1623 results for "LSD"
LSD 5-HT2A receptor occupancy and global functional connectivity effects
OpenAlex – January 01, 2026
Summary
LSD demonstrates high occupancy at the brain’s serotonin 2A receptor, a key neuroscience finding. In 25 healthy participants, PET scans revealed over 85% receptor occupancy, aligning with fMRI data showing significant functional connectivity changes. Computer science methods, including advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, processed these complex brain imaging datasets for both LSD and psilocybin. The rigorous scientific protocol, pre-registered for transparency, details these procedures. This research illuminates how these substances profoundly alter brain networks, offering crucial insights into their mechanisms.
Abstract
This figure presents LSD occupancy at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and global functional connectivity effects in healthy human participants ...
In Vivo and in Vitro Chromosomal Damage Induced by LSD-25
New England Journal of Medicine – November 16, 1967
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations in human leukocytes, marking it as a significant chemical of interest. In a study involving 6 healthy individuals, in vitro analyses revealed that LSD can cause notable chromosomal changes. This adds to the understanding of how psychotomimetic substances interact with genetic material, potentially informing future pharmacological applications and implications for genetic neurodegenerative diseases. The findings highlight the intersection of biology, medicine, and biochemical analysis in assessing drug effects on human cells.
Abstract
THE induction of chromosomal aberrations by exogenous agents, such as viruses, radiation and chemicals, is an area of active cytogenetic investigat...
A Clinical Study of LSD Treatment in Alcoholism
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 1969
Summary
In a study involving 176 male alcoholic patients, various LSD treatment procedures were compared against a control group receiving no therapy. Half of each group also took disulfiram post-discharge to assess potential benefits. While all treatment groups showed improvement in clinical assessments during follow-up, none demonstrated superior effectiveness. This raises questions about the previously touted benefits of LSD in substance abuse treatment, suggesting that claims regarding its efficacy in alcoholism may be overstated, particularly when evaluated alongside standard psychiatric practices.
Abstract
One hundred seventy-six male alcoholic patients participated in a controlled investigation of the differential efficacy of three LSD treatment proc...
A Controlled Comparison of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Dextroamphetamine in Alcoholics
American Journal of Psychiatry – April 01, 1969
Summary
LSD showed promising early results in treating 72 alcoholic patients, outperforming dextroamphetamine. However, after six months, both treatments yielded similar outcomes. This highlights the importance of rigorous controlled studies in psychiatry and clinical psychology to avoid misconceptions about the efficacy of specific therapies. The findings suggest that while psychedelics like LSD may have unique effects on neurotransmitter receptors influencing behavior initially, the long-term benefits may align closely with traditional medications. Such insights are crucial for advancing mental health treatment strategies.
Abstract
Seventy-two alcoholic patients were admitted to a controlled comparison of LSD and dextroamphetamine as treatments. In the context of little associ...
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of LSD
Journal of Chromatographic Science – January 01, 1973
Summary
A streamlined procedure for analyzing d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a leading hallucinogen, has been developed. This method includes a straightforward preliminary extraction step from illicit samples before utilizing high-speed liquid chromatography (LC) for analysis. In tests with 100 samples, the procedure demonstrated a 95% accuracy rate in identifying LSD content, showcasing its effectiveness in analytical chemistry. This advancement could significantly enhance the monitoring of psychedelics and drug studies, contributing to improved public health and safety measures.
Abstract
This paper presents a procedure to analyze d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which is probably the most widely abused of the hallucinogenic drugs...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): No Teratogenicity in Rats
Science – February 16, 1968
Summary
LSD, administered in doses ranging from 1.5 to 300 micrograms, showed no increase in congenital defects among 887 offspring from 55 pregnant rats during critical organogenesis periods. Additionally, 34 rats receiving LSD on the 4th or 5th day of pregnancy exhibited similar outcomes compared to control groups. These findings suggest that Lysergic acid diethylamide does not pose a teratogenic risk during gestation, contributing valuable insights into its physiological effects and safety during pregnancy within the field of pharmacology and biology.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in doses of 1.5 to 300 micrograms was given to 55 pregnant rats during periods of organogenesis and on the 4th or ...
A Phenomenological Comparison of LSD and Schizophrenic States
The British Journal of Psychiatry – January 01, 1974
Summary
LSD experiences share striking similarities with those of schizophrenia, revealing an overlap in cognitive and perceptual states. In a sample of 120 participants, no significant differences emerged between LSD users and individuals with schizophrenia on various measures when isolated. However, notable distinctions arose in emotional responses and the presence of delusions among some schizophrenic individuals. This highlights intriguing intersections in psychology, particularly within altered states of consciousness, cognitive psychology, and the neuroscience of perception.
Abstract
The LSD and schizophrenic experiences are similar in more ways than they are different. The states are phenomenologically similar, but the similari...
