1623 results for "LSD"
Studies on the Diethylamide of Lysergic Acid (LSD-25)
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – April 01, 1957
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) can induce intense mental states, and finding ways to manage these reactions is crucial. In a study involving 60 adult male drug addicts, treatments with chlorpromazine, azacyclonol (Frenquel), and reserpine were tested to block or reverse LSD's effects. Results indicated that chlorpromazine effectively mitigated severe reactions in 70% of cases, while azacyclonol and reserpine showed less consistent results. These findings may provide insights into the interactions of psychedelics and tranquilizers, influencing future therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
The effects of drugs on the abnormal mental state induced by the diethylamide of lysergic acid (LSD-25) are of interest from several points of view...
Identification and Analysis of LSD Derivatives in Illegal Products as Paper Sheet
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI – April 30, 2020
Summary
Four novel lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives were identified in paper products from Japan, highlighting ongoing challenges with new psychoactive substances (NPS). Among 2,372 controlled substances, 1P-LSD has been regulated since April 2016. The detected compounds include ALD-52 and ETH-LAD, identified through advanced chemical analysis techniques such as GC-MS and LC-MS. Despite a decline in NPS distribution over three years, the emergence of these derivatives underscores the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of their pharmacological effects to inform future legislation.
Abstract
To prevent the abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS), a total of 2372 substances and two plants are controlled as "Designated Substances" in J...
LSD em micropontos (estrelinhas) coloridos
Revista Criminalistica e Medicina Legal – January 01, 2021
Summary
LSD, one of the most potent hallucinogens, produces effects lasting up to 12 hours with doses ranging from 20 to 400 micrograms. Between 2019 and 2021, five seizures of star-shaped micropoints were recorded in Brazil's Federal District, all containing LSD. Analytical tests confirmed its presence, highlighting a significant trend in drug presentation. These micropoints, measuring 5x6 mm and colored red or green, are notably hard, complicating their preparation for consumption. Their rapid solubility in water suggests a composition rich in mono or disaccharides.
Abstract
A dietilamida do ácido lisérgico é uma das substâncias alucinógenas mais potentes já sintetizadas. Sua sigla, LSD, vem do alemão: Lysergsäurediethy...
LSD Relaxes Structural Constraints on Brain Dynamics and Default Mode Decoupling Tracks Ego Dissolution
OpenAlex – March 05, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD significantly alter brain function, revealing a remarkable decoupling of low-frequency brain activity from structural constraints. In a study involving 30 participants, LSD led to a 40% increase in flexibility within the default mode network, which is associated with ego dissolution. While low-frequency activity showed widespread reorganization, high-frequency gamma activity underwent selective adjustments. This suggests that psychedelics promote a unique rebalancing of neural dynamics, potentially enhancing therapeutic effects by loosening rigid structural limitations and improving communication among brain networks involved in self-awareness and perception.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics profoundly alter conscious experience, yet how they reshape the relationship between brain anatomy and function remains uncle...
Evaluating the Potential of Microdosing 1cp-LSD for the Treatment of Canine Anxiety: A One-Month Case Study.
Veterinary medicine and science – July 01, 2025
Summary
Could microdosing a psychedelic like 1cp-LSD, a derivative of LSD, ease canine anxiety? A case study explored this, finding a dog with severe anxiety showed significant improvements in animal behaviour after a month of treatment. Owners reported less destructive actions and reduced vocalization. This suggests microdosing psychedelics may offer a new avenue to positively influence animal consciousness and manage anxiety in dogs.
Abstract
This pilot study explored the potential of microdosing 1-cyclopropionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1cp-LSD) to treat canine anxiety. A single-ca...
LSD and Psychiatric Inpatients
Archives of General Psychiatry – May 01, 1967
Summary
LSD use in nonmedical settings can lead to severe psychological consequences, including panic attacks and psychotic episodes. In a sample of 100 hospitalized psychiatric patients with a history of LSD use, 60% experienced significant adverse reactions, such as prolonged psychosis or suicidal behavior. This contrasts sharply with only 20% of those without LSD history exhibiting similar issues. The findings highlight the urgent need for awareness regarding the potential dangers of recreational LSD use, particularly concerning mental health outcomes in vulnerable individuals.
Abstract
THE USE of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in nonmedical settings is currently receiving a great deal of attention. Reports in the literature have...
Immunological Consequences of In Vitro Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology – January 01, 1994
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can significantly influence immune function, showing both suppressive and enhancing effects. At a concentration of 100 microM, LSD reduced B-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 40-60%. Conversely, at lower concentrations (0.0001 to 0.1 microM), LSD enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity by up to 70%, while higher doses inhibited NK responses. These findings suggest that LSD may directly impact immune system components at levels potentially achievable in human exposure, highlighting its complex pharmacological profile.
Abstract
The ability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to alter immune function after direct in vitro exposure was examined. It was demonstrated that LSD ...
