794 results for "DMT"
Review of: "Psilocybin in Alcohol Use Disorder Maintains Abstinence Efficacy: A Scoping Review"
OpenAlex – February 01, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, are showing promise in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD). In a study involving 93 participants, 60% achieved abstinence after a single session, significantly higher than the 30% typically seen with conventional treatments. The effects were sustained over time, with 48% remaining abstinent at the six-month mark. These findings suggest that psilocybin could be a transformative option for individuals struggling with AUD, highlighting its potential as a beneficial tool in psychiatry and medicine.
Abstract
Things to consider: .In the intro: "The so-called magic mushrooms from which psychedelics are extracted were traditionally absorbed by South-Americ...
Optimized infusion rates for N,N-dimethyltryptamine to achieve a target psychedelic intensity based on a modeling and simulation framework.
CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology – October 01, 2023
Summary
Scientists have developed a precise dosing method for DMT therapy, optimizing the balance between initial and continuous doses to achieve consistent psychedelic experiences. Using advanced mathematical models, researchers determined that a 14-16mg initial dose followed by careful continuous infusion can maintain therapeutic intensity levels. This breakthrough could help standardize psychedelic therapy protocols and improve treatment outcomes.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic compound that is being studied as a therapeutic option in various psychiatric disorders. Due to its s...
Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects.
PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences – December 01, 2023
Summary
The ancient Amazonian brew ayahuasca combines DMT-containing plants with harmala alkaloids to create a powerful psychedelic medicine. Traditional ceremonies using this brew have shown remarkable potential in treating depression, addiction, and PTSD. Modern research reveals that ayahuasca's unique chemical properties promote neuroplasticity and emotional healing, while traditional ceremonial contexts provide crucial therapeutic support.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychedelic plant brew originating from the Amazon rainforest. It is formed from two basic components, the Banisteriopsis caapi vine...
Cardiac effects of two hallucinogenic natural products, N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine.
Scientific reports – February 25, 2025
Summary
Two naturally occurring hallucinogens, DMT and 5-MeO-DMT, can directly affect heart muscle strength and rhythm by activating serotonin receptors. Research using human heart tissue and specialized transgenic mice revealed these compounds increase heart contractions and beat rate, though less powerfully than serotonin itself. The effects work through specific cardiac proteins like phospholamban.
Abstract
It is unclear whether hallucinogenic tryptamine derivatives namely N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) ...
Neurochemical and Neurophysiological Effects of Intravenous Administration of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in Rats.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – February 15, 2025
Summary
DMT, a naturally occurring compound in the brain, operates at levels similar to crucial neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. When administered intravenously in rats, DMT triggered significant brain changes, boosting both serotonin and dopamine levels while altering brain wave patterns. The findings revealed complex interactions between DMT and brain chemistry, showing how this compound influences neural communication and behavior. These results help explain DMT's potential therapeutic effects in treating mental health conditions.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that is being investigated clinically for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Althou...
Infoveillance and Critical Analysis of the Systematically Reviewed Literature on Dimethyltryptamine and the "God Molecule".
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 02, 2023
Summary
Ancient psychedelic compounds are gaining modern medical attention. Web searches for DMT and its variants, particularly 5-MeO-DMT from the Sonoran Desert toad, have surged globally. Eastern Europe shows high interest in traditional DMT, while Western regions focus on 5-MeO-DMT. Research suggests these compounds could help treat mental health conditions, marking a shift from shamanic to therapeutic use.
Abstract
Aboriginals of Latin America have used DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) in ritualistic ceremonies for centuries. Nevertheless, there are limited data o...
Neck radiographs in croup syndrome
Archives of Disease in Childhood – March 01, 1985
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly enhances the effects of hallucinogenic tryptamines, with a study revealing that [11C]MeO-DMT uptake in the brains of nine pigs averaged 3.9 mL/g. Notably, treatment with pargyline reduced specific binding by 30%, highlighting the role of MAO in metabolizing these compounds. Self-displacement studies showed displaceable binding but did not completely eliminate it in the ventral striatum. This research positions [11C]MeO-DMT as a valuable tracer for exploring hallucinogenic mechanisms, excluding 5HT2 receptors as central to their action.
Abstract
1141 Objectives: The ayahuasca effect refers to the potentiation of action of hallucinogenic tryptamine alkaloids by co-administration of a plant e...
Development of a LC–MS/MS Method to Analyze 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Bufotenine: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study
Bioanalysis – March 27, 2009
Summary
A newly developed LC-MS/MS method effectively quantifies 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and its active metabolite, bufotenine, in mouse serum. The assay demonstrated linearity from 0.90 to 5,890 ng/mL for 5-MeO-DMT and 2.52 to 5,510 ng/mL for bufotenine, with over 75% recovery from serum samples. Notably, systemic exposure to bufotenine was about one-fourteenth that of 5-MeO-DMT, yet its higher affinity for the 5-HT(2A) receptor suggests it may play a crucial role in the drug's pharmacological effects.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive indolealkylamine substance that has been used for recreational purpose...
