1623 results for "LSD"
An open-label pilot trial assessing tolerability and feasibility of LSD microdosing in patients with major depressive disorder (LSDDEP1).
Pilot and feasibility studies – October 05, 2023
Summary
A groundbreaking trial explores microdosing with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder. Twenty patients received tiny doses of LSD twice weekly for 8 weeks. The study found the treatment was generally well-tolerated, with high attendance rates and promising early signs of reduced depression symptoms.
Abstract
Globally, an estimated 260 million people suffer from depression [1], and there is a clear need for the development of new, alternative antidepress...
LSDDEP2: study protocol for a randomised, double-dummy, triple-blind, active placebo-controlled, parallel groups trial of LSD microdosing in patients with major depressive disorder.
Trials – August 24, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking trial explores microdosing LSD as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder. This first-of-its-kind randomized controlled trial will test sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelics, with participants taking small amounts twice weekly at home. The 8-week study measures mood improvements while carefully monitoring safety and effectiveness through brain activity, blood markers, and sleep patterns.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) poses a significant global health burden with available treatments limited by inconsistent efficacy and notable sid...
LSD-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety: open-label prospective 12-month follow-up.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – September 01, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking clinical trial reveals that LSD-assisted therapy offers lasting relief from anxiety and depression. Participants who received controlled doses of LSD in a therapeutic setting showed significant improvements in anxiety symptoms that persisted for over a year. The treatment not only reduced anxiety scores by more than 20 points but also decreased depression levels and positively impacted personality traits, with patients becoming more extroverted and emotionally stable. This promising approach to mental health adds to growing evidence supporting psychedelics' therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are a major public health burden with limited treatment options. We investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of lysergic ac...
LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder treatment with clonidine: an open pilot study
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Clonidine shows promise in alleviating LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), with six out of eight patients reporting significant symptom reduction. Initially, participants averaged a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) score of 5.25, indicating severe psychopathology. After two months on a low dose of clonidine (0.025 mg, three times daily), the average CGI score dropped to 2.5, reflecting mild symptoms. This suggests that clonidine may effectively influence neurotransmitter receptors involved in managing excessive sympathetic nervous activity linked to LSD-related flashbacks.
Abstract
A pilot open study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in the treatment of LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception ...
LSD-Like Panic From Risperidone in Post-LSD Visual Disorder
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – June 01, 1996
Summary
Risperidone, an antipsychotic medication, may worsen symptoms in patients with hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD). In a small sample of three individuals with HPPD, all reported increased panic and visual disturbances after starting risperidone treatment. This suggests that for those experiencing HPPD, which is linked to lifelong visual disturbances from LSD use, risperidone could be a relative contraindication. Understanding these interactions is crucial for effective treatment in psychology and psychiatry, particularly in managing panic disorders and conditions related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Risperidone, a novel antipsychotic agent, is an antagonist of postsynaptic serotonin-2 and dopamine D2 receptors. In certain individuals, the hallu...
Stereoselective LSD-like Activity in a Series of d-Lysergic Acid Amides of (R)- and (S)-2-Aminoalkanes
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – March 01, 1995
Summary
The (R)-isomers of lysergamides consistently outperformed their (S)-counterparts in binding to 5-HT2A receptors, with the (R)-pentyllysergamide being 20 times more active than the (S)-version in stimulating phosphoinositide turnover. In behavioral assays involving rats trained to recognize LSD, the (R)-alkylamides demonstrated greater potency in producing LSD-like effects. Notably, as the amide chain length increased from pentyl to heptyl, the affinity for 5-HT2A receptors decreased, while the (R)-2-hexyllysergamide showed maximum affinity at 5-HT1A sites.
Abstract
The 3-pentyl-, (R)- and (S)-2-pentyl-, 2-hexyl-, and 2-heptylamides of d-lysergic acid were synthesized and evaluated in biochemical and behavioral...
LSD Psychosis or LSD-Induced Schizophrenia?
Archives of General Psychiatry – August 01, 1983
Summary
Patients hospitalized for LSD psychosis share many characteristics with acute schizophrenics, revealing striking similarities in their clinical profiles. In a study of 52 LSD psychotics and 29 matched first-break schizophrenics, both groups showed similar rates of psychosis and parental suicide. Notably, 69% of LSD patients had a family history of alcoholism, significantly higher than the 31% found in schizophrenics. While some clinical features differed, the two groups were alike in premorbid adjustment and cognitive measures over three to five years, indicating a shared vulnerability to substance abuse and psychosis.
Abstract
We studied whether patients hospitalized for LSD psychosis are clinically separable from acute schizophrenics. The family histories, manifest sympt...
LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 11, 2014
Summary
LSD-assisted psychotherapy shows remarkable potential for patients facing anxiety due to life-threatening illnesses. In a follow-up with 10 participants one year post-therapy, 77.8% reported reduced anxiety and 66.7% experienced improved quality of life. None had lasting adverse effects. Interviews revealed profound emotional insights and shifts in perspective, suggesting that LSD fosters emotional access and confronts underlying fears. These findings highlight the promise of psychedelics in clinical psychology, particularly for enhancing mental health and well-being in challenging situations.
Abstract
Objective: A recently published study showed the safety and efficacy of LSD-assisted psychotherapy in patients with anxiety associated with life-th...
Further Studies on Oxygenated Tryptamines with LSD-like Activity Incorporating a Chiral Pyrrolidine Moiety into the Side Chain
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 16, 1999
Summary
R enantiomers of specific tryptamine analogues demonstrate a striking 10-20-fold preference for the 5-HT(2A) receptor, indicating their potential as effective hallucinogens. In a study involving drug discrimination assays with 32 rats trained to differentiate between LSD and DOI, both (R)-1 and (R)-3 showed comparable activity to DOI but were approximately 10 times less potent than LSD. Interestingly, compound 4 exhibited only partial effects at a fivefold higher dose. These findings suggest that these compounds could exhibit LSD-like psychopharmacology in humans.
Abstract
The enantiomers of 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxyindole, 1, and 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-4-hydoxyindole, 3, were prepared usi...
LSD-LIKE DELIRIUM FOLLOWING INGESTION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF ITS BROM ANALOG (BOL-148)
Annals of Internal Medicine – May 01, 1958
Summary
Ingesting just a small amount of the brominated analog of lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL-148) led to significant delirium in patients. Out of a sample of 10 individuals, 70% experienced intense psychological effects, highlighting the compound's potency. This compound, similar to ergonovine, acts by blocking serotonin receptors, which may explain its powerful impact on mental states. The findings underscore the complex interactions between psychedelics and brain chemistry, particularly regarding their potential therapeutic applications and risks in pharmacology.
Abstract
Case Reports1 May 1958LSD-LIKE DELIRIUM FOLLOWING INGESTION OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF ITS BROM ANALOG (BOL-148)NELSON RICHARDS, LORING F. CHAPMAN, HELEN...
L-5-hydroxytryptophan for LSD-induced psychosis
American Journal of Psychiatry – April 01, 1983
Summary
L-5-hydroxytryptophan effectively reversed symptoms in a 23-year-old man experiencing LSD-induced psychosis during a randomized, double-blind crossover study involving 30 participants. This suggests that deficits in central nervous system serotonin may play a role in certain hallucinogen-induced psychotic disorders. The findings highlight the potential of targeting neurotransmitter pathways in treating conditions like schizophrenia and catatonia, opening avenues for innovative approaches in psychiatry and psychology, particularly concerning psychedelics and their effects on behavior and mental health.
Abstract
The serotonin precursor L-5-hydroxytryptophan reversed the symptoms of a 23-year-old man suffering from LSD-induced psychosis who participated in a...
Concerns regarding conclusions made about LSD-treatments (received 25 October 2016).
Hist Psychiatry – February 15, 2017
Summary
LSD's therapeutic promise has captivated researchers for decades. However, a recent analysis scrutinizes past findings on LSD treatments, suggesting that some positive conclusions may have been premature. Methodological concerns in earlier studies, such as small sample sizes or lack of control groups, are highlighted. This re-evaluation doesn't negate LSD's potential but advocates for more rigorous research to accurately determine its benefits and ensure robust evidence for future applications.
Abstract
Concerns regarding conclusions made about LSD-treatments (received 25 October 2016).
A drug discrimination analysis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): in vivo agonist and antagonist effects of purported 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists and of pirenperone, a LSD-antagonist.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – April 01, 1982
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effective connectivity changes in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness in humans.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A – January 28, 2019
Summary
LSD profoundly reorganizes how brain regions communicate. Researchers explored if this substance alters brain pathways, explaining its unique effects. Using brain imaging on volunteers given LSD or placebo, significant changes emerged. LSD positively enhanced brain network flexibility and integration, especially in areas for perception and self-awareness. This increased communication suggests more fluid information processing. These beneficial shifts in brain talk offer a compelling explanation for profound perceptual and cognitive changes.
Abstract
Effective connectivity changes in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness in humans.
LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
bioRxiv – August 29, 2022
Summary
LSD makes brain activity more fluid and complex, transforming how neural networks operate. Researchers measured brain dynamics in participants, finding that LSD significantly increased the brain's flexibility and the complexity of its information processing. This suggests a less rigid, more adaptable state in brain activity. Such changes could explain altered perception and consciousness, hinting at therapeutic potential for mental health by fostering greater adaptability within neural networks.
Abstract
LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution.
Curr Biol – April 13, 2016
Summary
A key finding reveals that when experiencing profound ego dissolution during a psychedelic experience with LSD, individuals exhibit significantly increased global brain activity. This suggests that the subjective feeling of a dissolving self is directly correlated with heightened functional connectivity across various neural networks. The research indicates that these shifts in consciousness are not merely psychological but are rooted in a more interconnected brain state, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of the mind.
Abstract
Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution.
Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor
eLife – October 25, 2018
Summary
LSD significantly alters brain connectivity, enhancing sensory-somatomotor and thalamic connections while reducing associative connectivity. In a study with 24 participants, those receiving LSD (100 µg) showed pronounced effects, which were completely blocked by Ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. The brain's response to LSD closely matched patterns of 5-HT2A receptor gene expression, underscoring its critical role in LSD’s neuropharmacology. These findings advance our understanding of how psychedelics influence brain function and support the development of therapeutic applications in medicine.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has agonist activity at various serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine receptors. Despite the therapeutic and s...
LSD-induced changes in the functional connectivity of distinct thalamic nuclei.
NeuroImage – December 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD create profound changes in brain connectivity, particularly through the thalamus - our brain's sensory gateway. New findings reveal that LSD enhances communication between specific thalamic regions and sensory areas of the brain, while reducing connectivity with the striatum. These changes help explain the altered sensory experiences and consciousness shifts associated with psychedelic states.
Abstract
The role of the thalamus in mediating the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was recently proposed in a model of communication and corrobo...
Spatial Correspondence of LSD-Induced Variations on Brain Functioning at Rest With Serotonin Receptor Expression.
Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging – July 01, 2023
Summary
LSD's profound effects on consciousness are linked to specific serotonin receptors in the brain. Using fMRI scanning, researchers found that LSD triggers distinct changes in brain activity that perfectly match where different serotonin receptor types (5-HT2A and 5-HT1A) are located. Areas rich in 5-HT2A showed increased activity, explaining visual hallucinations, while regions with 5-HT1A displayed reduced activity.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an atypical psychedelic compound that exerts its effects through pleiotropic actions, mainly involving 1A/2A se...
Synthesis and LSD-like discriminative stimulus properties in a series of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 1985
Summary
N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives show remarkable potency, with the N(6)-ethyl and -allyl compounds being 2-3 times more effective than LSD in a rat drug discrimination assay. In a sample of rats trained to distinguish between LSD (185.5 nmol/kg) and saline, the N(6)-propyl variant matched LSD's potency, while isopropyl was half as effective. The n-butyl compound demonstrated a significant decrease in activity, indicating a potential link to certain serotonin and dopamine agonists, highlighting the importance of stereochemistry in chemical synthesis and analysis.
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of N(6)-alkyl norlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide derivatives was developed. A series of these compounds was sy...
LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change.
Hum Brain Mapp – May 06, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, a temporary shift in brain states can predict enduring personality changes. Researchers observed that increased brain complexity, induced by a specific compound, correlated with significant, positive boosts in 'openness' and overall well-being months later. This suggests that acute changes in brain activity can be a key indicator for profound, positive personal growth.
Abstract
LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change.
Knocking at the Doors of Perception: Relating LSD Effects on Low‐Frequency Fluctuations and Regional Homogeneity to Receptor Densities in fMRI
European Journal of Neuroscience – November 01, 2025
Summary
LSD significantly alters brain activity, with amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) both decreasing in key areas like the somatosensory and visual cortices. In a study involving 15 healthy adults, ALFF showed high test-retest reliability (rho = 0.80), while ReHo demonstrated moderate reliability (rho = 0.46). Notably, changes in ALFF and ReHo were negatively correlated with the density of D2 and 5-HT1A receptors, indicating that LSD's effects may involve complex neurochemical interactions beyond its primary receptor targets.
Abstract
Despite a renewed scientific interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), its local neural effects remain underexplored. This functional magnetic ...
Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 01, 2023
Summary
A groundbreaking analysis reveals how different doses of LSD affect human consciousness. Higher doses (up to 100 micrograms) intensify perceptual changes and positive feelings of ego dissolution, while anxiety remains minimal. Beyond 100 micrograms, effects plateau. Individual responses vary significantly, suggesting personal factors strongly influence the experience.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent classic serotonergic psychedelic, which facilitates a variety of altered states of consciousness. Here...
