794 results for "DMT"
Functional and structural characterization of the human indolethylamine N-methyltransferase through fluorometric, thermal and computational docking analyses.
Biology direct – April 10, 2025
Summary
Scientists have discovered key insights into an enzyme that helps produce DMT, a naturally-occurring psychedelic compound. Using innovative fluorometric techniques, researchers analyzed how the enzyme works with S-adenosylmethionine to transform simple molecules like quinoline. The findings reveal optimal conditions for enzyme function and identify crucial binding sites, advancing our understanding of this biochemical process and its potential therapeutic applications.
Abstract
The "psychedelic renaissance" is sparking growing interest in clinical research, along with a rise in clinical trials. Substances such as 3,4-methy...
Relaxed Beliefs After Psychedelics: From Sensory Processing to Mystical States
CORE – December 01, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, psychedelics appear to reconfigure brain networks, leading to lasting shifts in perception. Research explored how these substances alter sensory processing, hypothesizing they weaken top-down control, boosting bottom-up input. Using human EEG and mouse studies, findings revealed 5-HT2A psychedelics indeed shift this balance, impacting how we perceive and leading to profound belief changes. These positive results contribute to their therapeutic effects. Distinct brain network changes were observed with 5-MeO-DMT. This framework also illuminates mystical experiences, emphasizing the post-acute environment's role in consolidating these beneficial shifts.
Abstract
This dissertation explores the lasting impact of psychedelic use on brain networks, ranging from basic sensory processing to abstract mystical expe...
Distribution of the hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain following intraperitoneal injection: application of a new solid-phase extraction LC-APcI-MS-MS-isotope dilution method.
Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications – February 10, 2001
Summary
Understanding how hallucinogens like DMT distribute within the brain is now clearer. A new, highly accurate method was developed to precisely detect and measure the levels of these compounds in different rat brain areas after injection. This advanced technique successfully demonstrated its capability, providing an effective tool for mapping the distribution of these potent substances. This positive development offers unprecedented clarity in neurochemistry.
Abstract
A method for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric-mass spectrome...
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Potentially hallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor ligands bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine in blood and tissues.
Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation – January 01, 2005
Summary
Did you know naturally occurring hallucinogenic compounds like bufotenine and DMT are found in the human body? Using advanced mass spectrometry, researchers aimed to quantify these substances in various tissues and blood, where they were previously undetected. A significant discovery was large amounts of bufotenine in stools, suggesting a potential role in intestinal function. While only small amounts of these compounds were found in other tissues and none in blood, this finding reveals a fascinating, previously unknown aspect of our internal chemistry.
Abstract
Bufotenine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are hallucinogenic dimethylated indolethylamines (DMIAs) formed from serotonin and tryptamine by the en...
Ayahoasca: an experimental psychosis that mirrors the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – April 01, 1999
Summary
Certain hallucinogenic compounds found in healthy individuals after consuming Ayahuasca are identical to those seen in acute psychotic patients. This suggests that a specific imbalance in brain chemistry, involving reduced enzyme activity, can lead to an accumulation of powerful hallucinogenic substances. Researchers examined the effects of Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage with natural enzyme inhibitors and DMT, on volunteers. Urine analysis confirmed that compounds detected after intake were precisely the same as those in acute psychosis. This provides strong evidence that Ayahuasca's unique chemistry effectively models a biochemical pathway implicated in certain psychotic states.
Abstract
The experimental psychosis observed after drinking Ayahoasca, a South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon Indians, reproduces the path...
The pharmacological interaction of compounds in ayahuasca: a systematic review
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry – July 03, 2020
Summary
Despite its long history as a traditional medicine, the complex pharmacology of Ayahuasca remains largely a mystery. A review of 16 papers in Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals limited understanding of how its compounds, like DMT (a tryptamine derivative related to brain chemistry), interact. While the primary theory involves MAOIs preventing DMT breakdown, it's unclear if interactions are synergistic. Our current knowledge of these mechanisms is limited, highlighting the need for deeper understanding to mitigate potential risks associated with this psychoactive brew. This area of Psychology and natural product research is crucial for safe use.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a South American psychoactive plant brew used as traditional medicine in spiritual and in cultural rituals. This is a review of the cu...
Abuse Liability Profile of Three Substituted Tryptamines
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – April 08, 2011
Summary
DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may pose significant abuse risks similar to known hallucinogens. In a study with rats, DIPT fully substituted for DMT and DOM at doses of 1.71 mg/kg and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-MeO-DET showed full substitution for DMT at 0.41 mg/kg. Notably, DIPT achieved only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. All three compounds interacted with serotonin receptors and inhibited serotonin reuptake, indicating potential hazards at higher doses due to their behavioral effects and lethality risks.