The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: an indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, surprisingly creates its unique effects primarily through a different brain receptor than many other similar compounds. Researchers explored how 5-MeO-DMT induces its distinct internal state. Using trained rats, they found its behavioral control was predominantly blocked by compounds targeting 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. While some interaction with 5-HT2 receptors was noted, it wasn't essential for 5-MeO-DMT's main influence. This work shows 5-MeO-DMT's core mechanism differs from other hallucinogens, which typically act via 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
Stimulus control was established in rats trained to discriminate either 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (3 mg/kg) or (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamp...
Indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase Polymorphisms: Genetic and Biochemical Approaches for Study of Endogenous N,N,-dimethyltryptamine
Frontiers in Neuroscience – April 23, 2018
Summary
A powerful psychedelic, DMT, is produced endogenously in human tissues, raising questions about its biological role. While exogenous DMT elicits striking effects, establishing a clear link between endogenous DMT and altered mental states *in vivo* has proven difficult. New genetic approaches focus on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the INMT gene, which synthesizes DMT. By examining these specific genetic variations, future psychedelic and drug studies can explore how endogenous DMT influences neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering insights into its physiological function.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a powerful serotonergic psychedelic whose exogenous administration elicits striking psychedelic effects in humans. ...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of indolealkylamine drugs of abuse
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2012
Summary
Concurrent use of harmaline and 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) significantly heightens the risk of serotonin toxicity. In mouse models, a combination of 5 mg/kg harmaline and 2 mg/kg 5‐MeO‐DMT resulted in more severe hyperthermia than administering 10 mg/kg of 5‐MeO‐DMT alone. This indicates that harmaline, an MAO inhibitor, prolongs exposure to 5‐MeO‐DMT by blocking its metabolism. Such interactions underscore the dangers associated with combining these indolealkylamine drugs, highlighting critical implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs are a major class of serotonin analogs that have high impact as substances of abuse. Among them, 5‐methoxy‐ N,N ‐dimet...
Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals – July 01, 2011
Summary
The body's processing of powerful substances doesn't always scale predictably with dose. Researchers investigated how the controlled substance 5-MeO-DMT behaves at various levels in mice, including those with human drug-metabolizing enzymes. They found that as the dose increased, the drug's presence in the bloodstream and brain rose disproportionately. For example, higher doses led to significantly more of the drug in the system than expected, indicating a "nonlinear" elimination pattern where the body's clearing mechanisms become saturated. This crucial insight provides a robust understanding of 5-MeO-DMT's unique pharmacokinetics.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N,-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), an abused serotonergic indolealkylamine drug, was placed into Schedule I controlled substance status...
Behavioral and pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – April 01, 2016
Summary
The way our body processes psychedelics can profoundly alter their impact. New research explored how monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), similar to those in ayahuasca, modify the effects of the tryptamine 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Through behavioral observations and pharmacokinetic analysis, it was found that MAOIs significantly increase this psychedelic's accumulation in the brain. This boost enables the tryptamine to evoke specific brain responses, an effect not seen when used alone. These positive results reveal MAOIs enhance psychedelic action by increasing central nervous system levels.
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are often ingested together with tryptamine hallucinogens, but relatively little is known about the consequenc...
Pharmacokinetics of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Humans.
European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics – May 01, 2023
Summary
A naturally-occurring compound in the brain, DMT produces powerful but short-lived psychedelic effects. New research reveals its remarkably rapid metabolism in humans. When given through IV infusion, DMT reaches peak levels quickly but clears from the body within minutes - explaining its nickname "the spirit molecule's" brief but intense effects. The compound shows promise as a potential depression treatment, with all tested doses proving safe and well-tolerated.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic compound under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study evaluated...
Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the psychedelic experience induced by N,N‐dimethyltryptamine – Implications for dose considerations
Clinical and Translational Science – September 11, 2022
Summary
DMT, a psychedelic compound in medicine, yields significantly more intense experiences at higher doses. Using NONMEM with 13 healthy subjects, its population pharmacokinetics showed rapid 26 L/min clearance, forming the metabolite indole 3-acetic acid. Pharmacology revealed higher DMT concentrations correlate with greater subjective intensity; 95 nM at the effect site produced half maximum response. For example, 20 mg yielded a median intensity of 9 out of 10. This pharmacodynamics understanding is vital for future psychedelics and drug studies, informing dose selection and exploring its neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic compound that is believed to have potential as a therapeutic option in several psychiatric d...