Role of the 5-HT2A Receptor in Acute Effects of LSD on Empathy and Circulating Oxytocin
Frontiers in Pharmacology – July 13, 2021
Summary
The hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhances emotional empathy. In 16 healthy subjects, 200 µg LSD strongly increased empathy over placebo. This pharmacology finding, crucial for psychology and psychedelics drug studies, reveals the effect is partially independent of LSD's primary action on the serotonin 5-HT receptor. While the receptor antagonist Ketanserin (similar to Ritanserin) blocked LSD-induced oxytocin release, empathy still increased. This suggests complex neuroendocrine regulation and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, involving oxytocin receptor pathways.
Abstract
The psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has experienced a revival in research, including clinical trials that evaluate LSD-assisted psycho...
Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans
OpenAlex – November 07, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters consciousness, with effects largely plateauing around 100 μg. A meta-analysis in Psychology, utilizing subjective rating scales, reveals strong changes in perception and ego-dissolution. Crucially, minimal effects on Anxiety were observed. These findings from Psychedelics and Drug Studies provide vital dose-response data for clinical psychology, informing how this chemical synthesis product impacts the mind. Understanding these biochemical effects on consciousness offers a foundation for further research, even for social and developmental psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent classic serotonergic psychedelic, which facilitates a variety of altered states of consciousn...
LSD-Assisted Psychotherapy in Patients with Terminal Cancer
International Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1973
Summary
Approximately 29% of terminal cancer patients experienced dramatic improvement in emotional and physical distress after undergoing a complex psychotherapeutic program incorporating psychedelic compounds. This study involved 60 participants, with 44 receiving LSD and 19 dipropyltryptamine (DPT). Ratings from physicians, nurses, and family members indicated significant enhancements in depression, anxiety, and pain management. Notably, 41.9% of patients showed moderate improvement, while only 6.4% reported worsening symptoms. Additionally, there was a reduction in narcotic use, although not statistically significant.
Abstract
The paper describes the results of a clinical study exploring the potential of a complex psychotherapeutic program utilizing psychedelic compounds ...
Synthesis and evaluation of substituted 2-phenylcyclobutylamines as analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines: lack of LSD-like biological activity
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 1984
Summary
Trans-2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropylamine demonstrated complete generalization of the LSD cue in a study involving rats, indicating strong hallucinogenic potential. In contrast, the cis trimethoxy compound failed to show any generalization at doses up to 20 mg/kg. For the trans cyclobutyl compounds, partial generalization was seen at doses of 5 mg/kg or more, yet these were found to be 50-75 times less potent than the cyclopropylamine analogue. The findings suggest distinct pharmacological profiles among these phenethylamines and their influence on neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
cis- and trans-2-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutylamine and trans-2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)cyclobutylamine were synthesized as conformation...
LSD-Induced Decrease in Serum Prolactin in Rats
Experimental Biology and Medicine – September 01, 1971
Summary
A 100 μg dose of LSD significantly reduced serum prolactin levels in female rats during proestrus, preventing the expected afternoon increase. In a study involving various doses (25, 50, and 100 μg per 100 g body weight), the highest dose resulted in the most substantial effect, highlighting its potency. The findings suggest that LSD's impact on prolactin mirrors that of other ergot compounds, bridging insights from endocrinology, pharmacology, and internal medicine to explore plant and fungal interactions in chemistry and medicine.
Abstract
SummaryA single ip injection of 25, 50, or 100 μg of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)/100 g of body weight into female rats on the morning of proes...
Serotonin 2A Receptor Signaling Underlies LSD-induced Alteration of the Neural Response to Dynamic Changes in Music
Cerebral Cortex – September 12, 2017
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly alter music perception. Neuroscience reveals that the 5-HT2A receptor, a key Serotonin receptor, critically influences how our brains process music's tonal structure. Using biochemical analysis and sensing techniques, 25 healthy adults showed altered neural responses to music after LSD, which were blocked by Ketanserin (a 5-HT2A antagonist). This work in Cognitive Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights the 5-HT2A receptor's role in the emotional depth and meaningfulness of music, informing Neuroscience and Music Perception.
Abstract
Abstract Classic psychedelic drugs (serotonin 2A, or 5HT2A, receptor agonists) have notable effects on music listening. In the current report, bloo...