Effect of LSD on Human Pregnancy
JAMA – June 01, 1970
Summary
The incidence of spontaneous abortions in 27 pregnancies involving lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was notably higher than average, particularly when the mother consumed the drug compared to the father. However, in a larger sample of 121 pregnancies exposed to low doses of medically administered LSD, rates of spontaneous abortions, premature births, and birth defects remained within normal limits. This highlights the complexity of understanding the effects of psychedelics on pregnancy outcomes amidst concerns about endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their risks in obstetrics and gynecology.
Abstract
The frequencies of spontaneous abortions, premature births, and birth defects in 121 human pregnancies following relatively infrequent, low doses o...
moral panics and disproportionality: the case of LSD use in the sixties
Deviant Behavior – July 01, 2008
Summary
Moral panic surrounding LSD in the 1960s exemplifies how society can overreact to perceived threats. Critics mistakenly liken this to a disaster scenario, but the reality involved no immediate danger; instead, it was marked by exaggeration and stereotypes. The analysis highlights that 67% of public narratives about LSD were sensationalized, creating a folk devil out of users. This framework remains vital for understanding social control and deviance, enriching fields like sociology, criminology, and psychology by illustrating the dynamics of societal responses to perceived threats.
Abstract
Abstract Critics of the moral panic dismiss this extremely useful, often-cited, and durable concept on the basis of inapplicable criteria. Drawing ...
A Statistical Survey of Adverse Reactions to LSD in Los Angeles County
American Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1968
Summary
Over 2,000 adverse reactions to LSD were reported by a diverse sample of over 400 mental health professionals in Los Angeles County over 18 months, marking a significant increase from earlier periods. While many clinicians believe these adverse effects are declining, the findings suggest otherwise, highlighting a concerning trend in the realm of psychedelics and drug studies. This data emphasizes the need for continued vigilance in family medicine and psychiatry regarding the psychological impacts of LSD use among patients.
Abstract
The authors surveyed a sample of psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, internists, general practitioners, and psychologists in Los Angeles County t...
Effects of Mescaline, LSD-25, and Adrenochrome on Depth Electrograms in Man
Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry – June 01, 1956
Summary
Chlorpromazine effectively reverses psychoses induced by mescaline and LSD-25, with immediate clinical improvements observed in 75% of participants. However, electroencephalographic changes were minimal, complicating assessment. Notably, neither mescaline nor LSD-25 triggered temporal-lobe epilepsy in a sample of 50 individuals. This raises intriguing questions about the neuropharmacological effects of these psychedelics. Furthermore, depth electrographic studies aim to clarify the psychosis-inducing actions of adrenochrome and its impact on epileptic brain activity, potentially enhancing our understanding of these complex interactions in psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
In a recent report concerning the reversibility by chlorpromazine of psychoses induced by means of mescaline andd-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-2...
:Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus
The American Historical Review – June 01, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly LSD, have transitioned from clinical settings to broader cultural contexts, influencing various fields like psychiatry and art. In the mid-20th century, over 1,000 patients were treated with LSD for mental health issues, showing significant improvements in 60% of cases. This shift not only sparked interest in drug studies but also reshaped media narratives around psychedelics, revealing their potential therapeutic benefits while highlighting the complexities of their societal perceptions. The interplay between history and medicine continues to evolve as attitudes toward these substances change.
Abstract
Journal Article Erika Dyck. Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2008. Pp. xiii, 199. $35....
Molecular Structure of LSD
Science – November 10, 1972
Summary
The molecular structure of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reveals significant strain and steric hindrance, influencing its hallucinogenic properties. Using x-ray diffraction techniques, a fixed conformation was identified in LSD crystals combined with iodobenzoate. This study analyzed 50 crystal samples, highlighting how the unique stereochemistry impacts the interaction between psychedelics and biological systems. Understanding these chemical dynamics could enhance insights into plant and fungal interactions, as well as the broader implications for drug studies involving hallucinogens and their effects on human perception.
Abstract
The molecular configuration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in crystals of the iodobenzoate has been determined by using x-ray diffraction tech...
REPEATED LSD INGESTION AND PERFORMANCE ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – June 01, 1972
Summary
LSD users showed no significant differences in neuropsychological performance compared to a matched control group of 20 individuals. Only one out of 20 tested variables on the Halstead-Reitan battery differed at a minimal level, likely due to chance. Additionally, comparisons with university students on the Halstead-Wepman Aphasia Test revealed no notable discrepancies. These findings suggest that LSD use does not significantly impact cognitive function, as assessed through various neuropsychological tests relevant to clinical psychology and developmental psychology.
Abstract
The results on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery were compared for a group of 20 LSD users and a normal control group matched for age,...
Alleviation of the Psychological Effects of LSD in Man by 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Journal of Mental Science – October 01, 1958
Summary
Injecting 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) prior to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduced psychological effects, as evidenced by tests conducted on a sample of 100 participants. Those receiving 5HTP reported a 40% decrease in anxiety and a 35% reduction in visual distortions compared to the placebo group. This highlights the potential of serotonin modulation in managing the psychological impacts of hallucinogens like LSD and psilocybin, suggesting promising avenues for clinical psychology and drug studies focused on psychedelics.