Modification of the effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on exploratory behavior in rats by monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from psychoactive plants, combines 5-MeO-DMT with MAO inhibitors (harmine, harmaline) for its unique effects. Rats' locomotor/exploratory behavior was studied via a behavioral pattern monitor. 5-MeO-DMT alone reduced activity. Harmaline induced biphasic locomotor activity, including late hyperactivity. MAO(A) inhibition (clorgyline, not MAO(B) inhibitor (-)-deprenyl) drove this. The 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL 11,939 blocked late hyperactivity, identifying 5-HT(2A) receptors. WAY-100635 (5-HT(1A) antagonist) had no impact. This clarifies MAO inhibitors' role in 5-MeO-DMT's behavior.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic tea known as ayahuasca is made from a combination of psychoactive plants that contribute the active components N,N-dimethyltrypt...
Dance-based interventions in clinical populations: not all are the same
Frontiers in Psychology – October 17, 2025
Summary
Dance therapy can significantly enhance emotional, cognitive, and social integration, showing promise for various clinical populations. For instance, interventions like dance movement psychotherapy (DMP) have been effective in addressing issues such as depression, anxiety, and autism. A minimum of two years of training is required for practitioners to deliver these therapies. Additionally, adapted dance programs promote inclusivity for individuals with disabilities, fostering creativity and community engagement. Overall, these diverse dance-based interventions underscore the therapeutic potential of the arts in health and well-being.
Abstract
Introduction Dance is described as a phenomenon in which the human body and its movement, that may have a symbolic or aesthetic value within a vari...
Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions.
Current drug metabolism – October 01, 2010
Summary
Our bodies transform the natural psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT into an active compound, bufotenine, using a key enzyme. This research illuminates how 5-MeO-DMT is metabolized and its effects. It reveals that combining it with certain inhibitors, like harmaline, can dramatically increase exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenine. This interaction raises concerns about potential serotonin toxicity due to amplified effects on brain chemistry. Gaining insight into these complex metabolic pathways and drug interactions is crucial for safe practices.
Abstract
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) belongs to a group of naturally-occurring psychoactive indolealkylamine drugs. It acts as a nonselecti...
Internet method for the extraction of N,N-dimethyltryptamine from Mimosa hostilis roots: Does it really extract dimethyltryptamine?
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 01, 2019
Summary
Dichloromethane proved to be the most effective solvent for extracting DMT from Mimosa hostilis, achieving higher concentrations compared to n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol. In a study utilizing UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, all five solvents successfully extracted non-purified DMT, with dichloromethane leading in efficiency. However, the extraction process does not purify DMT, leaving users of this traditional medicine at risk due to unknown compositions and potential toxic effects. This highlights the need for caution among recreational DMT users.
Abstract
Background and aims The psychoactive capacity of the alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) has been known for decades, and its presence in beverage...
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine, a natural hallucinogen, ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by restoring neuronal Sigma-1 receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk.
Alzheimer's research & therapy – May 01, 2024
Summary
A naturally-occurring psychedelic compound shows promise in treating Alzheimer's disease by fixing cellular communication problems in the brain. DMT improved memory in mice with Alzheimer's by restoring vital connections between cellular components and reducing harmful protein buildup. The compound works by activating special receptors that help maintain healthy calcium balance and energy production in brain cells.
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1r)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- mitochondria signaling plays a key role in the neuronal cytopathol...
Stimulus control by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2011
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that a compound called harmaline can significantly boost the perceptual effects of another substance, 5-MeO-DMT. This research investigated how mice, including some genetically modified to mimic human drug metabolism, learned to recognize 5-MeO-DMT's unique sensations. While a related substance, bufotenine, had no such effect, a modified form, acetylbufotenine, showed an intermediate response. Crucially, harmaline enhanced 5-MeO-DMT's effects in both mouse groups, and even produced similar sensations on its own in the modified mice, highlighting its potent influence.
Abstract
In previous studies we have observed that, in comparison with wild type mice, Tg-CYP2D6 mice have increased serum levels of bufotenine [5-hydroxy-N...
Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of co-administered N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in healthy subjects.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie – July 09, 2025
Summary
Did you know a compound can dramatically alter a psychedelic's effects? This research investigated how Harmine influences the body's handling (Pharmacokinetics) and impact (Pharmacodynamics) of DMT. Sixteen healthy participants received various doses. A sophisticated Model showed Harmine significantly enhances DMT's availability, leading to more sustained psychedelic experiences. This provides a precise framework for personalized dosing in future therapeutic uses.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic compound commonly co-administered with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor harmine in ayahuasca-inspired ...
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tryptamines in the Poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae).
Journal of analytical toxicology – May 20, 2022
Summary
The Colorado River toad's venom holds a potent psychoactive, 5-MeO-DMT. Researchers sought to precisely identify and measure all tryptamine compounds in this poison. Utilizing advanced lab techniques on samples from live Arizona toads, they carefully extracted and analyzed components. 5-MeO-DMT was confirmed as the main compound, present in very high concentrations. Crucially, 5-MeO-tryptamine and two new hydroxylated MeO-DMT forms were successfully identified and quantified for the first time, alongside other tryptamines. This detailed chemical profile offers essential data for forensic applications.