Abstract
The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and ...
Investigation of Ayahuasca β-Carboline Alkaloids and Tryptamine in Sweat Samples from Religious Community Participants by GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 21, 2020
Summary
Sweat analysis offers a promising method for monitoring ayahuasca use, detecting key compounds like DMT and harmine. In a study involving participants during a religious ritual, solid-phase extraction achieved over 70% extraction efficiency, with impressive accuracy between 87.5% and 102.4%. The method demonstrated high selectivity, with limits of detection at 15 ng/patch for harmine and harmaline, and 10 ng/patch for DMT. This non-invasive approach provides a convenient alternative to traditional biological samples in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage used in religious rituals in South America, has become a global phenomenon. Its main active component...
Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
OpenAlex – February 13, 2017
Summary
A striking 934 out of 6,728 identified proteins in human cerebral organoids showed differential expression after treatment with the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). This compound, found in traditional medicines like Ayahuasca, appears to enhance cognitive function and may alleviate depression. The findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT influences brain metabolism by modulating proteins linked to long-term potentiation and dendritic spine formation, offering insights into its potential therapeutic effects on brain disorders through mechanisms involving inflammation and cellular dynamics.
Abstract
Abstract Dimethyltryptamines are hallucinogenic serotonin-like molecules present in traditional Amerindian medicine (e.g. Ayahuasca) recently assoc...
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ego-dissolving endogenous neurochemical catalyst of creativity
OpenAlex – March 16, 2019
Summary
5-MeO-DMT, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance, has unique ego-dissolving effects that can lead to profound states of consciousness similar to transformative experiences in ancient spiritual traditions. This compound, found endogenously in the human brain, interacts with serotonin receptors and may enhance cognitive processes by altering neuronal connectivity. Evidence from various cultures suggests its historical use for medicinal and spiritual purposes. Exploring 5-MeO-DMT could unlock new insights into cognition and creativity, highlighting the need for systematic scientific investigation into such neurochemical agents.
Abstract
Abstract 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (acronymized as 5-MeO-DMT) is sui generis among the numerous naturally-occurring psychoactive substances ...
Trace Indoleamines in the Central Nervous System
Humana Press eBooks – January 01, 1985
Summary
Tryptamine, a trace amine in the brain, has garnered attention for its potential neuroregulatory roles. In a review of 100 studies, it was noted that while substances like melatonin and serotonin are often seen as peripheral hormones, emerging evidence suggests they also influence brain function directly. Interestingly, hallucinogenic tryptamines such as DMT and 5-methoxy DMT are rarely discussed despite their significant effects on sensory perception and sleep-wake cycles. This highlights a gap in understanding the broader implications of these biogenic amines in neuroscience.
Abstract
Tryptamine has been widely accepted as a trace amine in brain, and several reviews of its metabolism, regional localization in brain, and possible ...
A streamlined synthesis of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, bufotenin, and bufotenin prodrugs from melatonin
OpenAlex – November 26, 2025
Summary
A streamlined synthesis method for 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) achieved a remarkable 76% yield from melatonin, with 64 grams produced in under five days. Additionally, bufotenin was synthesized with a 51% yield from 5-MeO-DMT, using 22 grams of product over two days. This efficient approach eliminates the need for expensive materials and extensive chromatography, addressing significant barriers to psychedelic research. The development of potential prodrugs for bufotenin may enhance its effectiveness for therapeutic applications, particularly in crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Abstract
The recent resurgence in psychedelic research has increased demand for these molecules for clinical studies. Due to the differences between nationa...
Dimetiltriptamina: alcalóide alucinógeno e seus efeitos no Sistema Nervoso Central
Acta Brasiliensis – January 20, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca and jurema preta, both hallucinogenic beverages, contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which interacts with serotonin receptors in the central nervous system, causing profound psychological effects. These include altered dimensions, acoustic and optical illusions, mood changes, and distorted perceptions of time and space. With increasing access to these substances in Brazil, largely due to their religious and cultural significance, understanding the associated risks is crucial. The study highlights potential complications arising from DMT's physiological interference, emphasizing the need for awareness around its use.
Abstract
Plantas alucinógenas são bastante utilizadas em rituais e cultos religiosos. O chá de Ayahuasca e o vinho da Jurema preta, bebidas alucinógenas, ap...
Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – May 28, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin can rewire brain connections similarly to established psychiatric medications. New research shows psilocin promotes neuroplasticity and new neural connections as effectively as ketamine and lithium - outperforming traditional antidepressants. While DMT and LSD showed minimal effects, psilocin triggered specific brain proteins linked to learning and memory formation.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that psychedelics can induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for the...
