Operations Forces Veterans.
Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association – January 01, 2024
Summary
Special Operations Veterans struggling with alcohol misuse and trauma showed remarkable improvement after psychedelic therapy in Mexico. Treatment with natural compounds helped reduce risky drinking by 50% among participants, with over half achieving either abstinence or safe drinking levels after one month. The program, which treated 86 Veterans, demonstrated that those who responded best to treatment also experienced significant improvements in trauma symptoms and cognitive function. These findings suggest a promising path forward for Veterans battling both alcohol challenges and combat-related stress.
Abstract
This study evaluated prospective associations of ibogaine and 5-MeO-DMT treatment for risky alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) s...
Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Comparative Review of Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Binding Profile
Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging – February 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin shows promise for depression, a compelling finding in the burgeoning field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This review explores hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Mescaline, examining their pharmacology, including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. These compounds, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, exert serotonergic effects through neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. While their potential in medicine and psychology is clear, evidence for most therapeutic uses remains scarce, with similar psychedelic effects observed across compounds.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), DMT (N,N -dimethyltryptamine), and 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl...
Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel tryptamine hallucinogen 5-MeO-MiPT on motor, sensorimotor, physiological, and cardiorespiratory parameters in mice-from a human poisoning case to the preclinical evidence.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2024
Summary
A novel hallucinogen dubbed "Moxy" (5-MeO-MiPT) shows significant effects on brain function and behavior. Tests in mice revealed dose-dependent changes in movement, sensory processing, and vital signs. The compound's effects mirror symptoms from a documented human intoxication case, suggesting potential health risks while highlighting possible therapeutic applications.
Abstract
The 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT, known online as "Moxy") is a new psychedelic tryptamine first identified on Italian natio...
Set and setting predict psychopathology, wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences: a correlational study.
Expert review of clinical pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
The mindset and environment during psychedelic use significantly impact mental health outcomes, according to a large survey of Spanish-speaking participants. People who used psychedelics for personal growth in natural settings, accompanied by trusted individuals, reported better mental health and more meaningful experiences. Conversely, those using these substances to escape problems showed poorer psychological outcomes.
Abstract
In psychedelic therapy, the importance of set and setting is a fundamental but under-researched assumption. The aim of this study is to correlate v...
Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie – December 31, 2023
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals how psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca affect human biology at the molecular level. Scientists tracked how these compounds are processed in the body and mapped their effects on cellular metabolism. While we understand how these substances break down, their broader impact on the body's metabolic systems offers promising insights for mental health treatments.
Abstract
Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attentio...
A cane toad (Rhinella marina) N-methyltransferase converts primary indolethylamines to tertiary psychedelic amines.
The Journal of biological chemistry – October 01, 2023
Summary
Scientists have discovered that cane toads naturally produce enzymes that create psychedelic compounds similar to those found in magic mushrooms. The toad's N-methyltransferase enzyme efficiently converts simple compounds into complex psychedelic molecules that interact with brain serotonin receptors. This finding reveals nature's remarkable drug-making machinery and opens new paths for developing stable, therapeutic compounds.
Abstract
Psychedelic indolethylamines have emerged as potential medicines to treat several psychiatric pathologies. Natural sources of these compounds inclu...
The changing outlook of psychedelic drugs: The importance of risk assessment and occupational exposure limits
Journal of Applied Toxicology – August 30, 2023
Summary
Occupational exposure limits for potent hallucinogens like psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide are remarkably low. New pharmacology guidelines set limits at 0.05 μg/m³ for psilocybin and 0.002 μg/m³ for Lysergic acid diethylamide, highlighting their hazardous nature. These serotonergic psychedelics are explored in medicine for anxiety and other psychology/psychiatry conditions. Understanding their adverse effect profiles and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for workplace safety. This area of Psychedelics and Drug Studies emphasizes stringent controls to prevent unintended psychedelic effects, a critical aspect of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and 5‐methoxy‐ N , N ‐dimethylt...
Beyond Psilocybin: Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Other Serotonergic Psychedelics in Mental and Substance Use Disorders
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – August 24, 2023
Summary
Despite reported benefits in Clinical psychology like improved mood and anxiety, evidence for many serotonergic hallucinogens remains limited. A review of 77 Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including Lysergic acid diethylamide (43 studies), Ayahuasca (24), and Mescaline (5), found low-level safety and efficacy data for these compounds. Unlike Psilocybin's growing role in Psychiatry and Medicine, serious adverse events, including homicide and suicide, were linked to Lysergic acid diethylamide. Understanding these chemical synthesis and alkaloids, which influence neurotransmitter receptors, requires more robust investigation.
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in the use of psychedelic therapies for several mental and substance use disorders. Psilocybin, a "classic"...
The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2023
Summary
Many experience a "psychedelic afterglow" after using hallucinogens like psilocybin, often synthesized alkaloids. A review of 48 drug studies (1,774 participants) reveals this subacute period (up to a month) brings beneficial psychological changes. Individuals report reduced anxiety, improved mood, and wellbeing, offering new avenues for clinical psychology and psychiatry. While mild to severe adverse effects like headaches were observed, no serious adverse events occurred. Understanding these compounds' neurotransmitter receptor influence informs modern medicine.