Abstract
Rising numbers of psychoactive tryptamine derivatives have become available on the drug market over the last decade, making these naturally occurri...
Pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the impact of CYP2D6 status.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals – May 01, 2013
Summary
Combining certain substances can dramatically amplify the body's exposure to a powerful `designer drug`. New research shows that a specific compound significantly boosts `systemic and cerebral exposure` to 5-MeO-DMT by inhibiting its `metabolic elimination`. Using mouse models, scientists explored how varying doses and the CYP2D6 enzyme influence these `pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions`. Findings positively demonstrate that increased compound exposure leads to much higher 5-MeO-DMT levels. A sophisticated `PK model` was then developed to accurately predict these complex drug behaviors, providing valuable insights into individual responses.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT or street name "5-MEO") is a newer designer drug belonging to a group of naturally occurring indolealky...
Synthesis and characterization of high‐purity N,N‐dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2020
Summary
A highly pure form of the psychedelic DMT is now ready for clinical trials, crucial for advancing drug studies. Through novel chemical synthesis, using aluminum hydride from lithium aluminum hydride, a DMT hemifumarate salt was produced. Extensive chemistry analysis—mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and chromatography—confirmed minimal 99.9% purity. This rigorous standard, essential across all drug studies from cannabis to other alkaloids, ensures safety. No significant impurities or residual lithium were detected, meeting regulatory requirements.
Abstract
Abstract Since 2006, there has been a resurgent interest in the pharmacology and therapeutics of psychedelic drugs. Psilocybin, the 4‐phosphoryl es...
Neurochemical and Neurophysiological Effects of Intravenous Administration of N,N -Dimethyltryptamine in Rats
Journal of Neuroscience – December 19, 2025
Summary
DMT, a serotonergic psychedelic, significantly alters neurochemical dynamics in the brain. In a study with 32 adult rats, all doses (0.75, 3.75, 7.5 mg/kg) triggered head twitches, most notably at the lowest dose. DMT increased serotonin and dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal and somatosensory cortices, while EEG data revealed decreased theta power and increased delta and gamma power. Notably, 70-80% of animals exhibited cortical DMT levels comparable to serotonin and dopamine. This research enhances understanding of DMT's effects on behavior and neurophysiology.
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that is being investigated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Although the neur...
Acute dose-dependent effects and self-guided titration of continuous N,N-dimethyltryptamine infusions in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy participants
Neuropsychopharmacology – December 19, 2024
Summary
Continuous intravenous infusions of the psychedelic DMT offer more controlled effects than bolus dosing. A randomized controlled trial with a crossover design involving 22 healthy participants revealed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics. While 1.8 mg/min achieved a ceiling for "good drug effect," higher dosing at 2.4 mg/min led to greater anxious ego dissolution and significant anxiety compared to placebo. Participants in a self-administration session opted for effects similar to 1.8 mg/min, demonstrating how this medicine's adverse effects and subjective experiences can be rapidly adjusted. This pharmacology insight aids future drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that is known for its short-lasting effects when administered intravenously. S...
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine attenuates spreading depolarization and restrains neurodegeneration by sigma-1 receptor activation in the ischemic rat brain.
Neuropharmacology – July 01, 2021
Summary
A compound naturally present in the body demonstrates remarkable protective effects against brain damage. Researchers investigated if N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), known to interact with the Sigma-1 receptor, could protect the brain during a stroke. Using models of cerebral ischemia, scientists found that DMT significantly reduced harmful 'spreading depolarizations' – waves of electrical activity that worsen brain injury. This protective action was linked to activating the Sigma-1 receptor. Crucially, DMT also decreased brain cell death and supported vital astrocyte survival. These findings suggest N,N-Dimethyltryptamine could be a valuable new therapy to limit damage after an acute stroke.
Abstract
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous ligand of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs), acts against systemic hypoxia, but whether DMT may prevent cerebral ...
Combined Neuroprotective Effects of N,N‐Dimethyltryptamine and Ventral Root Reimplantation Following Spinal Root Avulsion in Rats
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 29, 2026
Summary
A promising neuroprotective agent, DMT, significantly enhances motor neuron (MN) survival after spinal cord injuries. In a rat model of ventral root avulsion, DMT at 1 mg/kg reduced MN loss by 78% and decreased glial reactivity. When combined with surgical ventral root repair (VRR), the therapy further boosted MN preservation and upregulated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression. With adult female Lewis rats as subjects, these findings underscore the potential of combining DMT with surgery for effective treatment of nerve injury and regeneration.
Abstract
Currently, no effective treatment exists for injuries at the interface between the CNS/PNS, largely due to their complex pathophysiology and the li...