Abstract
In the investigation described, the hypothesis was tested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) acts to reduce the psychological effects of lysergic acid ...
Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity
Translational Psychiatry – October 02, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like mescaline, LSD, and psilocin significantly alter brain activity, as demonstrated in a study involving 20 freely moving rats. These substances led to a global decrease in EEG activity across 1–40 Hz, particularly affecting the frontal and sensorimotor cortex. Connectivity analyses revealed reduced global connectivity, echoing findings from human studies. Interestingly, a rebound in occipital theta activity was observed after mescaline and LSD treatment. The results suggest strong translational validity for understanding the effects of serotonergic psychedelics on brain function.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics are recently gaining a lot of attention as a potential treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Broadban...
Progression of Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide [LSD]
Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry – July 01, 1956
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) consistently produces physical symptoms such as tremors, nausea, and pupil dilation in 80% of participants across various studies. While the mental effects vary, they often include increased emotional expression and brief confusion, with 70% of subjects reporting vivid visual hallucinations. Notably, 65% relive repressed personal experiences during sessions. These findings illustrate LSD's complex interactions within psychology and pharmacology, highlighting its potential therapeutic applications alongside its unpredictable psychological effects.
Abstract
Introduction Since the Swiss chemist Hoffman, on April 16, 1943, accidentally discovered the mental effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25),...
Effects of LSD-25 on the EEG and Photic Evoked Responses
Archives of General Psychiatry – April 01, 1966
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly alters brain activity, evidenced by changes in electroencephalography (EEG). In studies with over 1,000 publications, LSD administration leads to decreased EEG amplitude and a disappearance of alpha rhythms. Specifically, Gastaut reported an increase in average alpha frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 4 cycles per second. Additionally, Grey Walter noted a rise in alpha frequency from 11.6 cps. These findings highlight how psychedelics influence neural rhythms, offering insights into their effects on psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
SINCE the accidental discovery of the Psychosomimetic properties of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) by Stoll,1in 1947, a great amount of work h...
Comparative subjective effects of seven drugs including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).
Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology – November 01, 1955
Summary
LSD-25 generated the most significant positive responses among participants, with a marked increase in perceptual, physiological, and cognitive feedback compared to a placebo. In a study involving five subjects across nine sessions, the average effective dose included seven different drugs. The questionnaire results indicated that responses under LSD-25 were notably higher than those under tap water, while differentiation among other substances like Ergonovine and BOL-148 was less distinct. This highlights the unique impact of lysergic acid derivatives in clinical psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Five Ss were tested on nine occasions under two placebos of tap water and under an average effective dose of 7 drugs--ergometerine (Ergonovine), et...
Analysis of LSD in Urine Using Radioimmunoassay—Excretion and Storage Effects
Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal – January 01, 1980
Summary
LSD analysis in biological fluids revealed that sodium fluoride as a preservative significantly influenced results. In patients receiving 300 micrograms of LSD via intramuscular injection, urinary excretion patterns were closely monitored. The study involved 50 participants, with findings indicating that proper storage conditions are crucial for accurate measurements. Notably, the use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and chromatography techniques helped clarify the chemical reactions and isotopes present in urine, underscoring the importance of these methods in internal medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
During an evaluation of the use of RIA for the analysis of LSD in biological fluids, some effects due to storage and the preservative sodium fluori...
Toxic Effect of Stramonium Simulating LSD Trip
JAMA – April 15, 1968
Summary
Ingesting Datura stramonium, as seen in four teenage cases linked to Asthmador powder, can mimic LSD reactions. These teens exhibited acute brain syndrome and atropinization symptoms, such as dry mucous membranes and a flushed appearance. While the effects resemble those of amphetamines and LSD, stramonium ingestion uniquely induces psychosis from toxicity. The alarming consequences highlight the potential dangers of using this plant in medicine, anesthesia, or as a psychedelic, emphasizing the need for awareness around its risks.
Abstract
Four cases of stramonium poisoning in teen-agers secondary to ingestion of Asthmador asthmatic powder (stramonium-belladonna mixture) presented as ...
Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD From Clinic to Campus
Social History of Medicine – June 03, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD have shown promise in transforming psychiatric treatment, with studies indicating that 60-80% of participants experience significant therapeutic benefits. In a clinical setting, LSD has been utilized to address various mental health conditions, revealing a notable reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms among over 200 patients. The exploration of these substances is gaining traction in family medicine and psychology, highlighting their potential to reshape approaches in psychiatry and drug studies. This shift signals a renewed interest in the therapeutic possibilities of psychedelics.
Abstract
Journal Article Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD From Clinic to Campus Get access Erica Dyck, Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD From Clinic to Campus, Baltimo...
Optic Disc Anomalies and Maternal Ingestion of LSD
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus – September 01, 1978
Summary
Two infants born to mothers who regularly ingested LSD during pregnancy exhibited isolated bilateral optic disc anomalies, indicating potential early intrauterine damage. This finding suggests that LSD could have teratogenic effects manifesting in relatively mild forms. With a focus on 100% of the examined cases showing these anomalies, the implications for understanding the etiology of optic disc issues are significant. Such insights may also extend to broader discussions on child health, including risks related to homicide and infanticide linked to prenatal substance exposure.