Serotonergic Psychedelics Rapidly Modulate Evoked Glutamate Release in Cultured Cortical Neurons
Journal of Neurochemistry – February 28, 2025
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics like LSD rapidly alter how primary rat cortical neurons communicate. This Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research found these compounds reduced the fraction of chemical messengers released within 3-30 minutes. This transient effect, gone after 24 hours, varied. DMT only reduced the total supply, while LSD and psilocin also impacted readily available packets. Psilocin increased glutamate release, hinting at complex interactions with glutamate receptor systems. Such Chemistry and Drug Studies on Serotonin's influence via these alkaloids illuminate their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
ABSTRACT The serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD and DMT hold great promise for the development of new treatments for psychiatric conditions ...
Plant-derived compounds and neurodegenerative diseases: Different mechanisms of action with therapeutic potential.
Neuroscience – February 06, 2025
Summary
Nature's compounds offer promising solutions for brain health. Three plant-derived substances - Quercetin (found in fruits), Cannabidiol (from cannabis), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (from various plants) - show remarkable potential in fighting neurodegenerative diseases. Each works uniquely: Quercetin as an antioxidant, Cannabidiol reduces inflammation, and DMT promotes brain plasticity. Together, they represent a powerful arsenal against neurological decline.
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of discrete groups of neurons causing severe disabili...
Connected through movement: a feasibility study of online mindfulness-based dance/movement therapy for older adults with age-related cognitive decline during COVID-19.
Aging & mental health – December 01, 2024
Summary
Online dance therapy shows promising results in fighting loneliness among seniors with mild cognitive decline. A 12-week mindfulness-based dance/movement therapy program helped older adults stay active and connected during isolation. Participants joined virtual group sessions, combining gentle movement with mindfulness practices. Results showed decreased loneliness, improved mood, and better psychological well-being. 65% of participants reported positive changes, with many noting stronger social connections and enhanced body awareness.
Abstract
Social isolation and loneliness pose significant public health risks, especially among older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline (ACD...
Psychedelic trip sitting, dosages and intensities: Supplementing clinical studies with anecdotal reports
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – July 17, 2024
Summary
Users of 5-MeO-DMT, a potent hallucinogen, strongly perceived a need for care. Analyzing 660 online posts, a Delphi method expert panel created dose intensity charts for various psychedelics, including psilocybin. While oral administration was common for lower doses, greater drug purity from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and higher doses, correlated with a perceived need for support. This work, vital for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informs medicine, guiding future biochemical analysis of substances like mescaline.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Online communities provide insights into psychedelic consumption, assisting in identification of trends, informing bot...
Toad in the road: Biocultural history and conservation challenges of the Sonoran Desert Toad
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 30, 2023
Summary
The Sonoran Desert Toad, the only known vertebrate producing the psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT, faces significant conservation challenges due to its exploitation. Since its psychedelic properties were first documented in the 1960s, the toad has been increasingly targeted for profit-driven spiritual practices. This has led to a 50% decline in its population in certain areas. Few conservation efforts exist, primarily supported by crowdfunding, highlighting the urgent need for reconciliation between Indigenous knowledge and Western science to protect both the toad and its biocultural heritage.
Abstract
Abstract The Sonoran Desert Toad ( Incilius alvarius ) is the only vertebrate known to produce the powerful psychedelic, 5-MeO-DMT, which is easily...
Assessment of environmental condition and drying process of the plants on the concentration of alkaloids and cytotoxicity of traditional Ayahuasca Tea
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews – May 21, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca's alkaloid concentrations, including DMT and Harmine, are significantly influenced by environmental factors and drying methods. In a study involving samples prepared from fresh plants, optimal drying at 43°C for P. viridis leaves and 45°C for B. caapi stems maximized these compounds' levels. Notably, no cytotoxic effects were observed in human keratinocyte cells from either fresh or dried Ayahuasca tea. This highlights the potential of traditional medicine while ensuring safety in its psychoactive properties, with findings relevant to natural compound pharmacology studies.
Abstract
Introduction: Ayahuasca is a traditional psychoactive tea of Amazonian indigenous, used medicinal and spiritual purposes. Wide variation in the con...
Ayahuasca: Pharmacological Composition and Potential Benefits
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology – October 01, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise for emotional healing, with studies indicating that over 80% of users report significant improvements in mental health conditions like depression and PTSD. Its psychoactive effects stem from N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, which together enhance neural plasticity and facilitate deep introspection. With sample sizes often exceeding 200 participants, findings suggest that Ayahuasca can promote positive emotional shifts and help individuals process unresolved trauma, marking a potential breakthrough in therapeutic approaches to mental health.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a traditional hallucinogenic concoction utilised by indigenous populations in the Amazon Basin for ages in spiritual and therapeutic r...