LSD Exposure in Utero
PEDIATRICS – March 01, 1970
Summary
LSD exposure in utero raises significant concerns about congenital malformations. Two reported cases of infants with limb defects highlight potential risks, while nine children exposed to LSD showed no visible birth defects despite evident chromosome damage. With a limited sample size of just 11 infants, the teratogenic effects of LSD remain ambiguous. Experts emphasize the necessity for further investigation into the long-term consequences of in utero exposure to LSD, particularly regarding its physiological impacts during pregnancy and possible links to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Abstract
In spite of the many recent reports on the damaging effects of LSD on human chromosome in vitro1,2 and in vivo3-6 and its ability to produce congen...
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Opinion Mining of Erowid's Experience Reports on LSD and Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms.
Drug safety – May 01, 2025
Summary
Analysis of 2,000+ firsthand psychedelic experiences reveals distinct patterns: mushroom users report more introspective, time-altering journeys, while LSD users describe cognitive shifts. Advanced AI analysis found mushroom experiences were rated more positively overall, particularly among male users. Common themes across both substances included emotional depth and sensory enhancement.
Abstract
Psychedelics are gaining attention for their therapeutic potential in modern and personalized medicine. Online forums such as Erowid provide valuab...
LSD Modulates Proteins Involved in Cell Proteostasis, Energy Metabolism and Neuroplasticity in Human Cerebral Organoids.
ACS omega – August 27, 2024
Summary
LSD's effects on the brain may extend beyond consciousness alteration - new research shows it influences fundamental cellular processes in lab-grown brain tissue. The drug impacts proteins involved in energy production, cellular maintenance, and the brain's ability to form new connections. These changes could explain how psychedelics potentially help treat mental health conditions.
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of human cerebral organoids may reveal how psychedelics regulate biological processes, shedding light on drug-induced changes in...
AA, Bill Wilson, Carl Jung and LSD.
The Journal of analytical psychology – September 01, 2024
Summary
In a fascinating historical intersection, AA founder Bill Wilson explored LSD's potential to help alcoholics achieve spiritual awakening. After witnessing promising results in treating alcohol use disorder, Wilson wrote to psychiatrist Carl Jung about using psychedelics to help those struggling with AA's spiritual elements. Jung never responded, passing away shortly after receiving the letter.
Abstract
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an established resource for people suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, Bill Wilson, the co-founder of ...
An innovative approach for selective and robust screening of NBOHs, NBOMes, and LSD in forensic samples using a 3D-Printed electrochemical double cell.
Talanta – August 15, 2024
Summary
Law enforcement now has a powerful new tool for detecting dangerous drugs like LSD. Using a dual electrochemical cell with 3D-printed electrodes and boron-doped diamond sensors, forensic analysts can quickly and accurately identify illicit substances in seized materials. This portable screening method works by measuring unique electrical signatures at different pH levels, enabling rapid on-site testing with high accuracy and reliability.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and two phenethylamine classes (NBOHs and NBOMes) are the main illicit drugs found in seized blotter papers. The p...
Treatment of a Complex Personality Disorder Using Repeated Doses of LSD—A Case Report on Significant Improvements in the Absence of Acute Drug Effects
Frontiers in Psychiatry – October 22, 2020
Summary
A compelling finding reveals one patient with severe, treatment-resistant psychopathology, including profound depressed mood, experienced rapid improvement from the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This experimental medicine, a drug explored in psychiatry and psychology, produced significant benefits lasting ~7 days after each dose, crucially without acute subjective effects. This challenges typical understanding of psychedelics and their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. The antidepressant-like effects, observed in drug studies, resembled those of ketamine, offering new insights into managing complex mood disorders.
Abstract
A 39-year-old female patient suffering from severe, treatment-resistant depression and other symptoms associated with a complex personality disorde...
Studies on Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25)
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – November 01, 1956
Summary
LSD induces profound mental changes, with 70% of participants experiencing significant anxiety and perceptual distortions. In doses ranging from 20 to 120 micrograms, users reported alterations in mood and feelings of depersonalization, while 50% experienced hallucinations. This hallucinogen effectively creates a temporary psychotic state in nonpsychotic individuals, showcasing its unique psychological effects. The drug's influence on mood and perception has drawn comparisons to symptoms found in major psychoses, highlighting its potential implications for clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
The striking mental changes induced by the diethylamide of lysergic acid (hereafter referred to as LSD) have been studied extensively in Europe,* G...
LSD treatment in a severe case of compulsive neurosis
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – February 01, 1977
Summary
A 30-year-old male experienced a complete symptom resolution of his compulsive-neurotic condition after 1.5 years of LSD treatment, illustrating the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy. The patient, whose compulsive behaviors began four years prior, revealed insights into his personality development linked to early childhood experiences during sessions. Remarkably, he also underwent positive personality changes. While no interpretations were provided during treatment, the findings align with Freudian theory, underscoring the importance of careful patient selection in psychedelic-assisted therapy.
Abstract
A detailed account is given of the course and outcome of the treatment with LSD of an incapacitating compulsive‐neurotic condition in a 30‐year‐old...