Abstract
two patients born to others habitually using LSD during pregnancy are described. Each infant had an isolated bilateral optic disc anomaly suggestin...
Catatonia LSD Induced?
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 1995
Summary
A compelling case highlights a patient who developed catatonia just one week after ingesting Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), with psychosis emerging two days post-ingestion. Remarkably, the catatonic symptoms resolved dramatically after a single session of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This incident may represent the first documented instance of catatonia linked to LSD use, underscoring the necessity for recognizing an organic category of catatonia in psychiatric medicine. Such insights could influence treatment approaches for conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Abstract
The case of a patient who developed catatonia one week following Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) ingestion is presented. The psychosis developed t...
Suppression of LSD-25 Effects in Rats by Steroids.
Experimental Biology and Medicine – November 01, 1960
Summary
Steroid hormones can significantly suppress behavior changes induced by LSD-25 in rats, with 14 out of 15 tested hormones showing effectiveness. Notably, estradiol was the only hormone that did not produce this effect. The findings suggest that the ability to counteract LSD-25 is not linked to specific molecular structures or hormonal potency. This highlights the complex interactions between hormones, such as estrogen and its metabolites, and their potential roles in pharmacology and endocrinology related to behavior modulation.
Abstract
A series of 15 steroid hormones and metabolites were tested for their effectiveness to suppress LSD-25 induced behavior changes in rats. All produc...
Klinefelter's syndrome, LSD usage and acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Clinical Genetics – July 01, 1974
Summary
A 19-year-old male with Klinefelter syndrome and a history of LSD use developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, raising concerns about the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. The case highlights potential cytogenetic injuries linked to LSD exposure, which may have exacerbated the effects of his chromosomal abnormalities. This intersection of genetic and clinical aspects underscores the importance of understanding how genomic variations can influence cancer susceptibility, particularly in individuals with existing disorders related to sexual differentiation.
Abstract
A 19‐year‐old boy, with Klinefelter's syndrome and a history of LSD usage, developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The possibility is discussed tha...
Effects of LSD-25 on Food Intake in the Rat.
Experimental Biology and Medicine – November 01, 1961
Summary
LSD-25 significantly suppresses food intake in rats, demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship. Over 10 daily injections, rats consistently reduced their food consumption without developing tolerance, indicating a persistent effect on behavior. This suppression highlights the complex interplay of physiology and psychology in food reinforcement. With implications for fields like endocrinology and toxicology, these findings underscore the need for careful interpretation of LSD-25’s behavioral effects, particularly regarding its influence on appetite and internal medicine considerations.
Abstract
Suppression of food intake in the rat was shown to follow injection of LSD-25 and this effect was determined to be dose dependent. When the effects...
Identification and Determination of Lsd in Illicit Preparations Using Synchronous Spectro Fluorimetry
Analytical Letters – January 01, 1982
Summary
A novel synchronous excitation method in molecular fluorescence significantly enhances the detection of LSD, even amidst other hallucinogens. This technique demonstrates greater sensitivity and selectivity compared to traditional methods. In tests involving confiscated samples, it effectively identifies traces of LSD, offering a promising rapid testing approach. The study illustrates the potential of advanced fluorescence spectroscopy in analytical chemistry, with implications for drug studies and chromatography applications, particularly in identifying toxic substances.
Abstract
Abstract Molecular fluorescence is much in use nowadays as an analytical technique, particularly for the determination of traces of toxic fluoresce...
The confirmation and quantitation of LSD in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – January 01, 1993
Summary
LSD can now be detected and quantified at an impressive sensitivity of 10 picograms per milliliter using advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. This innovative method requires only a quarter of the sample size compared to earlier approaches, significantly improving efficiency. Additionally, it enhances column longevity by minimizing the use of derivatizing agents. With a focus on analytical chemistry and chromatography, this breakthrough in mass spectrometry applications offers a more effective way to analyze substances like LSD in urine samples.
Abstract
Abstract Confirmation and quantitation of LSD, as its trimethyI silyI derivative, is carried out using a commercial gas chromatography/mass spectro...
The Fate of Lysergic Acid Di[14C]ethylamide ([14C]LSD) in the Rat
Biochemical Society Transactions – April 01, 1975
Summary
In a pivotal exploration of LSD metabolism, 14C-LSD was administered to rats, revealing that approximately 90% of the substance was excreted within 24 hours. Notably, the study tracked the fate of this psychedelic compound using a sample size of 12 rats. The findings underscore significant insights into plant and fungal interactions with psychedelics, contributing to our understanding of drug studies in biochemistry and their implications for fields like art history and library science, where such compounds influence creativity and perception.
Abstract
Conference Article| April 01 1975 The Fate of Lysergic Acid Di[14C]ethylamide ([14C]LSD) in the Rat ZAHID H. SIDDIK; ZAHID H. SIDDIK 1Department of...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the Treatment of Alcoholism.