Abstract
Background: Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist afte...
Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Molecules – April 13, 2022
Summary
For thousands of years, psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide held spiritual and medicinal value in ancient cultures. Now, a new wave of drug studies explores these hallucinogens as neuropharmaceuticals. Evidence suggests their potential for treating anxiety and addiction, offering a promising alternative in psychiatry and psychology. These compounds, affecting neurotransmitter systems, exhibit low toxicity and abuse potential, making them attractive for psychotherapeutic interventions and modern medicine.
Abstract
The word “psychedelic” (psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Os...
Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression
Nature Communications – February 12, 2025
Summary
A novel neuroscience approach accurately classifies psychoactive drugs, showing promise for future medicine. Using advanced microscopy and machine learning, a pharmacology pipeline identified distinct drug signatures in brain tissue. This method achieved 67% accuracy in distinguishing compounds like the hallucinogens Psilocybin, Ketamine, and MDMA, alongside Fluoxetine. Psilocybin was discriminated from other drugs with over 95% accuracy. Such precise drug studies advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, critical for developing new treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Psilocybin, ketamine, and MDMA are psychoactive compounds that exert behavioral effects with distinguishable but also overlapping features. The gro...
On serotonin, psychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and related disorders.
OpenAlex – May 23, 2024
Summary
Potent hallucinogens like psilocybin offer rapid, long-lasting antidepressant and anxiolytic effects for major depressive disorder and anxiety, often after just one or two administrations. Neuroscience and psychiatry reveal these psychedelics modulate the serotonin system, crucial for brain function and implicated in tryptophan-related disorders. Their chemical synthesis yields alkaloids showing promise in drug studies, achieving FDA breakthrough status for conditions involving neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity, revolutionizing psychology's approach to mental health.
Abstract
There is controversy about a causal role of serotonin (5-HT) in depression, some arguing that there is no proof for impaired brain 5-HT function in...
Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance
Psychopharmacology – January 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA experiences uniquely feature an emotionally intense profile alongside many cognitive process words, according to an analysis of 2947 online reports. This Psychology research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies examined language patterns from substances like Psilocybin, LSD, and the Hallucinogen Ayahuasca/DMT. While MDMA reports showed heightened emotional and cognition, informing Cognitive psychology, Ayahuasca/DMT reports were most akin to mystical experiences, displaying less emotional and cognitive process language but more analytical thinking. These distinct linguistic profiles offer insights for Clinical psychology treatments and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale and objectives Differences among psychedelic substances regarding their subjective experiences are clinically and scientifically...
Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Imagine a single treatment rapidly easing severe depression. Recent insights from clinical trials show certain psychedelics, like psilocybin, offer profound and sustained relief for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). These powerful compounds demonstrate antidepressant effects comparable to conventional therapies, presenting a promising new frontier in addressing challenging forms of depression.
Abstract
Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatme...
Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic compounds profoundly reorganize brain activity. Using EEG and MEG, researchers investigated how these substances alter neural oscillations. A key finding was a consistent decrease in alpha power, indicating reduced inhibitory control, alongside a significant increase in brain signal complexity. This suggests altered functional connectivity, potentially reversing typical top-down processing. These objective EEG markers offer valuable insights into the unique psychedelic experience and its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (...
Unequal representation? A cross-sectional analysis of age, sex, race, and ethnicity in clinical trials of classic psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 11, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin clinical trials, a key area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveal a significant lack of diversity. Across eight psilocybin trials (n=501), 87.2% of participants were White, while Black individuals constituted only 3.0% and Asian individuals 5.0%. Among those reporting ethnicity (n=134), 13.4% were Hispanic or Latino. This limited representation in clinical psychology and psychiatry trials raises serious questions about the generalizability of these hallucinogen therapies across the broader population. Ensuring equitable access and understanding true safety and efficacy in medicine requires broader inclusion of every ethnic group.
Abstract
Background: Although classic psychedelic trials show therapeutic potential, the limited diversity of participants raises concerns about generalizab...
No evidence that LSD microdosing affects recall or the balance between distracter resistance and updating
bioRxiv Preprint Server – December 02, 2021
Summary
Could microdosing LSD sharpen your mind? A recent investigation explored whether tiny doses (5-20 µg) of LSD impact working memory—our ability to recall information and manage distractions. Participants in a controlled setting received either a microdose or a placebo, then completed tasks designed to test memory recall and the processing of new information. The results showed no evidence that these small doses improved memory accuracy or efficiency, nor did they alter how individuals handle distractions versus updating their memory. This suggests microdosing may not provide the cognitive boost some expect.
Abstract
The effect of low doses (<=20 μg) of LSD on working memory, in the absence of altered states of consciousness, remain largely unexplored. Given its...