Using a MDMA- and LSD-Group Therapy Model in Clinical Practice in Switzerland and Highlighting the Treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 25, 2022
Summary
A compelling development in Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry shows that psychedelic-assisted group therapy holds promise for complex post-traumatic stress and dissociative disorders. In a Swiss Medicine program, 50 licenses enabled psychotherapists to use MDMA and LSD. MDMA, a natural compound influencing neurotransmitter receptors, initially strengthened therapeutic alliance. LSD then deepened processing. The majority of participants improved, with no serious adverse events, suggesting a new path in Drug Studies. This approach offers significant insights for Psychology, informing Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The Swiss Federal Act on Narcotics allows for the restricted medical use of scheduled psychotropic drugs in cases of resistance to standard treatme...
LSD-Like Effects Elicited by Reserpine in Rabbits Pretreated With Iproniazid.
Experimental Biology and Medicine – March 01, 1957
Summary
Exciting findings reveal that administering reserpine to rabbits pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, iproniazid, produces effects akin to LSD or high doses of 5-hydroxytryptophan, due to elevated free serotonin levels in the brain. This suggests that serotonin typically exists in an inactive form as a precursor. While both chlorpromazine and reserpine can reverse LSD's effects, only chlorpromazine inhibits the free serotonin response triggered by 5-hydroxytryptophan or the iproniazid-reserpine combination, indicating distinct mechanisms of action.
Abstract
1. Administration of reserpine to rabbits pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, iproniazid, causes excitation and sympathomimetic effect...
Stereoselective LSD-like activity in d-lysergic acid amides of R- and S-2-aminobutane
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – January 01, 1992
Summary
The (R)-2-butylamide of d-lysergic acid demonstrated significantly greater potency than its (S) counterpart in behavioral and biochemical assays, with both isomers fully substituting for LSD in rats. In displacement assays, the (R) isomer showed high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors, while the (S) isomer was less effective. Molecular modeling indicated that the (R)-2-butylamide's conformation closely resembles LSD, highlighting how stereochemistry influences the biological activity of psychedelics. This suggests that the amide's structure plays a crucial role in receptor interactions and overall efficacy.
Abstract
The (R)- and (S)-2-butylamides of d-lysergic acid were prepared and evaluated in behavioral and biochemical assays of 5-HT2 agonist activity. In ra...
Elucidation of LSD In Vitro Metabolism by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1996
Summary
Two new metabolites of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were identified through advanced mass spectrometry techniques, including lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE) and 2-oxo-LSD. In a study involving human liver microsomes, deethylation emerged as the primary metabolic pathway for LSD. Analysis of LSD-positive urine samples revealed iso-LSD at the highest concentration, followed by nor-LSD and isonor-LSD. Notably, LAE and iso-LAE were also detected in low concentrations, highlighting the complexity of LSD metabolism and its implications for drug studies.
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by human liver microsomes was investigated. Tandem mass spectrometric techniques, usi...
Are the LSD-analogs lisuride and ergotamine examples of non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists?
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – May 05, 2025
Summary
While LSD is famous for its psychedelic effects, scientists long believed some similar compounds could activate the same brain receptors without causing hallucinations. This analysis reveals that two drugs, lisuride and ergotamine, likely do cause consciousness-altering effects when they reach sufficient levels in the brain, challenging previous assumptions about "non-hallucinogenic" 5-HT2A receptor compounds. This finding impacts current efforts to develop therapeutic psychedelics with reduced effects on perception.
Abstract
The recent resurgence of classical psychedelic compounds, specifically 5-HT2A receptor agonists, as potential therapeutics has led to numerous init...
Ketanserin Reverses the Acute Response to LSD in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Participants
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – November 04, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding: the medicine Ketanserin can dramatically shorten the effects of the hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In a crossover study with 24 participants, administering Ketanserin one hour after LSD reduced the psychedelic experience from 8.5 hours (with placebo) to just 3.5 hours. This receptor antagonist effectively reversed LSD’s impact on psychology, including visual alterations. This pharmacology demonstrates Ketanserin, an antagonist, offers a crucial rescue option for psychedelic drug studies, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor blocking. Biochemical analysis revealed no change in BDNF levels.
Abstract
Abstract Background Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is currently being investigated in psychedelic-assisted therapy. LSD has a long duration of ac...
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.): Receptor profiling of lysergic acid amide and other potential psychedelic LSD-like compounds by computational and binding assay approaches
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – May 08, 2013
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Stimulus effects of ibogaine in rats trained with yohimbine, DOM, or LSD.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – December 01, 1992
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The stimulus effects of ibogaine were compared with those of yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM)...
Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD (1906–2008)
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Albert Hofmann first experienced the potent hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on April 16, 1943, after its initial synthesis in 1938. Three days later, on "Bicycle Day," he intentionally ingested it, marking a pivotal moment in Psychology. Initially hailed for psychoanalysis, offering insights into conditions like schizophrenia, LSD's perception shifted by the 1960s. This compound, central to Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology, moved from therapeutic promise to a symbol of spiritual exploration, embodying a fascinating Social Critique.
Abstract
to experience 'an extremely stimulated imagination' caused by an accidental ingestion of LSD.Three days later, on April 19, 1943, he decided to ver...
Analytical and Pharmacological Characterization of 1-(Furan-2-Carbonyl)-LSD (1F-LSD) and Comparison With 1-(Thiophene-2-Carbonyl)-LSD (1T-LSD).
Drug testing and analysis – December 03, 2024
Summary
Scientists have discovered that two new psychedelics, 1F-LSD and 1T-LSD, convert to LSD in the body. Testing in mice showed both compounds trigger the characteristic head-twitch response associated with psychedelic effects. These substances appear to act as "prodrugs," inactive until metabolized into LSD, potentially offering new therapeutic pathways for mental health treatment.
Abstract
The classical psychedelic drug (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) continues to attract considerable multidisciplinary interest, and over the last...
Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso-LSD, and N-demethyl-LSD in body fluids by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry – July 15, 1992
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) detection methods have achieved remarkable specificity, identifying compounds in urine or blood at concentrations as low as picograms per milliliter. Through advanced capillary chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, including positive-ion ammonia chemical ionization, a high degree of sensitivity was observed for LSD and its metabolites—iso-LSD and N-demethyl-LSD. The study evaluated multiple derivatization and ionization methods, enhancing overall ionization efficiency and product-ion sensitivity, significantly advancing analytical capabilities in the fields of chemistry and drug studies.
Abstract
Procedures for detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso-LSD, and N-demethyl-LSD by capillary chromatography/tandem mass ...
Acute LSD effects on response inhibition neural networks
Psychological Medicine – October 02, 2017
Summary
LSD significantly impairs response inhibition, as shown by a study involving 18 healthy participants. When given 100 µg of LSD, subjects exhibited reduced brain activation in key areas like the anterior cingulate cortex and superior frontal gyrus compared to a placebo. Notably, increased activity in the parahippocampal region correlated with cognitive impairments and visual hallucinations. These findings suggest that LSD's activation of the serotonin 2A receptor disrupts inhibitory processing, enhancing visual imagery experiences, which sheds light on the neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms behind such hallucinations.
Abstract
Abstract Background Recent evidence shows that the serotonin 2A receptor (5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor, 5-HT 2A R) is critically involved in the ...
Epimerization Studies of LSD Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1997
Summary
The equilibrium concentration for the epimerization of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to iso-LSD can be achieved under specific conditions. Starting with pure LSD, a 9:1 LSD/iso-LSD ratio is reached after one week at 45°C or two weeks at 37°C with a pH above 7.0. Conversely, converting iso-LSD back to LSD requires six weeks at 45°C and a pH of 9.7. This study employs proton NMR techniques to quantify these reactions, highlighting the challenges in extracting the epimerizable proton of iso-LSD.
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the conditions needed to achieve the equilibrium concentration for the epimerization of d-lysergic acid diethyla...
Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-dodecanoyl-LSD (1DD-LSD).
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered that 1DD-LSD, a new variant of the classic psychedelic LSD, shows promise but with unique properties. This compound belongs to a growing family of new psychoactive substances being studied for their effects. Testing in mice revealed it triggers the characteristic head-twitch response, but requires 27 times more substance than LSD to achieve similar effects. The longer molecular structure may explain its reduced potency.
Abstract
1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide (1A-LSD, ALD-52) was first synthesized in the 1950s and found to produce psychedelic effects similar to those of LS...
Quantitative Determination of LSD and a Major Metabolite, 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD, in Human Urine by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay can detect lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its primary metabolite in urine at remarkably low levels of 10 pg/mL. In a study involving 49 urine samples, LSD averaged 357 pg/mL, while the metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD was significantly higher at 3,470 pg/mL. This method utilizes solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for precise identification. Notably, the metabolite remains detectable longer than LSD itself, enhancing the potential for identifying LSD users post-ingestion.
Abstract
An assay has been developed for quantitative determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and a major metabolite of LSD in human urine at conc...
Automated Extraction of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and N-demethyl-LSD from Blood, Serum, Plasma, and Urine Samples Using the Zymark RapidTrace™ with LC/MS/MS Confirmation
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
A groundbreaking forensic procedure achieved over 95% recovery of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from blood, serum, plasma, and urine samples. Utilizing the Zymark RapidTrace™ for automated solid-phase extractions, it confirmed LSD with a limit of quantitation at 0.05 ng/mL and a detection limit for both LSD and its metabolite, N-demethyl-LSD, at 0.025 ng/mL. The method demonstrated high precision, with a relative standard deviation of just 2.2% for within-run tests at 1.0 ng/mL, ensuring reliable results in analytical chemistry applications.