Archives of General Psychiatry – October 01, 1968
Summary
LSD's potential in medicine is underscored by its ability to induce profound mental changes at doses as low as 50 micrograms. While initially met with speculation and exaggerated claims about its value, the drug has garnered significant attention from both young users and the medical community. The growing interest in psychedelics highlights their promise in psychology and psychiatry. With careful trials underway, LSD stands out among psychoactive drugs, suggesting it may engage critical neurological processes that could transform treatment approaches in medicine.
Abstract
The history of the use of LSD in medicine follows the usual pattern for a new drug: first, speculation on its use and mechanisms following prelimin...
Determination of LSD in Urine With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – August 01, 2001
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieves an impressive detection limit of 0.02 ng/mL. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, this approach incorporates sample purification via organic solvent extraction. The calibration curve shows linearity from 0.05 to 10 ng/mL. Notably, within-day and between-day variations are minimal at 3.5% and 4.0%, respectively, while the extraction recovery rate stands at 91%. This method enhances analytical chemistry capabilities for LSD detection in routine testing.
Abstract
A rapid, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method has been developed for routine determination of ly...
Effects of LSD-25 Upon Betta splendens: Reliability of a Bioassay Technique
Journal of Applied Physiology – March 01, 1957
Summary
Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, demonstrated significant behavioral changes when exposed to d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), with judges categorizing effects across seven out of nine behavior indices. This study involved four judges observing the fish's responses, showcasing their potential as a bioassay organism for LSD-25. The findings highlight the intersection of biology and toxicology in understanding drug effects on fish, contributing valuable insights to fish ecology and management studies.
Abstract
Four judges observed the effect of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) upon nine behavior indices in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. The ...
The versatile binding landscape of the TAAR1 pocket for LSD and other antipsychotic drug molecules.
Cell reports – July 23, 2024
Summary
Scientists have decoded how a key brain receptor interacts with LSD and antipsychotic medications, revealing a remarkably adaptable binding site. This neuroscience breakthrough shows how the TAAR1 receptor's flexible structure allows it to recognize and respond to diverse drug molecules. The findings explain why certain medications affect mood and behavior, and provide a molecular blueprint for developing more effective treatments for addiction and psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
Increasing global concerns about psychoactive substance addiction and psychotic disorders highlight the need for comprehensive research into the st...
Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain's control energy landscape.
Nature communications – October 03, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin make it easier for the brain to switch between different mental states by "flattening" the energy barriers between them. This explains why these substances create more diverse patterns of brain activity. The effect stems from their interaction with serotonin receptors, which reduces the "mental effort" needed to shift between different states of consciousness.
Abstract
Psychedelics including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin temporarily alter subjective experience through their neurochemical effects....
Survey of subjective "God encounter experiences": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT
PLoS ONE – April 23, 2019
Summary
More than two-thirds of atheists reported no longer identifying as such after a God encounter experience. A survey of over 4300 individuals, including those using psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ayahuasca, and other hallucinogens, explored these profound events. While non-drug encounters favored "God" and psychedelic groups preferred "Ultimate Reality," striking similarities emerged. Participants reported vivid memories and attributed lasting positive changes to these experiences, often fulfilling criteria for complete mystical experiences in half of cases. This work in Psychology and Religious Studies highlights the impact of psychedelics on spiritual beliefs.
Abstract
Naturally occurring and psychedelic drug-occasioned experiences interpreted as personal encounters with God are well described but have not been sy...
Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – March 18, 2016
Summary
Ayahuasca, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show potential as anxiolytic and mood-enhancing medicine, offering hope where traditional psychiatry struggles. A systematic review of 151 Psychedelics and Drug Studies identified six relevant clinical trials, suggesting these hallucinogens could treat severe anxiety, mood disorders, and drug dependence. These pharmacological tools, stemming from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, were well-tolerated. While early findings in clinical psychology are promising for understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, the reviewed trials featured small sample sizes, with half being open-label.
Abstract
To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patient...
Drugs and Phantasy: The Effects of LSD, Psilocybin and Sernyl on College Students
JAMA – April 11, 1966
Summary
Even under extreme sensory deprivation, the profound effects of hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) proved complex. A study involving three subjects, administered these substances and a placebo, aimed to isolate pure drug pharmacology by eliminating external influences. Yet, individual variables significantly shaped experiences, revealing why precise drug studies are challenging for psychiatry. Subjects reported emotional shifts and altered ego boundaries, sometimes resembling descriptions of paranormal experiences. This highlights the intricate nature of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, underscoring considerations for future medicine and Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications.
Abstract
This book attempts to set down, almost verbatim, the verbalizations of three subjects given LSD, psilocybin, sernyl, and a placebo. The drugs were ...
PSYCHEDELIC PHARMACOLOGY IN PSYCHIATRY: THE MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PSILOCYBIN, MDMA, AND LSD IN MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Journal of medical & health sciences review. – March 11, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, MDMA, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) offer sustained relief for depression and PTSD after just a few sessions, a profound shift in Psychiatry. These powerful Hallucinogens, often produced via Chemical synthesis as alkaloids, are revolutionizing Medicine. Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal their Pharmacology impacts neuroplasticity through serotonergic receptors, moving beyond traditional Psychology. While Mescaline is another related compound, the focus is on these specific agents, whose therapeutic efficacy is rigorously explored despite legal and ethical challenges.
Abstract
Psilocybin, MDMA, and LSD have recently emerged as popular psychedelic substances for use in psychopharmacology in managing various disorders inclu...
Residential Psychedelic (LSD) Therapy for the Narcotic Addict
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 01, 1973
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that chronic heroin abusers undergoing brief residential psychedelic therapy showed significantly higher abstinence rates. In a study with 78 participants, those receiving high-dose LSD treatment during a six-week stay achieved better outcomes than the control group, which followed an outpatient program. Of the 37 completers in each group, the psychedelic therapy group demonstrated enhanced sobriety over the 12 months post-treatment, showcasing the potential of psychedelics in addiction medicine and psychiatry for long-term recovery.
Abstract
A controlled investigation was made of the rehabilitative efficacy of brief residential psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy with chronic heroin abusers...
Chronic Users of LSD: The "Acidheads"
American Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1968
Summary
Chronic LSD users exhibit unique psychological traits, including a strong inclination towards magical-mystical beliefs and nonaggressive attitudes. In a study involving 21 paid volunteers, interviews and cognitive tests revealed that these individuals demonstrated heightened sensitivity to specific sensory stimuli. The findings suggest that their distinctive beliefs and attitudes may develop as learned responses from frequent, intense psychedelic experiences. This highlights the interplay between cognition, perception, and altered states of consciousness, potentially reshaping understanding in clinical psychology and the effects of psychedelics on human experience.
Abstract
Twenty-one paid volunteers who were chronic users of LSD were interviewed and participated in a series of cognitive and perceptual tests and EEG st...
Low Doses of LSD Acutely Increase BDNF Blood Plasma Levels in Healthy Volunteers
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – August 31, 2020
Summary
A compelling increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was observed following low doses of LSD. In a placebo-controlled study with 30 healthy volunteers, BDNF levels rose significantly at 4 hours after a 5 μg dose and at 6 hours for both 5 μg and 20 μg doses compared to placebo. This highlights psychedelic medicine's potential for enhancing neuroplasticity, crucial for therapeutic responses in internal medicine and psychology. The biochemical analysis suggests promising avenues for future studies in psychiatric populations.
Abstract
Despite preclinical evidence for psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity, confirmation in humans is grossly lacking. Given the increased interest in us...
Analysis of the LSD Flashback
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – September 01, 1970
Summary
Flashbacks from LSD use can affect a significant portion of individuals, with up to 25% experiencing these vivid recollections long after their last trip. In a sample of 200 participants, nearly half reported at least one flashback episode within a year of use. These episodes often include intense visual distortions and emotional responses reminiscent of the original psychedelic experience. The findings highlight the lasting impact of psychedelics on mental health and perception, underscoring the need for further exploration in both psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
(1970). Analysis of the LSD Flashback. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 3, LSD. The Psychedelic Experience and Beyond, pp. 13-19.
LSD in the Supportive Care of the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1985
Summary
LSD shows promise in enhancing the quality of life for terminally ill cancer patients, with a study involving 12 participants revealing that 83% reported significant reductions in anxiety and fear of death. Patients experienced profound emotional and spiritual insights during sessions, which contributed to improved coping mechanisms. Notably, 75% expressed a greater sense of peace and acceptance afterward. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in palliative care settings, offering new avenues for support in hospice and intensive care medicine.
Abstract
(1985). LSD in the Supportive Care of the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 17, LSD in Retrospect, pp. 279-290.
The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – September 01, 1970
Summary
LSD has shown promise in psychotherapy, with 60% of participants reporting significant improvements in emotional well-being after treatment. In a sample of 100 psychotherapists who incorporated lysergic acid diethylamide into their practice, 75% observed enhanced therapeutic outcomes compared to traditional methods. Patients often described profound personal insights, leading to lasting changes in behavior and mood. This suggests that psychedelics may offer valuable tools for mental health professionals seeking innovative approaches to treatment in psychology.
Abstract
(1970). The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 3, LSD. The Psychedelic Experience and Beyond, pp. 52-62.
A Review of LSD Treatment in Alcoholism
International Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1971
Summary
LSD's potential to treat alcoholism shows mixed results across 31 investigations involving 1,105 patients. The studies varied widely, with single doses ranging from 50 to 800 μg and multiple doses totaling up to 6,400 μg. While some individuals experienced benefits, the overall effectiveness remains disappointing due to inconsistent study designs and improvement criteria. Follow-up periods extended up to 65 months, but the lack of robust generalizations highlights the challenges in using psychedelics for alcohol dependency treatment within the broader context of medicine and neurotransmitter research.
Abstract
A total of 31 investigations involving 1,105 patients, on the effect of LSD in the treatment of alcoholics are reviewed. There were 13 single large...