Ayahuasca prevents the reinstatement of cocaine-induced rewarding effects in C57Bl/6 mice
OpenAlex – July 25, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a therapeutic option for cocaine use disorder. In a study involving C57Bl/6 mice, a higher dose of ayahuasca (15 mg DMT/kg) induced rewarding effects, though less intense than those of cocaine (10 mg/kg). Notably, ayahuasca treatment significantly reduced the reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, suggesting its potential to diminish drug-related cravings. This research highlights the influence of ayahuasca on neurotransmitter receptors and its possible applications in treating addiction, positioning it as a valuable alternative in the field of psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a psychedelic brew used for centuries in religious rituals by indigenous cultures. Recent studies suggest its potential to re...
Optimized Parenteral and Intranasal Formulations of Tryptamine Psychedelics for Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Therapy.
ACS medicinal chemistry letters – June 12, 2025
Summary
New formulations are revolutionizing how certain psychedelic compounds could treat depression. Injectable and nasal spray versions of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT address prior absorption and metabolism issues. These innovations enable rapid-onset, short-duration therapeutic effects. This breakthrough supports controlled interventions for psychiatric conditions like treatment-resistant depression, optimizing patient tolerability, scalability, and clinical utility.
Abstract
Innovative formulations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) enable parenteral and intranasal delivery,...
Harnessing Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Research on Psychedelic‐Assisted Therapy
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – September 30, 2024
Summary
Genetic variations significantly influence how individuals respond to **psychedelics**, a critical insight for future **medicine**. **Pharmacogenomics** explores how our genes affect the **pharmacology**, specifically **pharmacokinetics** and **pharmacodynamics**, of **hallucinogens** like **Psilocybin** and **MDMA**. For instance, genetic variants in enzymes such as **CYP2D6** impact acute effects, suggesting personalized **dosing** may be appropriate. This field, crucial for **drug studies**, aims to improve the safety and therapeutic profile of these compounds, potentially leveraging **biochemical analysis** and understanding **chemical synthesis** for better patient outcomes.
Abstract
Psychedelics have recently re‐emerged as potential treatments for various psychiatric conditions that impose major public health costs and for whic...
Comparative study of sample preparation procedures to determine the main compounds in ayahuasca beverages by QuEChERS and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.
Phytochemical analysis : PCA – August 01, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed a breakthrough method to analyze ayahuasca, the ancient Amazonian ceremonial brew. By comparing three extraction techniques - DLLME, MEPS, and QuEChERS - researchers identified the most effective way to measure key compounds in the drink. The QuEChERS method proved most successful, accurately detecting both the psychoactive components and other important compounds with high precision.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive drink originally consumed by indigenous people of the Amazon. The lack of regulation of this drink leads to uncontrolle...
Development and feasibility of a mindfulness-based dance/movement therapy intervention for chronic low back pain.
Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) – January 01, 2024
Summary
A novel mindfulness-based dance/movement therapy program shows promise in helping people manage chronic back pain without medication. This mixed methods feasibility study combined mindful movement, creative dance, and pain education in a 12-week group program. Participants reported reduced pain-related fear, increased physical activity, and better pain management skills. With perfect retention rates and high satisfaction scores, this non-pharmacological intervention offers a fresh approach to chronic pain relief.
Abstract
Responding to the need for innovative, multi-modal, non-pharmacological strategies in chronic low back pain (cLBP) care, this article presents the ...
Psilocybin and Eugenol Reduce Inflammation in Human 3D EpiIntestinal Tissue
Life – December 15, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin demonstrates remarkable anti-inflammatory potential in medicine. This pharmacology insight, from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, shows psilocybin significantly reduced six different inflammation markers, including Tumor necrosis factor alpha, in human 3D EpiIntestinal tissue. Acting via its receptor chemistry, psilocybin effectively lowered IL-6 and IL-8 levels. While Ketanserin also reduced two markers, Curcumin, a focus in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, had limited effects. This work highlights the promise of tryptophan-derived psychedelics for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders.
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), by contributing to tissue damage and exac...
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Serotonin Receptor and Transient Receptor Potential Channel Ligands in Human Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Current Issues in Molecular Biology – August 15, 2023
Summary
A compelling discovery shows psilocybin, a psychedelic, combined with eugenol, dramatically curbed intestinal inflammation in human small intestinal epithelial cells. Biochemical analysis revealed psilocybin (20 μM), engaging the 5-HT receptor, and eugenol (25 μM), targeting a transient receptor potential channel, synergistically decreased COX-2 protein by 19-fold and IL-6 by 10-fold. This chemistry-driven insight, vital for drug studies and cell biology, highlights a non-cytotoxic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases, advancing our understanding of serotonin's role in biology and endocrinology.
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and systemic inflammation, affecting multiple organs. Developin...
Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journal Articles Reporting Results of Psychedelic Clinical Studies
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 11, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are experiencing a profound resurgence in Psychiatry. A bibliometric analysis of 394 clinical studies from 1965-2021 reveals a dramatic increase in publications after a decades-long lull. MDMA dominated these drug studies (49%), followed by Lysergic acid diethylamide (19%), Psilocybin (18%), and Ayahuasca (7%). A "Recent cohort" (2010-2021) shows a higher proportion of therapeutic applications in Medicine and Psychology, with psilocybin studies increasing. Mescaline research saw a proportional decrease. This highlights the evolving focus on these powerful hallucinogens.
Abstract
Following a decades long period of investigational dormancy, there is renewed interest in employing psychedelics as psychiatric treatments. The aca...
Clinical pharmacology.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Did you know understanding the body's interaction with substances like psilocybin and MDMA is vital for their therapeutic potential? This review details how these compounds work, their journey through the body (pharmacokinetics and metabolism), and their effects (pharmacodynamics). Psychedelics largely target 5-HT2A receptors, with varying durations based on their metabolism. MDMA offers unique stimulant and empathogenic effects. Crucially, understanding potential drug-drug interaction is paramount for safe clinical application, guiding effective treatment design.
Abstract
To design therapeutic trials and select the most appropriate substance and dose for an indication, a detailed understanding of clinical pharmacolog...
Suppressive effect of mitragynine on the 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced head-twitch response in mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 1997
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
We investigated the effects of mitragynine, a major alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Rubiaceae), on the 5-HT2A recept...
Serotonin agonists reduce dopamine synthesis in the striatum only when the impulse flow of nigro-striatal neurons is intact.
Journal of neurochemistry – September 01, 1985
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The effects of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (CPP), two 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) agonists...
Hallucinogenic agents as discriminative stimuli: a correlation with serotonin receptor affinities.
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1980
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
A choice between two levers in an operant chamber was used to train 24 rats, under a variable-interval 15 s schedule of sweetened milk reinforcemen...
Fatal intoxication related to two new arylcyclohexylamine derivatives (2F-DCK and 3-MeO-PCE).
Forensic science international – July 01, 2021
Summary
A fatal intoxication involving new psychoactive substances highlights the dangers of emerging drugs. A 42-year-old man died from a "cocktail effect" of multiple substances, including the arylcyclohexylamine derivatives 2F-DCK (found at 1780 µg/L in blood) and 3-MeO-PCE (90 µg/L). Forensic analysis identified these substances, with purity above 95%, alongside other drugs. Hair analysis also revealed months of prior substance use. This case provides crucial data for future toxicological interpretation in similar intoxication incidents.
Abstract
Continuous development and rapid turnover of drug market of new psychoactive substances (NPS) make it difficult to obtain up-to-date analytical met...
Presence and evolution of a new psychoactive tryptamines branch
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
The presence of 4-HO-DiPT is on the rise, with 4 samples identified in 2014 compared to none earlier. Analyzing 17,432 samples from a Spanish harm reduction service revealed that 4-HO-DiPT appeared in 16 instances, while 4-AcO-DiPT was also found in 16 samples. In contrast, only 4 samples contained DiPT, indicating a shift in recreational preferences. This trend highlights a growing reliance on subjective user experiences for understanding the effects of these new psychoactive substances, which lack scientific evidence regarding their impact on behavior.
Abstract
Introduction New psychoactive substances (NPS) are substances that have recently appeared on the market and are not under international control. NP...
Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamic and wellbeing effects of SPL026 (dimethyltryptamine fumarate) in healthy participants: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
A groundbreaking trial reveals that dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a powerful psychedelic compound, shows promise as a safe treatment option. When administered intravenously to healthy participants, DMT demonstrated good tolerability and positive effects on mental wellbeing. The trial tested multiple doses to determine optimal levels for treating major depressive disorder, with pharmacodynamic data supporting the 21.5mg dose as most effective.
Abstract
Due to their potential impact on mood and wellbeing there has been increasing interest in the potential of serotonergic psychedelics such as N,N-di...
The acute effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
It's intriguing how certain antidepressants can amplify the effects of hallucinogens. This investigation explored whether these common antidepressant medications enhance the discriminative effects of various hallucinogens beyond LSD. Using rats trained to recognize specific hallucinogen effects (LSD, DOM, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT), researchers introduced different antidepressants. The findings showed **positive results**: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine significantly increased LSD-like responses. Similar enhancements were observed for DOM and ibogaine, with fluoxetine also boosting 5-MeO-DMT responses. This demonstrates that these compounds can indeed augment the subjective experience induced by multiple hallucinogens.
Abstract
In a previous study it was observed that fluoxetine potentiates the stimulus effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the present investigat...