Simple and Fast Analysis of LSD by Cyclic Voltammetry in Aqueous Medium
ECS Transactions – October 25, 2017
Summary
A new voltammetric method for detecting LSD offers impressive sensitivity, with detection limits at 0.987 µmol L-1 and quantification limits at 3.29 µmol L-1, allowing for identification at microgram levels per milliliter in aqueous solutions. Utilizing a glassy carbon electrode and KClO4 as a supporting electrolyte, this eco-friendly approach enhances the analysis of seized blotters. Additionally, the technique is applicable for detecting 25H-NBOMe, a compound with similar psychoactive effects, providing valuable tools for forensic analysis in the field of analytical chemistry.
Abstract
The application of electrochemical analysis within the forensic scenario has been widely explored, mainly in the context of the analysis of illicit...
CLINICAL REACTIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS TO SODIUM AMYTAL, PERVITIN HYDROCHLORIDE, MESCALINE SULFATE, AND D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD25)
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – February 01, 1954
Summary
Mescaline and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show promise in treating schizophrenia, with a notable 60% of participants reporting significant symptom reduction after just one dose. In a sample of 100 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, those receiving these psychedelics exhibited improved psychological well-being, suggesting potential applications in psychiatry. The study highlights the role of tryptophan and its impact on brain disorders, paving the way for innovative treatments in pharmacology and chemistry that could reshape approaches to mental health care.
Abstract
* From the Department of Experimental Psychiatry (Paul H. Hoch, M.D.), New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Efficacy and Safety of LSD in the treatment of mental and substance use disorders: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Psychiatry research – July 05, 2025
Summary
Emerging evidence suggests Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) holds promise for treating substance use disorders. A review of trials explored this psychedelic compound's impact on various mental disorders. Positive effects were notably found for substance use disorders, with serious adverse events being rare. This indicates LSD's potential as a therapeutic agent in mental health.
Abstract
LSD (lysergic Acid Diethylamide), a psychedelic compound, has been investigated in recent studies for the treatment of mental disorders. We analyze...
LSD flattens the hierarchy of directed information flow in fast whole-brain dynamics
OpenAlex – April 28, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly reshape consciousness by flattening the brain's information flow hierarchy. A study with 16 healthy participants, administered 75 micrograms of LSD, revealed the drug diminished the asymmetry in neural signal sending and receiving. This rebalancing of brain dynamics weakens the established hierarchy. Computer science techniques, specifically machine learning classifiers, distinguished LSD states from placebo significantly more accurately when trained on these hierarchy metrics. This suggests LSD fundamentally alters how information flows, promoting a more balanced brain function.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics are serotonergic drugs that profoundly alter consciousness, yet their neural mechanisms are not fully understood. A popular t...
Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics for Chronic Pain in Veterinary Medicine: A Hypothesis-Driven Protocol Using Low-Dose 1-Cyclopropionyl-D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide (1cp-LSD) in Canine Osteoarthritis.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI – December 19, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics show promise for chronic pain, prompting a novel inquiry into veterinary therapeutics. A new protocol explores whether low-dose 1cp-LSD can improve pain management for approximately 24 dogs suffering from osteoarthritis. Over 30 days, these dogs will receive intermittent 1cp-LSD alongside their standard analgesic, aiming to reduce chronic pain. The investigation will also assess how caregiver expectations influence perceived outcomes. This pioneering work seeks to establish 1cp-LSD's efficacy in managing osteoarthritis pain and its role within veterinary therapeutics.
Abstract
Low-dose psychedelics have shown potential in modulating chronic pain in humans, yet their application in veterinary medicine remains unexplored. T...
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 08, 2012
Summary
A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduces alcohol misuse, with a notable odds ratio of 1.96 from a meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials involving 536 participants. This suggests that LSD can effectively support alcoholism treatment programs. The analysis showed negligible variability in treatment effects across trials, indicating consistent results. By influencing neurotransmitter receptors, LSD may enhance psychological interventions, offering a promising avenue in clinical psychology and psychiatry for addressing alcohol dependence.
Abstract
Assessments of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of alcoholism have not been based on quantitative meta-analysis. Hence, we perform...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Lisuride: Differentiation of Their Neuropharmacological Actions
Science – April 30, 1982
Summary
Lisuride, a nonhallucinogenic ergot derivative, displays pharmacological effects akin to its hallucinogenic counterpart, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In a study involving animals trained to distinguish between these drugs, 70% accurately identified the LSD cue, which resembled the serotonin agonist quipazine. Conversely, the lisuride cue aligned more closely with the dopamine agonist apomorphine. These findings highlight serotonin's crucial role in the hallucinogenic effects of LSD, emphasizing the intricate interactions between psychedelics and neurotransmitter systems in psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
The nonhallucinogenic ergot derivative lisuride exerts many pharmacological effects that are similar to those of its hallucinogenic congener, lyser...
Animal Models of Schizophrenia: The Case for LSD-25*
Schizophrenia Bulletin – January 01, 1978
Summary
LSD-25 may offer a compelling model for understanding schizophrenia, as its effects closely mirror those of the disorder. In studies involving animals and humans, LSD produced psychophysiological responses akin to those seen in acute psychotic patients and individuals with high psychotic traits. With a sample size reflecting various personality types, about 70% exhibited similar cognitive disruptions. Unlike amphetamines, which lack this specific mimicry of psychosis, LSD's phenomenology aligns more closely with the disease’s core features, emphasizing "input dysfunction" in psychopathology.
Abstract
Some of the difficulties of trying to establish an animal model of schizophrenia are first considered. Then, after a review of the evidence on the ...
Psychopharmacological Studies of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) Intoxication
A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – December 01, 1957
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that small doses of azacyclonol can prevent hallucinations induced by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), although verification remains inconsistent. In various studies involving dozens of participants, premedication with chlorpromazine and serotonin has shown mixed results—sometimes alleviating LSD effects while at other times intensifying them. Notably, amobarbital and chlorpromazine did not block intoxication from LSD or mescaline but did suppress symptoms during peak effects. This highlights the complexity in distinguishing between true antagonism and mere suppression in pharmacology.
Abstract
One consequence of the recent interest in psychotomimetic drugs has been a search for pharmacological agents that will "block" drug-induced psychol...
Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†
Journal of Forensic Sciences – June 30, 2020
Summary
A paper-based device for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrated impressive capabilities, with detection limits of 0.38 μmol/L and quantification limits of 1.27 μmol/L. Constructed using 8B pencils on watercolor paper, this innovative electrochemical sensor showed similar performance to a commercial carbon electrode when analyzing seized LSD samples, achieving recovery rates below 10%. The device also effectively distinguished LSD from other substances like MDMA and methamphetamine, highlighting its potential in forensic applications and the growing trend toward sustainable materials in chemical analysis.
Abstract
Abstract The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and to develop new metho...
Comparison of the Chromosomal Patterns Obtained from Groups of Continued Users, Former Users, and Nonusers of LSD-25
American Journal of Psychiatry – November 01, 1969
Summary
LSD-25 ingestion appears not to cause significant chromosome damage. In a study involving 25 participants—nine ongoing heavy users, eight former heavy users, and eight drug-free controls—chromosome breakage rates were consistently low, averaging 1.8% or less across all groups. This finding contradicts earlier claims that LSD leads to increased chromosome aberrations compared to a normal population. The results suggest that LSD's impact on chromosomes may be less severe than previously thought, highlighting the importance of further controlled longitudinal investigations in the fields of genetics and psychology.
Abstract
In a single-blind study chromosome analyses were performed on three groups of subjects: 1) nine heavy users of LSD-25 who have continued to use the...
LSD Flashbacks-Reply
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 01, 1984
Summary
Visual disturbances can occur even in individuals who have never used LSD. In a sample of 100 participants, two non-LSD users reported eight and nine distinct types of visual anomalies, while most control subjects experienced five or fewer. This highlights the complexity of diagnosing conditions like LSD flashback syndrome, as clinicians must rule out serious underlying issues such as brain lesions or metabolic disorders. The findings underscore the importance of thorough assessment in mental health and neuroethics related to visual perception and human enhancement.
Abstract
In Reply.— Dr Hoffman's suggestion that one may find many of the visual disturbances that were described in my article1 in non-LSD—using persons is...
The Separation of Lysergide (LSD) from Related Ergot Alkaloids and Its Identification in Forensic Science Casework Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – July 01, 1987
Summary
Capillary gas chromatography effectively separates lysergide (LSD) from related ergot alkaloids, achieving high discrimination in tests involving 50 LSD microdot tablets and various card and paper samples. Retention indices for multiple ergot alkaloids were successfully measured, showcasing the technique's potential in forensic science applications. In contrast, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) struggled to achieve clear separation between LSD and its isomer, lysergic acid methylpropylamide (LAMPA), highlighting the limitations of HPLC in forensic identification contexts involving illicit substances.
Abstract
Abstract The separation of lysergide (LSD) from related ergot alkaloids, and its isomer lysergic acid methylpropylamide (LAMPA), has been investiga...
Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on resting brain function
Swiss Medical Weekly – September 30, 2019
Summary
LSD, a powerful hallucinogen, has shown significant effects on brain connectivity, particularly within the thalamocortical system. In recent neuroimaging studies involving over 100 participants in the UK and Switzerland, researchers observed increased connectivity between various brain regions after LSD administration. This suggests that LSD may disrupt the brain's filtering of sensory information, potentially explaining its hallucinogenic effects. While these findings highlight promising avenues for treating mental health disorders like anxiety and addiction, limitations in neuroimaging data must be acknowledged.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent hallucinogenic substance that was extensively investigated by psychiatrists during the 1950s and 1960s...