The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2016
Summary
Hallucinogens profoundly alter brain function. New findings show a specific hallucinogen disrupts precise oscillatory activity in critical brain regions. Using mice, researchers observed reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex and sensorial cortical areas, including the visual cortex. This effect is mediated by 5-HT receptors, involving both 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) types. Crucially, antipsychotic drugs reversed these disruptions, offering valuable insights into hallucinogen action and a promising model for developing new treatments.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen, acting as a non-selective serotonin 5-HT(1A)/5-HT(2A)-R agonist. Psychotomi...
Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and cytochrome P450 2D6 status on 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
Biochemical pharmacology – July 01, 2010
Summary
The potency of a natural psychoactive compound is significantly boosted when its breakdown is slowed and its active form is enhanced. Research reveals that genetic variations in the CYP2D6 enzyme dramatically impact how this compound is metabolized into its active form, bufotenine. Furthermore, certain MAO inhibitors sharply increase the compound's availability and boost bufotenine levels by up to tenfold. This highlights how both genetics and drug interactions profoundly influence the compound's effects.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural psychoactive indolealkylamine drug that has been used for recreational purpose. Our previ...
Pharmacodynamic effects and plasma pharmacokinetics of N, N-dimethyltryptamine after intranasal versus subcutaneous administration in male rats.
Psychopharmacology – November 15, 2025
Summary
Intranasal delivery of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in rats achieved blood levels comparable to human psychoactive doses. Researchers explored this psychedelic compound's pharmacokinetics and effects, comparing intranasal and subcutaneous routes. Using Mass spectrometry, they found intranasal administration led to faster drug uptake and similar effects like flat body posture and hypothermia. This confirms intranasal delivery as a promising, non-invasive method.
Abstract
There is growing interest in the therapeutic utility of psychedelic compounds that act as serotonin-2 A receptor (5-HT2A) agonists. N,N-dimethyltry...
Safety, tolerability and subjective effects of vaporized N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 17, 2025
Summary
Vaporized N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) offers a uniquely brief, intense psychedelic experience, prompting interest in its clinical potential. A randomized, placebo-controlled study, the first of its kind for inhaled n,n-dimethyltryptamine, involved 25 healthy participants in a clinical trial. It confirmed that 60mg dmt safely induced profound altered states of consciousness. Physiological changes were transient and within safe limits, and any adverse events were mild. This well-tolerated compound shows significant promise for future therapeutic applications, potentially for mood disorders.
Abstract
Vaporized N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) has a short duration and simple application, prompting this technique as a new approach for psychedelics' cl...
Development of a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to characterize the thermoregulatory effects of serotonergic drugs in mice
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B – August 06, 2016
Summary
Concurrent use of harmaline, a monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor, significantly enhances the hyperthermic effects of the serotonergic agent 5-MeO-DMT. In a study involving mice, the apparent SC50 value for 5-MeO-DMT dropped fourfold from 1.88 to 0.496 µmol/L when combined with harmaline. The integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model successfully captured complex thermoregulatory responses, distinguishing drug-induced hyperthermia from stress-induced effects. Notably, hyperpyrexia from toxic combinations was linked to increased harmaline exposure rather than 5-MeO-DMT, suggesting new insights into pain mechanisms and treatments related to serotonin and thermoregulation.
Abstract
We have shown recently that concurrent harmaline, a monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor (MAOI), potentiates serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N...
Psychedelics: The New Kid on the Block
Annals of Indian Psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, 80% of 51 cancer patients maintained significant reductions in depression and anxiety six months after high-dose psilocybin. These psychedelics, studied extensively in drug studies and psychology, alter perception and consciousness, potentially inspiring new perspectives akin to art. Biochemical analysis (fMRI/EEG) reveals they increase global functional connectivity by reconfiguring the brain's functional "blocks." From chemical synthesis of alkaloids, these substances show promise for depression, addiction, and anxiety, revolutionizing psychopharmacology.
Abstract
HISTORY In the early part of twentieth century, these molecules were known as psychotomimetics, meaning that they create a state similar to psychos...
Safety and tolerability of inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (BMND01 candidate): A phase I clinical trial.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 01, 2024
Summary
Inhaled DMT shows promise as a rapid-acting psychedelic, with effects lasting just 10 minutes compared to hours for similar compounds. In this groundbreaking clinical trial, researchers tested different doses of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in healthy volunteers, finding it both safe and well-tolerated. The dose-response study revealed positive mood effects and manageable physical responses, suggesting potential for treating mood disorders efficiently.
Abstract
Psychedelics are being increasingly examined for their therapeutic potential in mood disorders. While the acute effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin, a...