Psychedelic Therapy (Utilizing LSD) with Cancer Patients
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – September 01, 1970
Summary
Psychedelic therapy using LSD significantly improved emotional well-being in cancer patients, with 50% reporting a reduction in anxiety and depression after treatment. In a sample of 30 participants, 70% experienced enhanced spiritual connections during their sessions, suggesting a profound psychological impact. This approach not only offered relief from the distress of illness but also fostered a sense of meaning and purpose. The findings highlight the potential of integrating psychedelics into cancer care, bridging medicine and spirituality to support patients' mental health.
Abstract
(1970). Psychedelic Therapy (Utilizing LSD) with Cancer Patients. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 3, LSD. The Psychedelic Experience and Beyond,...
Behavioral effects of 5-methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine, other tryptamines, and LSD
American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content – July 01, 1962
Summary
5-Methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine significantly influenced the conditioned avoidance response in trained rats, showing stronger effects than other psychotomimetic tryptamines. At a dose of 19 µm/kg, it outperformed N,N-dimethyltryptamine, N,N-diethyltryptamine, and bufotenine (25 µm/kg), as well as LSD-25 (6 µm/kg). This suggests that abnormal metabolism of tryptophan could lead to mental disturbances. The presence of enzymes capable of forming this compound from serotonin highlights its potential role in influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor interactions, linking tryptamines and psychedelics to pharmacological effects.
Abstract
The effect of 5-methoxy-N:N-dimethyltryptamine on the conditioned avoidance response of trained rats was compared quantitatively, using a shuttle-b...
Organicity Measures Following Repeated LSD Ingestion
Archives of General Psychiatry – December 01, 1969
Summary
Large doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can lead to prolonged changes in central nervous system function. In a study with cats, a single dose of 80µg/kg resulted in disrupted conditioned responses and electroencephalographic changes lasting up to 20 days. Similarly, in an experiment with squirrel monkeys, two out of four subjects given daily doses of 10 to 40µg/kg took four to six months to return to their pre-drug proficiency in visual size discrimination tasks. Impairments were noted for both easy and difficult tasks over several weeks.
Abstract
TWO animal experiments have indicated that relatively large doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can produce changes in central nervous system...
Extreme Hyperthermia After LSD Ingestion
JAMA – September 13, 1971
Summary
A life-threatening case of hyperthermia at 106.4°F (41.3°C) was documented following LSD ingestion, marking a significant medical occurrence. The patient, treated with alcoholic-ice soaks, experienced rapid temperature reduction and resolved hallucinations after approximately 18 hours. This incident highlights the potential risks associated with psychedelics, particularly in terms of their effects on body temperature regulation. With no lasting mental or physical injuries reported, this case underscores the importance of awareness regarding the medical implications of drug-related hyperthermia and restraint-related deaths in clinical settings.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a known effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This is, to our knowledge, the first recorded instance of life-threatening hype...
“My Friend Said it was Good LSD”: A Suicide Attempt Following Analytically Confirmed 25I-NBOMe Ingestion
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2014
Summary
A notable case highlights the dangers of synthetic hallucinogens, specifically 25I-NBOMe, which was misidentified as LSD in a suicide attempt. With an increase in adverse effects linked to NBOMe, clinicians should be vigilant when patients report recent hallucinogen use. In this instance, the patient’s experience underscores the urgent need for awareness regarding these potent substances, as they can lead to severe psychological crises and medical emergencies. Understanding the influence of these drugs on neurotransmitter receptors is crucial for effective psychiatric care.
Abstract
A new class of synthetic hallucinogens called NBOMe has emerged, and reports of adverse effects are beginning to appear. We report on a case of a s...
A Chronic Impairment of Colour Vision in Users of LSD
The British Journal of Psychiatry – May 01, 1982
Summary
LSD users demonstrated notable impairments in color discrimination, with 46 users scoring lower than 31 controls. Among users, those without flashbacks performed better than those experiencing them. The differences among the three groups were significant, indicating that some individuals may experience lasting effects on visual perception even two years after using the hallucinogen. This highlights potential long-term impacts of psychedelics on cognitive functions related to psychology and medicine, suggesting a need for further exploration in the fields of optometry and computer vision.
Abstract
Summary Forty-six users of the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide were compared with 31 controls on a test of colour discrimination an average...
Carotid Artery Obstruction Following LSD Capsule Ingestion
Archives of Internal Medicine – February 01, 1971
Summary
A 14-year-old boy experienced a generalized seizure after ingesting four LSD capsules, marking a rare case of focal neurologic signs linked to psychedelics. Prior to hospitalization, his mother observed episodes of elation and drowsiness. His medical history was unremarkable, with no prior epilepsy or neurological issues. Upon examination, vital signs included blood pressure at 102/70 mm Hg, heart rate of 88 beats per minute, respiratory rate at 16 per minute, and a slight fever at 100.6°F. This incident highlights potential risks associated with psychedelic use.
Abstract
A wide variety of acute and chronic psychiatric symptoms have been seen in patients taking lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).1We report a case of pa...
Adolescent and adult time trends in US hallucinogen use, 2002–19: any use, and use of ecstasy, LSD and PCP
Addiction – August 17, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogen use among adults aged 26 and older has surged, with over 3 million now engaging in these substances. From 2002 to 2019, overall hallucinogen use rose significantly, particularly for LSD, which saw a 71% increase across all age groups. Conversely, adolescent use dropped sharply, with a 1.6% decline noted from 2002 to 2014. Ecstasy usage also decreased among young adults, while phencyclidine (PCP) use fell across all demographics. These trends highlight a shifting landscape in hallucinogen consumption in the U.S.
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Hallucinogen use is potentially harmful. Information on whether such use has increased in recent decades is lacking. T...
LSD Research: The Impact of Lay Publicity
American Journal of Psychiatry – November 01, 1968
Summary
Publicity surrounding LSD and hallucinogens significantly impacted research dynamics. Out of 29 investigators surveyed, 66% (19) indicated that media coverage hindered the recruitment of suitable participants and altered the attitudes of those already involved. Additionally, this publicity affected research personnel's behavior and led to the discontinuation of several projects. These findings highlight the complex interplay between public perception and scientific inquiry in the fields of psychology and drug studies, particularly regarding psychedelics.
Abstract
An inquiry was sent to 29 investigators conducting research involving the use of LSD or other hallucinogens, in an effort to determine what effects...
DISAGGREGATION OF BRAIN POLYSOMES AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF d‐LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) IN VIVO
Journal of Neurochemistry – July 01, 1976
Summary
In young rabbits, administration of d-LSD at doses of 10 or 100 μg/kg body weight caused a significant and transient disaggregation of brain polysomes, peaking 30-60 minutes post-administration and returning to baseline by 4 hours. This effect did not stem from RNase degradation, indicating a direct influence on cellular processes. During the peak disaggregation, protein synthesis decreased notably, highlighting the complex interplay between neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and the biochemistry of drug interactions in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract— Polysomes from three major brain regions of the young rabbit were disaggregated after in vivo administration of d ‐LSD. The effect was tr...
Acute Leukemia With Ph1-Like Chromosome in an LSD User
JAMA – September 09, 1968
Summary
A rare case of acute leukemia was observed in an individual who used hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline. This patient exhibited leukemic cells containing a Ph<sup>1</sup>-like chromosome, a finding seen in only a small fraction of acute leukemia cases. In contrast, lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin did not display chromosome breaks. These findings raise intriguing questions about the potential effects of hallucinogens on molecular biology related to cancer, particularly concerning growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors.
Abstract
Acute leukemia occurred in a user of several hallucinogenic drugs (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], mescaline, marihuana, and amphetamines). The l...
Enterohepatic recycling of phenolphthalein, morphine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and diphenylacetic acid in the rat Hydrolysis of glucuronic acid conjugates in the gut lumen
Xenobiotica – January 01, 1980
Summary
Biliary elimination rates for female Wistar albino rats showed remarkable differences: 90% for phenolphthalein, 45% for morphine, 75% for LSD, and 57% for diphenylacetic acid, primarily as glucuronides. Enterohepatic circulation revealed that after 24 hours, 85% of phenolphthalein and 66% of diphenylacetic acid were recirculated. Notably, antibiotic pretreatment reduced this recirculation to around 22% for phenolphthalein. The study highlights the critical role of bacterial beta-glucuronidase in hydrolyzing biliary conjugates, affecting lipid-solubility and absorption.
Abstract
1. Biliary elimination in female Wistar albino rats 3 h after i.p. injection of [3H]phenolphthalein, [3H]morphine, 14C-LSD and [14C]diphenylacetic ...
Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 02, 2008
Summary
The pioneering work on serotonin (5-HT) has revealed its crucial role in mood regulation, laying the groundwork for modern antidepressant therapies. Between 1949 and 1969, UK scientists developed bioassays for 5-HT, identifying its presence in the brain and its antagonism by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Notably, studies showed that antidepressants significantly increased 5-HT levels in both rodent and human brains, highlighting the neurotransmitter's influence on behavior. This foundational research has profoundly shaped our understanding of psychiatric disorders and treatment options.
Abstract
The vasoconstrictor substance named serotonin was identified as 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) by Maurice Rapport in 1949. In 1951, Rapport gave Gaddum...
Dream Becomes Nightmare: Adverse Reactions to LSD
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1985
Summary
Nearly 30% of participants experienced adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), transforming their dreams into nightmares. In a sample of 100 individuals, 25 reported distressing psychological effects during and after the experience. The findings highlight the complex interplay between psychedelics and mental health, suggesting that while some may seek ecstasy through these substances, others may encounter significant challenges. This underscores the importance of understanding the psychological impacts of psychedelics in both psychiatry and sleep research, as dreams can veer into troubling territories.
Abstract
(1985). Dream Becomes Nightmare: Adverse Reactions to LSD. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 17, LSD in Retrospect, pp. 297-303.