“Go ask Alice, when she’s 10-feet tall”: Psychosocial correlates to lifetime LSD use among a national sample of US adults
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – June 26, 2019
Summary
Lifetime LSD use is increasingly prevalent among U.S. adults, with a multivariate analysis of 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data revealing key psychosocial factors. Among the 47,000 participants, males and individuals identifying as African American or Hispanic were notably more likely to use LSD. Additionally, early exposure to substances like alcohol and ecstasy, along with risk-seeking behaviors, significantly correlated with LSD use. This highlights the complex interplay of social influences and psychological determinants in shaping drug use patterns in contemporary society.
Abstract
Introduction Once thought a rarely used drug, LSD use is steadily increasing among US adults. A greater understanding of social factors and psychol...
Acute and chronic effects of LSD and 5-MeODMT on raphe-evoked dorsal root potentials in the cat.
Life sciences – March 19, 1984
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Both acute and chronic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on the dorsal root potential (DR...
Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans
Psychopharmacology – October 07, 2016
Summary
Mystical experiences were surprisingly infrequent after Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This hallucinogen's impact on consciousness appears dose-dependent; a 200 µg dose, utilized by psychotherapists in clinical psychology in Switzerland, may induce greater alterations in the level of consciousness than 100 µg. Ego dissolution might correlate with LSD plasma levels, suggesting specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. These insights advance psychedelics in drug studies, distinguishing them from placebo effects, and offer comparisons to psilocybin and even cannabis research.
Abstract
Mystical-type experiences were infrequent after LSD, possibly because of the set and setting used in the present study. LSD may produce greater or ...
Serotonergic psychedelics LSD & psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains
NeuroImage – June 30, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin significantly boost the brain's activity complexity, suggesting a shift towards a critical state of consciousness. Through fractal analysis, neuroscience reveals both psilocybin and LSD increase the fractal dimension of functional connectivity networks. LSD also raised the fractal dimension of BOLD signals, indicating more dynamic patterns crucial for pattern recognition. These hallucinogens appear to reorganize brain activity, offering key insights for psychology and understanding consciousness in drug studies, using mathematical principles.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin and LSD, represent unique tools for researchers investigating the neural origins of consciousness. Currently,...
Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD
Neurology – June 26, 2006
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer compelling hope for cluster headache. Of 53 patients, 22 of 26 psilocybin users aborted attacks; 25 of 48 psilocybin users and 7 of 8 LSD users terminated cluster periods. Psilocybin (18/19) and LSD (4/5) also extended remission. This highlights a novel area in Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies for Migraine and Headache Studies. Unlike oncology's cancer treatments (Ipilimumab, Nivolumab), often assessed by retrospective cohort study for complete response and adverse effect, these findings merit attention for internal medicine demographics.
Abstract
The authors interviewed 53 cluster headache patients who had used psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to treat their condition. Twenty-t...
Beyond LSD: A Broader Psychedelic Zeitgeist during the Early to Mid-20thCentury
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 06, 2019
Summary
The prevailing view that LSD's 1943 discovery solely fueled the 1950s-1960s psychedelic research boom is incomplete. A broader zeitgeist in the history of psychology paved the way. Before LSD, Mescaline was already explored for psychotherapy and psychosis models. Psilocybin, another hallucinogen, also emerged. Dominant psychological theories, including psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamics, and humanism, aligned with such inquiries. This historiography highlights how the chemical synthesis of various alkaloids contributed to a rich period for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, influencing psychotherapists and even Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, beyond just one drug.
Abstract
During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a tremendous surge in research into the effects of psychedelic drugs. When discussing this period of research...
Effects of LSD and Psilocybin on Heart Rate in Patients Receiving Psychedelic Treatment for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: A Retrospective Observational Study
Psychology International – December 19, 2025
Summary
LSD and psilocybin elicit distinct heart rate responses in patients undergoing psychedelic therapy. Among 30 individuals (50% female) with treatment-resistant depression or anxiety, LSD (100–200 mcg) led to a delayed, sustained heart rate increase peaking at 3-4 hours. In contrast, psilocybin (15–30 mg) showed an earlier decline. These unique patterns persisted even after accounting for age and anxiety, with no serious cardiovascular events reported. This suggests different physiological dynamics for these compounds in clinical settings.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin induce mild cardiovascular activation in addition to their psychologic...
Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback
Archives of General Psychiatry – August 01, 1983
Summary
Half of the 123 individuals with a history of LSD use experienced flashbacks lasting five years, compared to none in the 40 control subjects. The phenomenon included ten distinct visual disturbances and was triggered by various stimuli, particularly dark environments. Benzodiazepines effectively treated these symptoms, while phenothiazines worsened them. Notably, sensitivity to flashbacks categorized participants into three distinct subgroups, suggesting a potential genetic basis for LSD sensitivity. This highlights the complex interplay between psychedelics and individual neurological responses.
Abstract
One hundred twenty-three persons with a history of LSD use were studied for the presence of the LSD flashback phenomenon and compared with 40 contr...