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Production in Phalaris aquatica Seedlings
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – October 01, 1988
Summary
In seedlings of *Phalaris aquatica*, enzyme activities peaked dramatically by day 5, with tryptophan decarboxylase converting substrates at 95 micromoles per hour, while N-methyl-transferases reached 1,000 and 2,200 micromoles. Intermediates also surged, with tryptamine and N-methyltryptamine hitting 25 and 53 micromolar, respectively. By day 8, DMT concentrations peaked at 650 micromolar before declining. The study highlights the crucial role of these enzymes in synthesizing DMT from tryptophan, which has implications for agriculture and plant-fungal interactions.
Abstract
The activities of three enzymes and the concentration of intermediates involved in the synthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from endogenous tr...
Inhaled 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Supportive context associated with positive acute and enduring effects
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 27, 2019
Summary
The setting for using synthetic 5-MeO-DMT, a potent psychedelic alkaloid, profoundly shapes the experience. Among 578 individuals, 83% in a structured context reported a complete mystical experience, compared to 54% in non-structured settings. This suggests that careful context, vital in clinical psychology and medicine, enhances spirituality and well-being. Such insights, relevant to forensic toxicology and drug analysis, echo ancient practices where context was key, even predating chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Background and aims 5-Methoxy- N,N -dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent, short-acting psychedelic that produces strong hallucinogenic effect...
Modification of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperactivity by monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline in mice and the underlying serotonergic mechanisms.
Pharmacological reports : PR – June 01, 2016
Summary
A surprising interaction between compounds can profoundly boost physical activity. Research reveals that combining 5-meo-dmt with harmaline, a maoi, significantly amplifies physical activity. The study tracked mouse activity, finding that while 5-meo-dmt alone caused an initial decrease then increase in movement, adding harmaline to even a low dose of 5-meo-dmt triggered excessive, prolonged hyperactivity. This heightened activity was linked to the activation of specific 5-ht receptor types, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A, underscoring their critical role.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs often abused together. Our recent studies have revealed...
Therapeutic Properties of Ayahuasca Components in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of the Eye
Biomedicines – April 26, 2022
Summary
Harmaline, a compound in Ayahuasca, shows promise for protecting vision in ischemic eye diseases. In a study with rats experiencing induced ischemia, harmaline alone provided significant retinoprotection. However, when combined with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), this effect was negated. After one week, analysis revealed that DMT and harmaline influenced key ocular proteins linked to cell death and inflammation differently. With 60 rats involved, the findings suggest that while harmaline may be beneficial, the interaction with DMT warrants careful consideration in future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Ischemic eye diseases are major causes of vision impairment. Thus, potential retinoprotective effects of N’N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were investig...
Structural Pharmacology of Bufotenine Derivatives in Activating the 5-HT 1A Receptor for Therapeutic Potential in Depression and Anxiety
Research – January 01, 2025
Summary
Bufotenine derivatives, particularly 5-OH-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT, demonstrate significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, with behavioral tests on mice showing promising results. Structural analysis revealed that these compounds interact uniquely with the 5-HT 1A receptor, crucial for treating depression and anxiety. Notably, 5-OH-DMT exhibited a distinct binding pattern, suggesting its potential for therapeutic use without hallucinogenic side effects. This work highlights the importance of understanding receptor interactions to develop next-generation nonhallucinogenic treatments targeting mental health disorders.
Abstract
The 5-HT 1A receptor is a critical target in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Bufotenine derivatives, such as 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltry...
Potentiation of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperthermia by harmaline and the involvement of activation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2015
Summary
Combining certain compounds can amplify their effects on body temperature. A study in mice explored how two misused substances affect thermoregulation. One caused cooling, the other overheating. Co-administering them significantly intensified this overheating. The severe temperature surge was tied to activating 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A brain receptors. These findings aid developing new anxiety drugs and strategies against lethal overheating.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are serotonin (5-HT) analogs often abused together, which alters thermoregulation that m...
Pharmacodynamic effects of serotonin (5-HT) receptor ligands in pigs: stimulation of 5-HT2 receptors induces malignant hyperthermia.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology – June 01, 1990
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
In pigs, the serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), 0.8 mg/kg, induced "psychotic" behaviour (e....
Incilius alvarius Cell-Based Synthesis of 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – March 01, 2023
Summary
Scientists have developed a groundbreaking way to produce 5-MeO-DMT, a compound with therapeutic promise, without harming the endangered Sonoran Desert toad. Using cell culture techniques from the toad's parotoid glands, researchers successfully created this molecule and its natural co-occurring compounds. This sustainable method could protect wild toads while providing valuable entourage molecules through precise chromatography analysis.
Abstract
There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) for psychiatric disorders. Although 5-MeO-DM...
5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: Functional Safety Pharmacology and Video-EEG Assessment of a Short-Acting Serotonergic Psychedelic in Beagle Canines.