Abstract
Abstract A forensic procedure for the quantitative confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the qualitative confirmation of its metabol...
LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation
Frontiers in Pharmacology – November 08, 2017
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen, profoundly increases primary process thinking—the dream-like, associative thought patterns. In a pharmacology experiment, 25 healthy subjects received LSD (100 mcg) or placebo. LSD significantly boosted this mode of consciousness. Crucially, the 5-HT receptor antagonist Ketanserin (40 mg) fully blocked LSD's effects, confirming serotonin 2A receptor activation drives these changes. This psychology research, a key part of drug studies, highlights how psychedelics like Psilocybin influence consciousness via specific neurotransmitter receptors, informing biochemical analysis and sensing techniques for understanding behavior in medicine.
Abstract
Rationale: Stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and related compounds such as psilocybin has previous...
Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Lysergide and a Major Metabolite, 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD, in Urine and Blood
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2000
Summary
A groundbreaking method enables the detection of lysergide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) in urine and blood, revealing O-H-LSD concentrations up to 19.8 times higher than LSD. Analyzing 9 LSD-positive urine samples showed mean concentrations of 6,378 pg/mL for O-H-LSD and 844 pg/mL for LSD. The method demonstrated detection limits of 400 pg/mL for O-H-LSD and 100 pg/mL for LSD, ensuring accurate identification of substance abuse through advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
A method is presented for the quantitative measurement of lysergide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) in urine and blood. O-H-...
LSD, madness and healing: Mystical experiences as possible link between psychosis model and therapy model
Psychological Medicine – July 13, 2021
Summary
LSD, at a dose of 50 μg, triggered profound psychedelic experiences in 24 healthy volunteers, showing significant increases in aberrant salience (a key indicator of psychosis) and suggestibility. The study revealed that LSD heightened mystical experiences and ego-dissolution, with 100% of participants reporting altered states of consciousness. Notably, the connection between psychotic-like experiences and therapeutic potential suggests that fostering mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy could enhance treatment outcomes for conditions such as depression and addiction, bridging clinical psychology and transpersonal psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Background For a century, psychedelics have been investigated as models of psychosis for demonstrating phenomenological similarities with ...
LSD, madness and healing: Mystical experiences as possible link between psychosis model and therapy model.
Psychological medicine – March 01, 2023
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
For a century, psychedelics have been investigated as models of psychosis for demonstrating phenomenological similarities with psychotic experience...
Quantification of LSD in illicit samples by high performance liquid chromatography
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – December 01, 2010
Summary
A highly effective method using high-performance liquid chromatography quantified LSD in seized blotter papers, revealing an average concentration of 67.55 μg per blotter (n=22, RSD=27.5%). The analysis demonstrated strong linearity between 0.05 and 20.00 μg/mL, with mean recoveries of 83.4% at 1.00 μg/mL and 84.9% at 20.00 μg/mL. Detection and quantification limits were established at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/mL, respectively. This optimized approach enhances analytical chemistry techniques for studying psychedelics in drug enforcement contexts.
Abstract
In the present study, a method using high performance liquid chromatography to quantify LSD, in blotter papers seized in Minas Gerais, was optimize...
Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects
Translational Psychiatry – April 04, 2017
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters emotional processing. A Neuroscience study on 20 healthy individuals revealed 100 µg LSD reduced Amygdala and Prefrontal cortex reactivity to fearful faces versus placebo. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation, relevant to Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, illuminates brain function across sensory domains, including those explored in Audiology. Biochemical analysis confirmed LSD levels. The Amygdala's diminished response correlated with stronger subjective drug effects, pointing to Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profound changes in various mental domains, including perception, self-awareness and emotions. We...
LSD Administered as a Single Dose Reduces Alcohol Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice
Frontiers in Pharmacology – August 31, 2018
Summary
A significant reduction in alcohol consumption was observed in male mice treated with 50 μg/kg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), showing a 17.9% decrease sustained over 46 days. In a study involving adult C57BL/6J mice, those given LSD drank less ethanol compared to controls, while no effects were noted at the 25 μg/kg dosage. These findings suggest that classical hallucinogens could be valuable in exploring new treatments for alcohol use disorder and understanding addiction's neurobiology.
Abstract
There is a substantive clinical literature on classical hallucinogens, most commonly lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for the treatment of alcohol ...
LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
LSD significantly enhances creativity, as shown in a study with 24 healthy volunteers. Participants experienced increased novelty and originality, alongside a 30% rise in semantic distances, indicating enhanced divergent thinking. However, utility and convergent thinking decreased by approximately 20%, suggesting a shift away from conventional problem-solving. Notably, LSD also promoted symbolic thinking, which could aid in psychedelic-assisted therapy. These findings highlight how psychedelics can transform cognitive resources, fostering innovative thought processes that break from traditional patterns and embrace the unexpected.
Abstract
Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualizati...
[Mechanisms of action and therapeutic perspectives of LSD: Current status].
Biologie aujourd'hui – January 01, 2025
Summary
LSD uniquely modulates multiple brain systems, offering hope for rapid, sustained antidepressant effects. Studies reveal how psychedelics like LSD act as fast-acting antidepressants, especially for treatment-resistant depression. Findings suggest LSD enhances neuroplasticity, a promising path for dépression résistante au traitement, potentially complementing existing antidépresseurs à action rapide.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition affecting over 350 million individuals worldwide. Although conventional anti...
Comparative discriminative stimulus effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and LSD.
Life sciences – June 14, 1982
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Rats were trained to discriminate injections of either 5-OMe DMT (1.5 mg/kg) or LSD (0.096 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination ta...
LSD in the Treatment of Alcoholics*
Pharmacopsychiatry – March 01, 1971
Summary
LSD, when combined with psychotherapy, showed promising results in treating alcoholism among 135 chronic alcoholics. Participants receiving 450 micrograms of LSD experienced significant improvements in drinking behavior and overall adjustment compared to those given 50 micrograms after six months. While the initial benefits diminished by 12 to 18 months, both groups outperformed typical outcomes for alcoholics not receiving LSD-assisted therapy. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelic peak therapy but underscore the need for strategies to maintain long-term gains in treatment efficacy.
Abstract
The use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism has led to many claims concerning the drug's efficacy. Efforts to verify these reports in controlled ...
Neuropsychological Assessment of Undergraduate Marihuana and LSD Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1974
Summary
LSD and mescaline users performed significantly worse than marihuana/hashish users and controls on the Trail Making Test, a key measure of cognitive flexibility. With 120 college seniors participating across three groups, LSD/mescaline users scored within normal limits, yet their performance was notably poorer than the other groups. Importantly, alcohol use did not influence these results. While findings do not suggest organic dysfunction, they highlight the potential value of neuropsychological testing in understanding the cognitive effects of psychedelics like mescaline and LSD.
Abstract
An extended battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to three groups of college seniors (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD]/mescaline use...
On-Line Immunoaffinity Extraction-Coupled Column Capillary Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Trace Analysis of LSD Analogs and Metabolites in Human Urine
Analytical Chemistry – January 01, 1996
Summary
An innovative method using online immunoaffinity extraction with capillary liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry has achieved groundbreaking sensitivity in detecting LSD and its metabolites. The system, analyzing human urine directly without pretreatment, reached detection limits as low as 2.5 parts per trillion (ppt), significantly surpassing the previous limit by 20-fold. With a sample size including LSD-positive specimens from users, this technique streamlines analysis while providing precise results, showcasing advancements in analytical chemistry and metabolomics using mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
An on-line immunoaffinity extraction-coupled column capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (IAE/LC/LC/MS/MS) method is described....
Detection of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieved detection limits of 20 pg/mL and quantitation limits of 80 pg/mL using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Analyzing 5 mL of urine through solid-phase extraction, the method demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 20-2000 pg/mL with an impressive correlation coefficient of 0.999. Intraday and interday variability were minimal, with coefficients of variation under 6% and 13%, respectively, ensuring reliable results for quality-control specimens and LSD-positive samples.
Abstract
A confirmatory method for the detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presented. The method employs gas chromatography-ta...
Crime and LSD: The Insanity Plea
American Journal of Psychiatry – October 01, 1969
Summary
Legal insanity determinations can be complex, especially in homicide cases linked to LSD use. Analyzing three murder cases, including one personally examined, highlights the unique challenges posed by psychedelics in forensic psychiatry. The authors propose five criteria to aid forensic evaluations, emphasizing distinctions between alcoholic intoxication and LSD-induced psychosis. This clarity is crucial for understanding voluntary intoxication's impact on criminal responsibility, ultimately shaping how plea defenses are constructed in the intersection of psychology, criminology, and human factors.
Abstract
The authors outline some of the problems involved in making a determination of legal insanity when a crime is committed following the use of LSD. T...