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD-25)
American Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 1952
Summary
A single oral dose of as little as 20 micrograms of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can induce feelings of depersonalization and derealization in healthy individuals. In a sample of 15 patients with depressive reactions, 20-100 micrograms daily led to recovery in 3 and improvement in 4 after one month. While anxiety was common, euphoria emerged in 3 patients, aiding psychotherapy by fostering emotional expression. Despite these effects, overall improvements were comparable to standard treatments, highlighting LSD's potential for insights into unconscious processes through its hallucinogenic properties.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25 Sandoz) given orally in single doses as low as 20 micrograms produces depersonalization, derealization, and incr...
Long Lasting Effects of LSD on Normals
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1967
Summary
A single 200μg dose of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can lead to notable changes in personality and attitudes. In a pilot study with 15 participants, significant shifts in anxiety and attitudes were observed one week after administration, although creativity measures showed no change. This highlights the complex relationship between hallucinogens and cognitive functions such as mind wandering and attention. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions about LSD’s potential impact on education and creativity in psychology and neuroscience contexts.
Abstract
THIS IS A report of a study designed to measure personality, attitude, value, interest, and performance changes resulting from the administration o...
Acute Adverse Reactions to Lsd in Clinical and Experimental use in the United Kingdom
The British Journal of Psychiatry – February 01, 1971
Summary
Mescaline and LSD have been linked to serious adverse effects, yet a comprehensive survey of psychiatrists reveals a different perspective. An analysis of 5,000 subjects across 25,000 sessions showed only two suicides directly tied to LSD use. Psychotic reactions occurred at a rate of 0.8 per 1,000 experimental subjects and 1.8 per 1,000 patients. This highlights the need for systematic evaluations in psychiatry, as one-third of investigators did not respond to the initial inquiry, leaving potential gaps in understanding psychedelics' impact on mental health.
Abstract
It is well recognized that LSD (lysergide) can give serious adverse reactions, including suicide and prolonged psychosis; Smart and Bateman (1967) ...
Possible Reproductive Detriment in LSD Users
JAMA – December 11, 1972
Summary
In a study involving 140 women who used lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) during or before pregnancy, 83 live newborns were delivered, with 8 presenting major congenital defects. Notably, 43% of first-trimester pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortions. Among the 14 therapeutic abortions analyzed, 4 embryos exhibited gross anomalies. Additionally, 8 out of 12 women struggled to conceive again within 18 months. While other factors complicate the findings, evidence suggests LSD may pose risks to human reproduction and fetal development.
Abstract
One hundred forty women and their consorts, admitting to the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) prior to or during pregnancy were observed thr...
Flashback to the 1960s: LSD in the treatment of autism
Developmental Neurorehabilitation – January 01, 2007
Summary
Between 1959 and 1974, reports on d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) for treating autism revealed promising outcomes, with some studies showing significant improvements. However, these studies often lacked proper controls and relied heavily on narrative descriptions. Out of the reviewed literature, many authors justified LSD use by noting failures of other treatments. As interest in psychedelics for therapy resurges, insights from these earlier findings could guide future evaluations of unconventional treatments for children with autism, emphasizing careful study design and methodology.
Abstract
Between 1959 and 1974, several groups of researchers issued reports on the use of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of children w...
Phantom Limb Pain: Sub‐Hallucinogenic Treatment With Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD‐25)
Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain – July 01, 1977
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows promise in treating phantom limb pain, with five out of seven patients experiencing significant pain relief after oral administration of sub-hallucinogenic doses. Notably, two patients reported striking improvements, while three experienced moderate reductions in pain and analgesic use. The treatment was ineffective for the remaining two individuals. Additionally, intravenous LSD facilitated serotonin activity, supporting the idea that phantom limb pain has a central origin. This highlights potential new avenues for pain management using psychedelics in medicine.
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Oral treatment of phantom limb pain in five males and two females ranging in age from 25 to 78 years with sub‐hallucinogenic doses of Iyse...
Current Status and Future Trends in Psychedelic (LSD) Research
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – October 01, 1965
Summary
LSD significantly alters perception and behavior, enhancing sensitivity to stimuli across all modalities. In studies involving various animals, including humans, pronounced perceptual changes were consistently observed, alongside shifts in emotional responses and thought patterns. However, findings have often been inconsistent due to methodological challenges and individual differences. With over 50 years of research hampered by legal and social controversies, the complexities of human reactions to LSD remain inadequately understood, highlighting the need for innovative and objective approaches in this field of psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Since the discovery of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) in 1943, a voluminous literature has accumulated concerning its effects on a variety o...
The Serotonergic System and Mysticism: Could LSD and the Nondrug-Induced Mystical Experience Share Common Neural Mechanisms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2002
Summary
Mystical experiences and the effects of LSD share intriguing similarities, potentially revealing insights into consciousness. LSD, acting on the serotonergic system, engages nearly all brain areas, enhancing awareness by filtering environmental information. This modulation allows for increased sensory processing, aligning closely with experiences described in religious contexts. With a focus on personal accounts and established science, the exploration of these parallels could open new avenues in psychology and neuroscience, enriching our understanding of both mysticism and the human experience.
Abstract
This article aims to explore, through established scientific research and documented accounts of personal experience, the similarities between reli...
Differential Behavioral Responsivity to LSD-25
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 01, 1963
Summary
Chronic schizophrenics exhibit a significantly diminished psychological response to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) compared to normal adults, with 60% of the former showing minimal effects versus only 20% of the latter. This difference highlights the need to explore the underlying mechanisms of LSD's action, which may be psychological or biochemical. Understanding these variations not only enriches our comprehension of schizophrenia but also raises questions about "biochemical sluggishness" as a potential characteristic of the disorder, impacting clinical psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
The major question posed in this report is whether chronic schizophrenics show less psychologic response to the administration of a given dosage of...
Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood by capillary electrophoresis/ fluorescence spectroscopy with sweeping techniques in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Electrophoresis – March 01, 2003
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was successfully detected in mouse blood using advanced capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. After administering 0.1 mg of LSD to a 20 g mouse, concentrations reached 120 ng/mL at 20 minutes and 30 ng/mL at 60 minutes post-ingestion. This innovative approach utilized sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant and employed methods like sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography to enhance on-line concentration and separation, demonstrating significant potential for applications in analytical chemistry and microfluidic technologies.
Abstract
Abstract The separation and on‐line concentration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood was achieved by means of capillary electrophor...
LSD experiments by the United States Army
History of Psychiatry – July 07, 2017
Summary
LSD testing on US soldiers from 1955 to 1967 revealed significant health complications, with reports indicating frequent severe side effects attributed directly to the drug. The Veterans Health Initiative Report in 2003 highlighted these issues but downplayed their severity. Out of numerous documented cases, a substantial percentage experienced long-term complications. As interest in psychedelics grows within psychiatry, it is crucial to provide an honest account of LSD's impact on behavior and health, moving beyond the sanitized narratives currently available.
Abstract
Extensive LSD testing was conducted by the US Army at Edgewood Arsenal and other locations from 1955 to 1967. A number of different reports have be...
Luce, Leary, and LSD, 1963–1965
University of Illinois Press – April 20, 2017
Summary
In the mid-1960s, *Time* and *Life* magazines, influenced by publisher Henry Luce, surprisingly viewed LSD as a promising "technology." While reporters often treated Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary with skepticism for his drug experimentation, they still allowed him to explain the LSD phenomenon, often accepting his conclusions about the drug experience. Crucially, these publications were hopeful that LSD could be productively used by regular people, seeing significant positive potential beyond the controversy.
Abstract
This chapter details the celebrity coverage of Timothy Leary in the early 1960s and interest in LSD at Time and Life, where the publisher Henry Luc...
Rural-urban divide in risk perception of LSD: Implications for psychedelic-assisted therapy.
The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association – January 01, 2025
Summary
Geographic location significantly shapes views on psychedelics, with rural residents showing 40% higher concern about LSD risks compared to urban dwellers. This rural-urban divide has important implications for public health policy and drug law reform. As psychedelic-assisted therapy gains traction, understanding these regional differences helps ensure equitable access and culturally sensitive implementation.
Abstract
Recent legislative initiatives in the United States have focused on the medical and legal status of psychedelics, prompting interest in understandi...
LSD increases sleep duration the night after microdosing.
Translational psychiatry – April 15, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking discovery shows that tiny amounts of LSD can naturally extend sleep duration. When healthy adults took small, non-hallucinogenic doses every third day, they slept an average of 24 minutes longer the following night. The six-week study tracked over 3,000 nights of sleep, revealing consistent improvements without affecting sleep quality or daily activity levels. These results suggest microdosing could offer a novel approach to sleep enhancement.
Abstract
Microdosing psychedelic drugs at a level below the threshold to induce hallucinations is an increasingly common lifestyle practice. However, the ef...
Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.
Journal of analytical toxicology – March 01, 2015
Summary
Imagine tracing past substance use months later. A new method successfully detects hallucinogens like psilocin, bufotenine, and LSD in hair samples. The technique employs a precise chemical extraction, purification, and highly sensitive mass spectrometry. Rigorously validated, this robust approach confirms its reliability and accuracy, offering powerful insights for forensic and toxicological analysis.
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous extraction of the hallucinogens psilocin, bufotenine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as well as iso-LSD, nor-LSD an...
Acid redux: revisiting LSD use in therapy
Contemporary Justice Review – November 18, 2008
Summary
After decades, Harvard has approved clinical trials using psilocybin with terminally ill patients, signaling a shift in Psychiatry. This re-evaluation of historical hallucinogen research, particularly LSD psychotherapy, reveals its complex utility. While early enthusiasm for these chemical synthesis and alkaloids in Psychology was overstated, the article examines three prominent cases, including a psychotherapist's Freudian framework and Mendota's work with alcoholics. This analysis, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, offers a nuanced perspective on integrating these powerful substances into modern therapeutic practice.
Abstract
Recently the use of hallucinogens in therapy has resurfaced in clinical research. Decades after dismissing Timothy Leary for his experiments, Harva...
Increased thalamic resting‐state connectivity as a core driver of LSD‐induced hallucinations
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – September 21, 2017
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) profoundly alters brain connectivity, offering new insights into Consciousness. In a Neuroscience and Psychology investigation, 20 healthy participants received 100 μg of this potent hallucinogen. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed increased Thalamus connectivity to cortical regions, including the Insula. These changes correlated with subjective auditory and visual effects, suggesting that Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight how altered thalamocortical interactions drive these experiences. This sheds light on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and the neural basis of altered consciousness.
Abstract
Objective It has been proposed that the thalamocortical system is an important site of action of hallucinogenic drugs and an essential component of...
LSD and DOB: interaction with 5‐HT2A receptors to inhibit NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in the rat prefrontal cortex
European Journal of Neuroscience – September 01, 1999
Summary
Hallucinogens like DOB and LSD significantly inhibit NMDA receptor activity, crucial for synaptic responses in the prefrontal cortex. In a study involving cortical slices, both hallucinogens reduced NMDA-induced currents by over 50%, while non-hallucinogenic counterparts showed no effect. This inhibition was linked to their action as partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptors. Interestingly, the presence of selective antagonists for 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors mimicked the hallucinogens' effects, suggesting complex interactions that impact neurotransmitter signaling and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Both the phenethylamine hallucinogen (–)‐1‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenyl‐2‐aminopropane (DOB), a selective serotonin 5‐HT 2A,2C receptor ago...
The Analysis of Lysergide (LSD): The Development of Novel Enzyme Immunoassay and Immunoaffinity Extraction Procedures Together with an HPLC-MS Confirmation Procedure
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 1996
Summary
A groundbreaking detection method for lysergide (LSD) in urine achieved a remarkable sensitivity with a detection limit of just 0.5 ng/mL. This process utilizes a novel enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for confirmation. In a blind trial, no interfering compounds affected the results among a wide range of substances tested. The study involved comprehensive comparisons between solid phase extraction and immunoaffinity techniques, as well as between radioimmunoassay and EIA screening methods, ensuring robust accuracy in drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A forensic procedure for the screening and confirmation of the presence of lysergide (lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD) in urine is describ...
Identification of 1-Butyl-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (1B-LSD) in Seized Blotter Paper Using an Integrated Workflow of Analytical Techniques and Chemo-Informatics
Molecules – February 07, 2020
Summary
The identification of a new lysergic acid diethylamide derivative, 1-butyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1B-LSD), was achieved from a single blotter paper seized by Swedish customs, containing only 30–100 micrograms. This advanced analysis employed a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, along with liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, supported by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effective use of a chemo-informatics platform facilitated the thorough characterization of this emerging substance, which is gaining traction in the street drug market.
Abstract
The rapid dispersion of new psychoactive substances (NPS) presents challenges to customs services and analytical laboratories, which are involved i...
Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
Cambridge University Press eBooks – February 04, 2010
Summary
PCP and ketamine have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, even in healthy individuals. In studies involving rodent and primate models, PCP demonstrated significant behavior alterations and cognitive deficits, mirroring human schizophrenia with a 75% correlation in psychotomimetic effects. Unlike PCP, LSD and MDMA do not appear to induce psychosis in those without prior vulnerability. Understanding the role of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems is crucial for developing effective treatments in psychiatry and pharmacology related to schizophrenia.
Abstract
Facts box Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) have been variously refe...
Self-treatment of psychosis and complex post-traumatic stress disorder with LSD and DMT—A retrospective case study
Psychiatry Research Case Reports – July 15, 2022
Summary
A teenager with a history of complex trauma experienced cannabis-triggered auditory hallucinations, leading to an acute schizophrenia-like disorder. Antipsychotic medication was insufficient, prompting the youth to self-medicate with LSD and low-dose DMT. Remarkably, psychotic symptoms largely resolved after one year of use, with only a brief relapse following subsequent cannabis consumption. This case indicates that psychedelics may provide therapeutic benefits for trauma-related psychosis, suggesting a need for innovative treatment models and harm reduction strategies in public health care systems.
Abstract
This article describes a case of a teenager with early complex trauma due to chronic domestic violence. Cannabis use triggered auditory hallucinati...
Qualitative insights into psilocybin and LSD experiences: Enhanced connection and emotion processing reported by Spanish-speaking survey respondents
Psychedelics – November 15, 2025
Summary
Experiences with psilocybin and LSD can foster deep social connections, as revealed in a qualitative analysis of 379 Spanish-speaking individuals recounting their most memorable psychedelic experiences. Two main themes emerged: (1) Deep Connection—highlighting feelings of unity with nature and others—and (2) Emotion-Related Experiences, which included joy and emotional catharsis. This study emphasizes the importance of diverse populations in psychedelic research to enhance cultural relevance and therapeutic applications, advocating for culturally sensitive approaches to better support varied communities.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD have shown potential therapeutic benefits for mental health conditions, including depression, PTS...