Investigating the Synergistic Neuroprotective Effects of Plant-Derived Antioxidants and the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.
Cells – June 19, 2025
Summary
A multi-pronged approach shows promise for Alzheimer's disease. A study investigated combining specific plant-derived bioactive compounds with the psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine. Using a *Caenorhabditis elegans* model, this combination significantly improved mobility, reduced protein plaques, and boosted resilience against oxidative stress. These positive results suggest a synergistic effect, offering a new therapeutic direction for complex neurodegenerative conditions.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and irrev...
Past-year hallucinogen use in relation to psychological distress, depression, and suicidality among US adults.
Addictive behaviors – September 01, 2022
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) use was linked to *reduced* psychological distress and suicidal thoughts among US adults. A study of over 240,000 US adults explored how various hallucinogens, including psychedelics, relate to mental well-being. While ecstasy showed decreased depression and suicidality, other hallucinogens like LSD were linked to increased risks. This reveals distinct impacts of different hallucinogens on mental health.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the clinical application of hallucinogenic substances to treat a range of psychiatric conditions. However, there is mi...
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids?
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Unlocking the full therapeutic potential of psychedelics like psilocybin and lsd hinges on understanding their metabolic journey. A review explored proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a powerful metabolomics tool. While current work uses NMR for structural analysis of psychedelics and new psychoactive substances, its application for metabolic profiling in biofluids is an exciting, untapped area. This approach, alongside mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, shows great promise for mapping how these compounds break down, offering valuable insights for future research.
Abstract
While psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for treating mental health disorders such as depression, further research is needed to better und...
United States National Institutes of Health grant funding for psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials from 2006-2020.
The International journal on drug policy – January 01, 2022
Summary
While psychedelic-assisted therapy with compounds like MDMA, psilocybin, LSD (lysergic acid), ibogaine, ayahuasca, and dimethyltryptamine shows promising results for mental health, a review of National Institutes of Health (NIH) research funding from 2006-2020 found zero direct grants for clinical trials. Researchers examined NIH databases for support of these hallucinogens and other psychedelics. Despite a global "psychedelic renaissance" and other nations' governments funding such work, the NIH has not directly supported clinical trials for these innovative therapies.
Abstract
Medicine is currently experiencing a "psychedelic renaissance", said by many to have commenced in 2006. Since then, clinical trials have consistent...
LC-MS/MS screening method for designer amphetamines, tryptamines, and piperazines in serum.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – April 01, 2010
Summary
The rapid evolution of designer drugs demands sophisticated detection methods. Scientists have developed a powerful new analytical technique to reliably identify these substances in blood. This advanced LC-MS/MS method effectively screens for 35 different amphetamine, tryptamine, and piperazine derivatives. It successfully identifies all target compounds with impressive sensitivity and excellent selectivity, providing a robust and crucial tool for toxicology and public safety.
Abstract
Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, derivatives of well-known designer drugs as well as new psychoactive compounds have been sold on the illicit ...
Psilocybin-induced stimulus control in the rat.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – October 01, 2007
Summary
Rats trained to recognize psilocybin revealed its unique brain effects involve a complex interplay of receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a prominent role in mediating psilocybin's distinct internal signal, yet it's not the sole factor. Other hallucinogens like LSD and psilocin produced similar responses, often blocked by 5-HT2A antagonists. Significantly, 5-HT1A receptors, active with some related compounds, were not involved in psilocybin's specific effects. This advances our understanding of psilocybin's precise mechanisms.
Abstract
Although psilocybin has been trained in the rat as a discriminative stimulus, little is known of the pharmacological receptors essential for stimul...
Altered consciousness states and endogenous psychoses: a common molecular pathway?
Schizophrenia research – December 19, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Interest in the role of indolamines in the pathogenesis of psychoses has been renewed in recent years by the development of atypical antipsychotic ...
Indolealkylamines and prolactin secretion. A structure-activity study in the central nervous system of the rat.
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 1985
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The present study was performed to examine the central effects of the indolealkylamine hallucinogens, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT), bufo...
11C-labeling of indolealkylamine alkaloids and the comparative study of their tissue distributions.
The International journal of applied radiation and isotopes – December 01, 1985
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Five indolealkylamines (N,N-dimethyltryptamine, N-methyltryptamine, bufotenine, O-methylbufotenine, N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine iodide) were labeled ...
Effects of apomorphine, clonidine or 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine on approach and escape components of lateral hypothalamic and mesencephalic central gray stimulation in two inbred strains of mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 1983
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of apomorphine, clonidine or 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine (5-m-DMT) on approach an...
Serotonin involvement in aversive conditioning: reversal of the fear retention deficit by long-term p-chloroamphetamine but not p-chlorophenylalanine.
Neuroscience letters – December 23, 1982
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a serotonin (5-HT) agonist, fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), which are 5-HT releasers, pro...
Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics.
Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) – January 01, 2022
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of research on the basic science and clinical understanding of psychedelics. This chapter provides an ...