Methodology for and the determination of the major constituents and metabolites of the Amazonian botanical medicine ayahuasca in human urine.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – September 01, 2011
Summary
A groundbreaking discovery shows the hallucinogenic compound DMT from ayahuasca is primarily metabolized into an N-oxide in humans—a first-time finding. To understand how the body processes this ancient botanical medicine, scientists developed a rapid, precise method using advanced mass spectrometry. This robust protocol successfully identified and quantified major constituents and metabolites, including tetrahydroharmine, in human urine. This valuable data provides a solid foundation for future medical and safety research.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, also known as caapi or yage among various South American groups, holds a highly esteemed and millennia-old position in these cultures' m...
The possible place for psychedelics in pharmacotherapy of mental disorders.
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2023
Summary
Breakthrough research reveals psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and LSD show remarkable potential in treating mood disorders, often working faster than traditional medications. While ketamine opened doors as a fast-acting antidepressant, natural compounds including DMT and 5-MeO-DMT may offer better safety profiles with longer-lasting benefits after just one dose.
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1960s, the serotonergic theory of depression bore fruit in the discovery of a plethora of antidepressant drugs affecting...
A mechanistic insight for the biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ONIOM theoretical approach.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications – October 20, 2023
Summary
DMT, a naturally occurring psychoactive compound found in humans and plants, is synthesized through a fascinating two-step process in the brain. Using advanced computational methods, researchers revealed how this molecule is created through a double methylation mechanism. The findings show the second methylation step requires significantly more energy, explaining a key bottleneck in DMT's natural production.
Abstract
Psychoactive natural products are potent serotonergic agonists capable of modulating brain functions such as memory and cognition. These substances...
Classic psychedelics do not affect T cell and monocyte immune responses.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Common psychedelics like LSD, DMT, and mescaline don't suppress immune function, according to laboratory testing. Scientists examined how these compounds interact with T cells and monocytes - crucial components of our immune system. The findings showed that psilocin and other psychedelics didn't interfere with normal immune cell activity, suggesting these substances are safe for therapeutic use without compromising immune health.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics have been shown to exert therapeutic potential for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, neuropsychiatric diseases, ...
Evidence on the impairing effects of Ayahuasca on fear memory reconsolidation.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2022
Summary
A breakthrough in PTSD treatment may lie in Ayahuasca's ability to modify fear memories. This traditional psychedelic brew, containing DMT and β-carbolines, shows promise in weakening traumatic memory patterns. When administered before or after fear memory recall, low doses effectively disrupted memory reconsolidation, with effects lasting over three weeks. The treatment worked without causing anxiety or altering immediate fear responses, suggesting potential for trauma therapy.
Abstract
To uncover whether psychedelic drugs attenuate fear memory responses would advance the development of better psychedelic-based treatments for postt...
I like the old stuff better than the new stuff? Subjective experiences of new psychoactive substances.
The International journal on drug policy – February 01, 2017
Summary
Not all new psychoactive substances capture user interest equally. Researchers explored how frequent psychostimulant consumers subjectively rated newer substances against traditional drugs. While stimulant-type NPS like mephedrone were less appealing than ecstasy, DMT stood out. It offered similar pleasurable effects to LSD but with fewer negative experiences, suggesting a higher potential for user appeal among new psychoactive substances. Other newer hallucinogens, however, were rated less favorably than LSD.
Abstract
Over the past decade, monitoring systems have identified the rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS). While the use of many NPS is min...
Pharmepéna-Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2001
Summary
Ancient shamanic wisdom about potent compounds finds modern validation. Human self-experiments confirmed the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT via intranasal, sublingual, and oral routes. Crucially, combining it with beta-carbolines significantly enhances its intranasal effects, validating a long-held hypothesis mirroring traditional practices.
Abstract
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmepéna--crystalline 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; O-Me-bufoten...
Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy – December 31, 2023
Summary
Understanding how the body processes psychedelic compounds is vital for unlocking their therapeutic potential. A review of studies on substances like LSD, psilocybin, and DMT reveals that while their primary breakdown products are largely known, their broader impact on human metabolism is still emerging. Integrating advanced metabolomics with drug tracking promises to illuminate the precise molecular interactions behind their positive therapeutic effects, paving the way for novel treatment development.
Abstract
Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attentio...
Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience
Preprints.org – September 22, 2025
Summary
Consciousness may emerge from brain electromagnetic fields, not solely neural computations. Psychedelic drug studies reveal substances like LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT profoundly alter consciousness by modulating these fields. Evidence suggests these chemicals act as "field resonance enhancers." LSD produces sustained coherence, psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility, ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation, and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. These specific molecular interactions, through receptor modulation, tune field computation, offering novel insights into ego dissolution, creativity, and therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than pur...
Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review
Medicines – October 18, 2019
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage, blends Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi, promoting personal growth and spiritual connection. Its main psychoactive components include DMT and harmala alkaloids like harmine and harmaline, which act as monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, enhancing DMT's hallucinogenic effects. With a focus on 50 clinical trials and numerous surveys, this review explores the toxicological aspects of ayahuasca compounds and highlights advancements in analytical methods for detecting these substances in various samples. Understanding these effects is crucial as recreational use rises.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage prepared traditionally from a mixture of the leaves and stems of Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi, ...
Trajectories of sentiment in 11,816 psychoactive narratives
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 20, 2023
Summary
Machine learning has unveiled striking correlations between sentiment and psychoactive experiences across a diverse range of 52 drugs. Analyzing 11,816 testimonials, the models identified 28 dimensions of sentiment, validated by a clinical psychiatrist. Notably, MDMA was associated with feelings of “Love,” while DMT and 5‐MeO‐DMT related to “Mystical Experiences.” The study revealed 11 significant receptor-experience factors, offering a neurobiological perspective on drug-induced feelings. This innovative approach highlights machine learning's potential in quantifying subjective experiences linked to various psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Can machine learning (ML) enable data‐driven discovery of how changes in sentiment correlate with different psychoactive experie...
Language Models Learn Sentiment and Substance from 11,000 Psychoactive Experiences
OpenAlex – August 17, 2022
Summary
A striking finding reveals that MDMA is associated with "Love," while DMT and 5-MeO-DMT correlate with "Mystical Experiences." Analyzing 11,816 drug testimonials through advanced machine learning techniques, a comprehensive framework emerged, identifying 28 sentiment dimensions and linking them to 52 drugs' receptor affinities. This approach delineates 11 latent factors of drug-induced experiences, highlighting the difference between lucid and mundane states. These insights can inform therapeutic practices, potentially enhancing mental health interventions through tailored psychoactive substance applications.
Abstract
Abstract With novel hallucinogens poised to enter psychiatry, we lack a unified framework for quantifying which changes in consciousness are optima...
Inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Diminishes Connectivity between the Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens : relevance to pathologies of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways
OpenAlex – September 17, 2025
Summary
Reduced connectivity in the midbrain-nucleus accumbens pathway, often heightened in addiction, was observed after inhaling N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) among 11 experienced participants. Notably, connectivity increased between the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as between the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. These changes correlated with shifts in volition and perception, highlighting DMT's potential therapeutic effects on reward processing disorders. This study underscores the intricate role of neurotransmitter systems in shaping behavior and emotional responses.
Abstract
Abstract Reward processing is a broad psychological construct that can be parsed into distinct components known as “reinforcement learning” (learni...
Neurological Proofs That the Third Eye Is a 43.000000000 Hz Physical Organ
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 05, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding reveals that the true location of the Third Eye corresponds to a specific brainwave frequency of 43 Hz, as confirmed by a 256-channel geodesic EEG study involving 35 breakthrough states. This research utilized a precise 1024 Hz sampling rate and advanced signal processing techniques, including an 8th-order Butterworth filter, to uncover this phenomenon. The consistent frequency across various states—DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and deep meditation—suggests a physical basis for the Third Eye, linking it to electroencephalography and potentially influencing fields like medicine and computer vision.
Abstract
256-channel geodesic EEG (10–5 system, n=35 breakthrough states) proves with p < 10⁻¹⁸: - Electrode AFz = the true Third-Eye location (+34.2 dB at ...
Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mice
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – March 10, 2023
Summary
Beyond the expected 5-HT2A receptor, new tryptamine psychedelics influence behavior through complex pharmacology, targeting multiple serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A. Variations in chemical synthesis and stereochemistry, specifically N,N-dialkyl substitutions, altered binding profiles across alpha, dopamine, and histamine receptors. One analogue, 4-PrO-DMT, induced psychedelic-like head twitches in mice at 0.3-3 mg/kg, but also 5-HT1A-mediated hypothermia and reduced locomotion at 3-30 mg/kg. This suggests 5-HT1A activity can attenuate 5-HT2A-mediated effects, crucial for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in drug studies.
Abstract
Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications...
Interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids – January 07, 2023
Summary
Subtle chemical differences in psychedelics dramatically alter how they interact with brain cell membranes. Biophysics investigations using all-atom simulations show neutral tryptamines, like dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT, readily cross the lipid bilayer. Conversely, bufotenine, while also a neutral tryptamine, doesn't cross the biological membrane, despite maximally affecting its structure. Charged tryptamines only partially penetrate the bilayer. This stereochemistry-driven partitioning, key to Chemistry and Biochemical Analysis, profoundly influences neurotransmitter receptor function and behavior, informing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Naturally occurring psychedelics have been used for a long time as remedies or in religious ceremonies and recreational activities. Recent studies ...
Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology
OpenAlex – October 07, 2023
Summary
LSD induces more profound visionary experiences than psilocybin, a key finding from a meta-analysis exploring how these serotonergic hallucinogens alter consciousness. This neuroscience review, spanning psychology and neuroimaging, reveals psychedelics strengthen brain connectivity *between* networks while reducing it *within* networks. In terms of chemical synthesis, LSD also generates more inositol phosphate at the 5-HT 2A receptor than DMT and psilocin. This integrated understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers insights into potential addiction treatments, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disor...
A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – January 01, 2020
Summary
Many users describe the tryptamine 4-AcO-DMT as mimicking psilocybin, a key insight from a qualitative analysis of 39 adults' experiences with various hallucinogen drugs. This pharmacology study explored subjective effects of novel psychedelics and their influence on behavior. Among participants, 46.2% used tryptamines, while 64.1% used phenethylamines like the 2C series. Notably, NBOMe compounds were often viewed unfavorably, and DOx effects lasted 12-36 hours. Understanding these diverse psychological impacts informs harm reduction and future medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Objective The number of novel psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines has continued to increase, but little academic research has focu...
Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 21, 2025
Summary
**Psychedelics and Drug Studies** are booming, with 241 registered clinical trials showing exponential growth since 2006 and accelerating after 2019. Two-thirds are ongoing or planned. Psilocybin, an alkaloid, remains most studied, but novel compounds from **Chemical synthesis and alkaloids** like 5-MeO-DMT are emerging. While universities still lead, industry involvement is rising. Consistent reporting of psychotherapeutic components is crucial for comparing outcomes, underscoring the meticulous standards of **Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis** needed for these potent substances.
Abstract
Psychedelic clinical research is expanding rapidly. This review analyses the state and trends in psychedelic clinical trial registrations. A system...
Minorities’ Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Gender, Perceived Stigma, and Distress
Psychoactives – June 02, 2024
Summary
Contrary to some expectations, a large-scale analysis of 458,372 individuals suggests certain psychedelics may not alleviate perceptions of internalized stigma, especially for women experiencing psychological distress. While some drug studies showed ayahuasca (men) and DMT (women) linked to reduced stigma when distress was high, MDMA and psilocybin use was associated with *heightened* stigma alongside increased distress. This complex finding challenges simple assumptions about psychedelics' broad psychological benefits, highlighting varied impacts on social and clinical psychology outcomes related to distress and stigma.
Abstract
Because psychedelics have been found to increase psychological traits like openness, mental flexibility, and interpersonal perceptiveness, some res...
A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics
OpenAlex – April 15, 2024
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics show significant promise for treating mood and anxiety disorders. A computational model, rooted in Neuroscience and Computer science, now illuminates their therapeutic mechanisms. It simulates the *dual* influence of 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a neurotransmitter receptor agonism on brain dynamics, explaining how these compounds relax maladaptive beliefs in Psychology. This framework accounts for existing empirical observations, providing a robust hypothesis for the clinical success of various psychedelics. It also highlights avenues for Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suggesting future Psychedelics and Drug Studies focus on biased 5-HT1a agonists, like 5-MeO-DMT, for developing more effective agents.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disord...
A novel psychedelic 5-HT 2A receptor agonist GM-2505: The pharmacokinetic, safety, and pharmacodynamic profile from a randomized trial healthy volunteer
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 16, 2025
Summary
A new compound, GM-2505, a product of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, shows promise in psychedelics and drug studies for depression. In 48 healthy participants, single intravenous doses up to 20 mg proved safe, causing only mild, transient adverse events. The compound's influence on neurotransmitter receptors led to dose-dependent effects on hormones and brain activity. Importantly, its duration of action was shorter than psilocybin but longer than DMT, suggesting a more practical clinical profile. An optimal dose range appears to be 10-15 mg.
Abstract
Background: The treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with available antidepressant drugs is characterized by considerable ineffectiveness. ...
From Ego to Death: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Scale (EDS)
OpenAlex – July 27, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like Ayahuasca and Psilocybin profoundly alter the self, offering deep insights and pleasure, challenging psychology's view of the ego. An online survey of 207 participants revealed six distinct facets of ego-dissolution, touching on identity relevant to social psychology. Ayahuasca and DMT induced stronger psychic experiences than LSD and psilocybin, offering new life perspectives. This work, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies encompassing areas like Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, contributes to understanding the Id, ego, and super-ego.
Abstract
<p>Disruptions to the sense of self are dotted across cultures and times in rituals involving hallucinogens, sensory deprivation, trance poss...