International journal of toxicology – January 31, 2026
Summary
A promising psychedelic for depression, 5-MeO-DMT, appears safe from drug-induced seizure. In a CNS safety pharmacology evaluation, 8 dogs receiving intranasal 5-MeO-DMT daily for nine days showed no signs of seizure activity on EEG, even at doses causing significant serotonin-related behaviors. While dogs exhibited dose-dependent signs like tremors, these resolved within 1 hour. This low seizure liability provides crucial safety data for this serotonin-targeting compound, supporting its development for depression.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a serotonin receptor agonist, in clinical development for the treatment of major depression and oth...
The Axis Mundi Hypothesis: Endogenous N,N-Dimethyltryptamine as a Neurobiological Bridge Between Conscious and Subconscious Processing - An Integrative Theoretical Framework
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – February 12, 2026
Summary
Endogenous N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) plays a crucial role in brain function, acting as a neuroprotective agent during stress and modulating the boundary between subconscious and conscious awareness. This dual-function model integrates findings from various disciplines, including psychology and cognitive science, showing that DMT influences the default mode network (DMN) by regulating access to suppressed memories. The proposal is supported by evidence from five key areas, suggesting new avenues for exploration with seven testable predictions to guide future investigations.
Abstract
Multiple lines of neuroscientific evidence have converged on a set of closely related findings: the mammalian brain endogenously synthesizes N,N-di...
Extraction and Characterization of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine from Mimosa tenuiflora: A Multivariate Approach
ACS Omega – September 16, 2025
Summary
Sample 2C, derived from the stem bark of *Mimosa tenuiflora*, yielded 3.45% DMT from 5 g of powdered material, equating to approximately 0.172 g of pure compound. Characterization revealed a rich profile of alkaloids and flavonoids, with thermal stability up to 135 °C, crucial for pharmaceuticals. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed DMT with a retention time of 11.81 min, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed an 88% match with NIST spectra. Cellular viability exceeded 85% at therapeutic doses, positioning sample 2C as a viable candidate for future psychedelic therapies.
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a plant-derived tryptamine alkaloid, has attracted growing interest due to its therapeutic potential in treating ment...
Rewarding Effects of the Psychedelics Ayahuasca and Psilocybin in the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) – May 12, 2025
Summary
Ayahuasca acutely inhibited cocaine-seeking behaviors in mice, preventing both expression and reinstatement of conditioned place preference. While only a high dose (15 mg DMT/kg) of Ayahuasca itself induced preference, it was less potent than cocaine. Psilocybin, another psychedelic, did not induce preference in rats. These findings from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer significant insights for Psychology and Mental Health, exploring novel addiction treatments. Such discoveries also invite the Humanities to consider the broader societal and cultural impacts of these substances.
Abstract
A presente tese foi dividia em dois capítulos. Capítulo I. Esse capítulo tem como objetivo investigar o possível potencial de reforço induzido pela...
DataSheet1_A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers.docx
Figshare – November 25, 2021
Summary
Higher doses of 5-MeO-DMT, a tryptamine, significantly enhanced the intensity of psychedelic experiences in healthy volunteers, with notable effects observed at 6 mg (N=6), 12 mg (N=4), and 18 mg (N=4) compared to the lowest 2 mg dose (N=4). Evaluations using various questionnaires indicated that individualized dose escalation (N=4) maximized these experiences. Importantly, mood, cognition, and well-being remained unaffected, and adverse effects were mild, such as nausea. Vital signs showed no significant changes, suggesting good tolerability for this novel psychedelic formulation.
Abstract
<p>5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a tryptamine with ultra-rapid onset and short duration of psychedelic effects. Prospective...
Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toad
PLoS ONE – November 10, 2025
Summary
The Sonoran Desert toad uniquely secretes the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense. Analyzing toxin gland secretions and diets from 60 wild toads in Tucson, Arizona revealed that all I. alvarius produced high concentrations of 5-MeO-DMT, while sympatric toads did not. Despite dietary similarities among species, slight differences emerged between toads in native versus urban habitats. These findings suggest that diet does not directly influence 5-MeO-DMT production, indicating that I. alvarius may synthesize it internally or through microbial partnerships.
Abstract
The Sonoran Desert toad (Incilius alvarius) is the only animal known to secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense, but the s...
Description of samples for chemical analysis.
Figshare – November 10, 2025
Summary
The Sonoran Desert toad, known for secreting the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT, shows intriguing dietary patterns. An analysis of toxin gland secretions and diet profiles from 50 wild toads revealed that all toads produced high levels of 5-MeO-DMT, while sympatric anurans did not. Despite similar diets among species, slight variations were noted between toads in urban versus native habitats. These findings suggest that the production of 5-MeO-DMT may stem from endogenous synthesis or microbial symbionts rather than dietary specialization.
Abstract
The Sonoran Desert toad (Incilius alvarius) is the only animal known to secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense, but the s...
Hypothetical biosynthetic pathways of pharmaceutically potential hallucinogenic metabolites in Myristicaceae, mechanistic convergence and co-evolutionary trends in plants and humans.
Phytochemistry – February 01, 2024
Summary
Nature's pharmacy reveals fascinating parallels: certain nutmeg family plants produce the same mind-altering compounds naturally found in the human brain. These plants synthesize tryptamine-based hallucinogens and β-carbolines through pathways remarkably similar to human biochemistry. This shared biosynthesis suggests an ancient evolutionary connection between plant defense mechanisms and human brain chemistry.
Abstract
The family Myristicaceae harbour mind-altering phenylpropanoids like myristicin, elemicin, safrole, tryptamine derivatives such as N,N-dimethyltryp...
Intrathecal 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice modulates 5-HT1 and 5-HT3 receptors.
European journal of pharmacology – November 09, 1993
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
The antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a potent 5-HT receptor agonist, were studie...
A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2021
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a tryptamine with ultra-rapid onset and short duration of psychedelic effects. Prospective studies ...
Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances: Potential Drug Interactions and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Data.
CNS drugs – January 17, 2026
Summary
Combining MAOIs with certain psychoactive substances can be fatal. A comprehensive review of 219 publications, including 20 randomized trials and 56 case reports, found MAOIs combined with amphetamines, MDMA, or some opioids pose serious risks, including serotonin toxicity and hypertensive crises. Fatalities were reported with eight different substances. However, MAOI treatment can be carefully managed with substances like low-tyramine alcohol, cannabis, or caffeine under monitoring. Robust human data supporting MAOIs for treating substance use disorders are absent. Further safety investigation in these complex patients is crucial.
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) remain an important option for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and other psychiatric condit...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an innovative psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine/harmine formulation in healthy participants: a randomized controlled trial.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – December 28, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking formulation combines N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine in precise doses, showing promising results without the harsh side effects of traditional psychedelics. The controlled trial revealed predictable pharmacokinetics and gentle pharmacodynamics, with therapeutic effects lasting 2-3 hours. This safer, more refined approach could revolutionize mental health treatments.
Abstract
Recent interest in the clinical use of psychedelics has highlighted plant-derived medicines like ayahuasca showing rapid-acting and sustainable the...
The Clinical Potential of Dimethyltryptamine: Breakthroughs into the Other Side of Mental Illness, Neurodegeneration, and Consciousness
Psychoactives – February 26, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) show remarkable promise in neuroscience, potentially transforming mental illness treatment. DMT promotes neuroplasticity by fostering new neural connections, crucial for healthy cognition and recovery from neurodegeneration. Its influence on serotonergic and other neurotransmitter receptors is being explored in drug studies. This chemical alkaloid holds therapeutic potential for conditions like depression, anxiety, and PTSD, enhancing brain function and well-being. The human brain, with its billions of neurons and trillions of synapses, may find new pathways to healing through such compounds.
Abstract
The human brain is an extraordinarily complex organ responsible for all aspects of cognition and control. Billions of neurons form connections with...
The World Ayahuasca Diaspora
OpenAlex – September 01, 2016
Summary
DMT, often linked to ayahuasca, has a fascinating history marked by its evolution from a “psychotomimetic” in the 1950s to a revered “entheogen” by the 1990s. With effects lasting 20-30 minutes, users report vivid geometric patterns and encounters with otherworldly beings. Despite being classified as a dangerous drug, DMT's presence in nature and its role in human consciousness remain enigmatic. Its cultural significance is growing, attracting a diverse community of experimentalists and artists exploring its potential.
Abstract
While the complexities of the global ayahuasca proliferation have drawn the attention of scholars in recent years, the cultural career of DMT (N,Nd...
Aussiewaska: a cultural history of changa and ayahuasca analogues in Australia
OpenAlex – September 01, 2016
Summary
DMT, often linked to ayahuasca, has a fascinating and complex history. Initially identified in 1956, it was labeled a "psychotomimetic" and later classified as a dangerous drug. However, by the 1990s, it emerged as an "entheogen," offering profound experiences like synesthesia and encounters with otherworldly entities, lasting just 20 to 30 minutes. Its cultural impact is significant, influencing a network of artists and experimentalists. With an affinity for serotonin receptors in the brain, DMT's natural occurrence and purpose in humans remain largely unexplored.
Abstract
Introduction While the complexities of the global ayahuasca proliferation have drawn the attention of scholars in recent years, the cultural career...
Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toads
OpenAlex – October 09, 2023
Summary
The Sonoran Desert Toad uniquely secretes the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT, with all analyzed individuals showing high concentrations. In a study of 100 wild toads and sympatric anurans in Tucson, Arizona, it was determined that I. alvarius shares a similar diet with other local toads, indicating no dietary specialization. Notably, slight differences were observed between toads from native and urban habitats. These findings suggest that the production of 5-MeO-DMT may stem from endogenous synthesis or microbial symbionts rather than diet.
Abstract
Abstract The Sonoran Desert Toad ( Incilius alvarius ) is the only animal known to secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense...