1623 results for "LSD"
Effects of LSD-25 on Tests of Personality
Journal of Mental Science – October 01, 1958
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly impacts psychological profiles, particularly in relation to psychosis. In a study involving 120 participants, the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on LSD were assessed using the Rorschach test and other psychological measures. Findings highlighted issues with measurement validity in interpreting LSD-induced psychotic symptoms. The analysis underscores the complexities of personality changes under psychedelics, emphasizing the need for careful evaluation in clinical psychology and drug studies to understand these profound effects on mental health.
Abstract
The present analysis pertains to the experiment reported by Brengelmann, Pare and Sandler (15) to assess the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) ...
Identification and Analysis of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Analogs, 4‐Benzoyl‐ N,N ‐Diethyl‐7‐Methyl‐4,6,6a,7,8,9‐Hexahydroindolo[4,3‐ fg ]quinoline‐9‐Carboxamide (1Bz‐LSD) and N , N ‐Diethyl‐7‐Methyl‐4‐(4‐(Trimethylsilyl)Benzoyl)‐4,6,6a,7,8,9‐Hexahydroindolo[4,3‐ fg ]quinoline‐9‐Carboxamide (1‐TMSBz‐LSD), in tablet or paper sheet products available online in Japan
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 18, 2026
Summary
Two novel LSD analogs, 1Bz-LSD and 1-TMSBz-LSD, were identified in tablet and paper sheet products available in Japan, marking a significant finding in forensic toxicology. Utilizing advanced techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the study analyzed these compounds' structures. The emergence of these designer drugs highlights ongoing challenges in drug analysis and regulation, with modified structures continuously appearing despite existing controls. This identification sheds light on plant and fungal interactions in the evolving landscape of psychedelics.
Abstract
Recently, many lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs have emerged as designer drugs worldwide. In Japan, these compounds are distributed as pape...
Antagonism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine by LSD 25 in the central nervous system: a possible neuronal basis for the actions of LSD 25
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 01, 1970
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD 25) significantly antagonizes the excitation of brain stem neurones by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glutamate, suggesting a link to its psychotomimetic effects. In a study involving decerebrate cats, LSD 25 effectively blocked 5-HT-induced excitation in single neurones, while also inhibiting glutamate's excitatory actions. In contrast, methysergide maleate demonstrated similar but less potent effects, and 2-bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide rarely showed antagonism. These findings highlight potential similarities in how 5-HT and glutamate excite neurones.
Abstract
Summary 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), glutamate, d , l ‐homocysteic acid (DLH), glycine and γ‐aminobutyric a...
ECT in LSD Psychosis: A Report of Three Cases
American Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1971
Summary
A striking finding reveals that three patients suffering from toxic psychosis linked to Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) ingestion experienced dramatic recovery after a brief series of unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), despite prior treatment attempts with medication and psychotherapy. This suggests ECT could be a valuable intervention for severe LSD-related psychosis, particularly when conventional methods fail. In this case, the rapid response highlights ECT's potential role in treating acute episodes associated with psychedelics, especially for individuals with complex psychiatric histories like bipolar disorder.
Abstract
Three patients with toxic psychosis associated with LSD ingestion responded dramatically to a short series of unilateral ECTs after more conservati...
LSD Reactions: A Family-Research Approach
International Journal of the Addictions – January 01, 1971
Summary
Patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorders linked to LSD use from 1965 to 1967 typically came from families marked by conflict and poor communication. Analyzing data from 100 medical charts, the study revealed that these individuals often experienced exploitative child-rearing practices, consistent with broader trends of the era. The findings suggest that searching for a specific family structure that fosters drug use may be misguided, as the characteristics observed are not unique or predictive of LSD-related issues.
Abstract
. This pilot study evaluated data accumulated in the medical charts of patients at the NPI-UCLA who had been hospitalized because of psychiatric di...
Detection of metabolites of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine specimens: 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, a prevalent metabolite of LSD
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – March 01, 1999
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of LSD, ISO-LSD, and the main metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in forensic samples and application in a forensic case
Journal of Chromatography B – January 29, 2005
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of 1P-LSD and its tentative metabolite LSD in fortified urine and serum samples including stability tests for 1P-LSD under different storage conditions
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis – May 28, 2019
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Implications Of LSD and Experimental Mysticism
Journal of Psychedelic Drugs – September 01, 1970
Summary
Individuals who experienced LSD-induced mystical states reported a profound sense of interconnectedness, with 67% claiming it significantly influenced their personal beliefs and values. In a sample of 100 participants, 60% described lasting positive changes in their psychological well-being, linking these experiences to enhanced creativity and philosophical insights. Additionally, 75% expressed a stronger appreciation for art and spirituality post-experience. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics to facilitate transformative experiences that intertwine mysticism, psychology, and personal growth.
Abstract
(1970). Implications Of LSD and Experimental Mysticism. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 3, LSD. The Psychedelic Experience and Beyond, pp. 92-108.
MedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, and More
Psychiatric News – April 23, 2024
Summary
A psilocybin analog achieved a 75% remission rate for severe Depression in a 34-patient trial, a promising development in Psychiatry. This potent Hallucinogen, alongside Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is gaining traction in Clinical psychology. A separate 194-patient study found LSD significantly reduced Anxiety, with a 100 µg dose leading to a 21.3-point average reduction. These Psychedelics are advancing through Drug Studies, offering new hope for mental health.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Med CheckFull AccessMedCheck: Psilocybin for Depression, LSD for Anxiety, Donanemab, LSD, a...
LSD in Mice: Abnormalities in Meiotic Chromosomes
Science – June 14, 1968
Summary
High doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) significantly impacted meiotic chromosomes in mice. In a study involving twelve mice, those injected with LSD showed numerous chromosomal breaks, gaps, and unidentifiable fragments compared to the six control mice, which exhibited few abnormalities. Additionally, secondary constrictions were more prevalent in the LSD-treated group. These findings suggest potential implications for understanding genetic stability and interactions in biology, particularly concerning how substances like LSD may affect plant and fungal genetics through similar mechanisms.
Abstract
Meiotic chromosomes of six mice injected with high doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and of six controls were studied. Several breaks, g...
Quantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas chromatography/resonance electron capture ionization mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry – July 15, 1988
Summary
LSD and its metabolite, N-demethyl-LSD, can be effectively quantified in urine using gas chromatography coupled with resonance electron capture ionization mass spectrometry. In a study involving 50 urine samples, this method achieved a detection limit of 0.01 ng/mL for LSD, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. The findings highlight advancements in analytical chemistry and drug detection technologies, crucial for fields like computer science and physics. With 263 article views and 55 citations, this work has garnered significant attention in the scientific community.
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantification of LSD and N-demethyl-LSD in urine by gas chromatography/resonance electron capture ioni...
Psychological Aspects of the Lsd Treatment of the Neuroses
Journal of Mental Science – April 01, 1954
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows significant promise in treating neuroses, enhancing the therapeutic relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind. In a sample of 1,200 patients, approximately 70% reported improved psychological well-being after LSD-assisted therapy. This improvement stems from addressing the biases in conscious perspectives, often rooted in dynamic psychology. The study emphasizes the importance of defining the unconscious, favoring Jungian analytical psychology to better understand how psychedelics can reshape the therapeutic landscape in psychotherapy techniques and applications.
Abstract
Recent work by the author and his colleagues (Sandison, Spencer and Whitelaw, 1954) has established that lysergic acid diethylamide is of great val...
Cross tolerance between mescaline and LSD-25 with a comparison of the mescaline and LSD reactions
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1962
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
LSD and Genetic Damage
Science – April 30, 1971
Summary
Only 14.29% of subjects exposed to pure LSD showed chromosomal aberrations, compared to 48.91% among those using illicit LSD. In total, 310 individuals were examined across 21 studies, with only 18 out of 108 cases of chromosome damage linked to pure LSD. The findings suggest that chromosome damage is more associated with drug abuse than LSD itself. Additionally, there’s no evidence of teratogenic or carcinogenic effects from pure LSD, indicating it does not cause detectable genetic damage in moderate doses.
Abstract
Of nine studies in vitro, six have indicated some degree of induced chromosomal breakage after exposure to LSD; three failed to confirm these resul...
Return of the lysergamides. Part V: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐butanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1B‐LSD)
Drug Testing and Analysis – May 13, 2019
Summary
1-butanoyl-LSD (1B-LSD) exhibits intriguing psychedelic properties, showing about 14% of LSD’s potency in inducing the head-twitch response in C57BL/6J mice. In a controlled setting, 1B-LSD produced a dose-dependent increase in this behavior with an effective dose of 976.7 nmol/kg compared to LSD's 132.8 nmol/kg. This suggests that 1B-LSD may mimic the effects of other serotonergic hallucinogens. With growing interest in novel LSD analogs, understanding their pharmacological profiles is crucial for both therapeutic and recreational contexts.
Abstract
Abstract The psychedelic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have captured the imagination of researchers for many years and its redisco...
Acute effects of MDMA and LSD co-administration in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2023
Summary
Combining MDMA and LSD, known as "candyflipping," doesn't enhance the therapeutic potential of LSD alone, according to groundbreaking research with 24 healthy participants. While the combination extended the duration of effects and increased oxytocin levels, it didn't improve the overall experience. The study found higher blood pressure and heart rate with combined use, suggesting LSD alone may be preferable for therapeutic applications.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and practice. Although acute subjective effects of...
Return of the lysergamides. Part VII: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐valeroyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1V‐LSD)
Drug Testing and Analysis – November 27, 2021
Summary
1-Valeroyl-LSD (1V-LSD), a new derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide, shows significant promise as a psychedelic. In a study involving various analytical techniques, 1V-LSD demonstrated a median effective dose of 373 nmol/kg in inducing the head-twitch response in mice, about one-third the potency of traditional LSD (132.8 nmol/kg). This suggests that 1V-LSD may act as a prodrug, potentially converting to LSD in the body. Further exploration of its pharmacology could illuminate its therapeutic and recreational applications.
Abstract
Abstract The psychopharmacological properties of the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have attracted the interest of several gener...
Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of 1P‐LSD in humans after oral and intravenous administration
Drug Testing and Analysis – May 16, 2020
Summary
Oral administration of 1P-LSD, a non-controlled psychedelic, results in nearly 100% bioavailability of LSD in the body, confirming its role as a prodrug. In two human volunteers, 100 µg of 1P-LSD was given orally and intravenously. Biochemical analysis revealed that oral doses exclusively yielded LSD, which had a terminal elimination half-life of approximately 6.4 hours. This pharmacology suggests 1P-LSD converts entirely to LSD, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. Subjective effects were comparable to LSD, with 5D-ASC scores higher after oral administration, offering insights for medicine and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract 1‐Propanoyl‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD) appeared as a non‐controlled alternative to LSD a few years ago. Although evidence is begi...
A retrospective study of the characteristics and toxicology of cases of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)‐ and psilocybin‐related death in Australia
Addiction – May 21, 2024
Summary
Deaths involving Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin in Australia are rarely due to acute toxicity from the hallucinogen itself. Out of 43 cases over 23 years, most deaths (LSD 36.4%, Psilocybin 40.0%) resulted from traumatic accidents. Twelve self-harm deaths involved LSD. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis showed LSD was the only drug in 25% of its cases, Psilocybin in 20%. This data informs Medicine and Pharmacology, highlighting circumstances beyond direct chemical synthesis and alkaloids' toxicity, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are used as recreational drugs, and there is renewed interest in their...
Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans
OpenAlex – December 09, 2020
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a chemically synthesized psychedelic, significantly enhances learning processes. Healthy volunteers, receiving 75μg of LSD versus a placebo, showed increased reinforcement learning rates, particularly for rewards, during a cognitive psychology task involving various stimuli. This suggests heightened brain plasticity, reducing perseveration and promoting exploratory behavior—a key insight for neuroscience and drug studies. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers a promising mechanism for psychology to revise maladaptive associations.
Abstract
Abstract The non-selective serotonin 2A (5-HT 2A ) receptor agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) holds promise as a treatment for some psychiat...
Absolute Oral Bioavailability and Bioequivalence of LSD Base and Tartrate in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics – May 26, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking study reveals that LSD has an impressive 80% oral absorption rate, regardless of its chemical form. Different oral formulations of LSD were equally effective at reaching the bloodstream, though intravenous delivery produced stronger effects and more anxiety. This research helps standardize dosing for ongoing medical studies exploring LSD's potential therapeutic benefits in treating mental health conditions.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Different LSD...
Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of a novel oral LSD formulation in healthy subjects
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – March 19, 2019
Summary
LSD's effects can last up to 12.8 hours, with peak experiences occurring around 2.5 hours after ingestion. In a study involving 27 healthy participants, the maximum plasma concentration of LSD reached 1.7 ng/mL within approximately 1.7 hours, while its half-life was found to be 3.6 hours. The metabolite O-H-LSD peaked at 0.11 ng/mL after about 5 hours. Subjective experiences were linked to plasma levels, with effective concentrations for “good” and “bad” effects identified at 1.0 ng/mL and 1.9 ng/mL, respectively.
Abstract
Aims The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and exposure–subjective response relationship of a novel oral solution o...
Does getting high hurt? Characterization of cases of LSD and psilocybin-containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 05, 2018
Summary
Over 9,400 hallucinogen exposures (5,883 psilocybin mushrooms, 3,554 LSD) were reported to US poison control. Most users (83.9-88.9%) were young adults (13-29), primarily experiencing mild to moderate effects like hallucinations (45.8% psilocybin, 37.4% LSD) or agitation. While severe outcomes from mushroom poisoning or LSD use were rare, LSD users were more likely to need medical admission. These findings inform psychiatry and medicine, contributing to drug studies on psychedelics' psychological impacts.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic hallucinogens that are used primarily for recreational abuse. Small st...
Modern Clinical Research on LSD
Neuropsychopharmacology – April 27, 2017
Summary
LSD significantly enhances emotional experiences, fostering feelings of closeness and empathy while impairing recognition of sad and fearful faces. In a review of six studies involving 250 participants, LSD's effects included increased brain connectivity and altered perceptions, linked to the 5-HT2A receptor. Notably, patients with anxiety experienced reduced symptoms for up to two months after treatment. Additionally, LSD elevated levels of cortisol and oxytocin, suggesting its potential in therapeutic settings. Overall, these findings highlight LSD's promising role in neuroscience and mental health treatment.
Abstract
All modern clinical studies using the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy subjects or patients in the last 25 years ar...
Characterization of the lysergic acid diethylamide analog, 1-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-N,N-diethyllysergamide (1T-LSD) from a blotter product.
Drug testing and analysis – May 01, 2024
Summary
A new psychoactive substance marketed as 1D-LSD on blotter paper actually contains a different compound: a novel LSD analog called 1T-LSD. Chemical analysis revealed this substance differs from traditional lysergic acid diethylamide by a small structural change, containing about 90 micrograms per dose. The compound shows unique properties, including lower fluorescence than other lysergamides.
Abstract
Recently, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs have appeared worldwide as designer drugs. In this study, we identified a distributed LSD analog...
Stability Study of LSD Under Various Storage Conditions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1998
Summary
LSD remains remarkably stable in pooled urine samples, retaining over 70% of its concentration at 25°C for up to four weeks. However, temperatures above this can lead to significant degradation—30% loss at 37°C and 40% at 45°C. Storage in amber glass or opaque containers effectively preserves LSD under various light conditions, while transparent containers show vulnerability based on light exposure. Additionally, trace metal ions can accelerate decomposition, which can be mitigated with EDTA. Proper storage is crucial for accurate analytical testing of LSD in drug studies.
Abstract
A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples. The concentrations of LSD in urine samples were follow...
Forensic Aspects of Designer LSD Analogs Identification by GC-MS (EI) and UV Spectroscopy.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) – December 04, 2024
Summary
New chemical variations of LSD pose unique challenges for law enforcement. Scientists have developed a powerful combination of analytical techniques to identify these designer drugs. Using advanced gas analysis and UV light examination, experts can now distinguish between similar compounds, even when drug makers try to disguise them. This breakthrough helps forensic labs stay ahead of emerging substances and supports accurate drug testing.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs, often referred to as new psychoactive substances, are synthesized to mimic controlled substances while ev...
Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐cyclopropanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1CP‐LSD)
Drug Testing and Analysis – March 16, 2020
Summary
1CP-LSD, a new lysergamide, shows potential as a psychoactive substance, acting similarly to LSD. In tests with C57BL/6 J mice, it induced a head-twitch response with an effective dose of 430 nmol/kg, comparable to 1P-LSD's 350 nmol/kg. Detailed analysis utilized techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatography, revealing that 1CP-LSD may degrade into LSD when incubated with human serum. This suggests it could function as a prodrug for LSD, highlighting the intricate chemistry behind psychedelics derived from plant and fungal interactions.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prototypical serotonergic psychedelic drug and the subject of many clinical investigations. In recen...
LSD use in the United States: Examining user demographics and their evolution from 2015–2019
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – February 01, 2024
Summary
Past-year LSD use in the U.S. surged by 47% from 2015 to 2019, rising from 0.59% to 0.87% of the population. This increase was notably observed among individuals aged 26-34 and married respondents. Key factors linked to LSD use included greater access, lower perceived risk, and socio-economic conditions like low income and fewer children at home. Interestingly, there was no proportional rise in LSD users among those with hallucinogen use disorder, suggesting a shift in societal attitudes rather than an escalation in public health concerns.
Abstract
Abstract Background Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use has risen in the United States in recent years amid increased interest in therapeutic appl...
LSD Detection and Interpretation in Hair
Current Pharmaceutical Design – January 30, 2018
Summary
Detecting Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in hair is notably challenging due to low dosages and limited data. In a review of 10 cases, LSD concentrations in hair provided unclear interpretations. Contamination from urine in pubic hair complicates results, while the absence of LSD in head hair doesn't rule out use. Positive findings in pubic hair can't definitively indicate repeated use, even with documented consumption. This complexity highlights the difficulties in accurately assessing LSD exposure through hair analysis in forensic and clinical contexts.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a powerful hallucinogen, active at very low dosages, with, as a direct consequence, potential difficulties to b...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
American Journal of Therapeutics – March 01, 2024
Summary
A large clinical trial with 198 participants found that a single 100 μg dose of LSD led to 50% remission from generalized anxiety disorder. For anxiety and depression linked to life-threatening illnesses, 77% of participants experienced durable relief for one year. Past trials also show LSD significantly improves alcohol use disorder, with an odds ratio of 1.96. While recreational use can rarely cause long-term issues, clinical trials report mostly mild, transient side effects, suggesting LSD holds potent therapeutic promise for mental health conditions.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic agent. In the mid-20th century, it was used to augment psychoanalysis and to treat...
Confirmation of LSD Intoxication by Analysis of Serum and Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 1990
Summary
LSD intoxication can now be reliably confirmed through urine and serum testing. In a study involving 31 patients, a radioimmunoassay (RIA) detected LSD in 13 out of 14 specimens, while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified it in 11 of those samples. Among 18 patients diagnosed with LSD intoxication, RIA confirmed LSD presence in 14, compared to HPLC's 11. Notably, all tests were negative for the remaining 13 patients with other diagnoses. This advancement enhances clinical detection capabilities for LSD intoxication.
Abstract
Serum and urine specimens of 31 patients with suspected lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) intoxication were analyzed for LSD by both radioimmunoassa...
Low doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) increase reward-related brain activity.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 01, 2023
Summary
Tiny amounts of LSD can boost the brain's reward processing systems, even without causing noticeable psychedelic effects. Scientists found that low doses enhanced brain responses to rewards and positive feedback in healthy adults. Using advanced brain monitoring, researchers observed increased activity in three distinct reward-processing pathways, suggesting LSD's potential to enhance natural reward responses and positive emotions.
Abstract
Renewed interest in classic psychedelics as treatments for psychiatric disorders warrants a deeper understanding of their neural mechanisms. Single...
Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects
Psychopharmacology – September 13, 2021
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) demonstrates a strong safety profile in a substantial pharmacology analysis. Across 131 single-dose administrations to 83 healthy subjects, 91-96% reported significant "good drug effects" at 50-200 µg, a hallucinogen dose range explored in medicine. Safety pharmacology revealed only moderate physiological changes, with no subjects exceeding 180 mmHg systolic blood pressure. This supports the administration of LSD in psychology and psychedelics and drug studies, indicating its potential in complementary medicine. Biochemical analysis confirmed unaltered organ function.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used in psychiatric and psychological research and investigated as a potential treatment for...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD).
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
Recent clinical trials show LSD therapy produces remarkable results for anxiety treatment, with 77% of patients experiencing lasting relief after just one session. The hallucinogen demonstrates promising potential for treating anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. When administered in controlled medical settings, side effects are typically mild and temporary, with serious adverse reactions being extremely rare. Single-dose treatments have proven particularly effective, especially for anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic agent. In the mid-20th century, it was used to augment psychoanalysis and to treat alcohol use...
Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans.
Psychological medicine – October 01, 2023
Summary
LSD enhances our brain's ability to learn from rewards and adapt behavior, according to groundbreaking research. Scientists found that the psychedelic increases cognitive flexibility and learning rates through serotonin receptor activation. Using computational modeling, researchers showed that LSD helped participants learn faster from both rewards and setbacks while promoting more exploratory behavior in decision-making tasks.
Abstract
The non-selective serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) holds promise as a treatment for some psychiatric disorde...
Developmental changes in brain structure and function following exposure to oral LSD during adolescence.
Scientific reports – August 11, 2024
Summary
Adolescent exposure to LSD leads to lasting changes in brain architecture without impacting cognitive or motor abilities. Advanced brain imaging revealed that multiple LSD doses altered gray matter structure, particularly affecting connections between sensorimotor cortex regions and memory centers. While brain volume remained unchanged, neuroplasticity shifts were observed through diffusion weighted imaging, especially in areas controlling sensation and movement. These findings reshape our understanding of how psychedelics influence developing brains.
Abstract
LSD is a hallucinogen with complex neurobiological and behavioral effects. Underlying these effects are changes in brain neuroplasticity. This is t...
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – November 16, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profoundly distinct psychological effects compared to MDMA (Ecstasy) or Dextroamphetamine. In a Pharmacology study involving 28 healthy subjects, LSD, a classic Hallucinogen, led to significantly higher ratings of altered consciousness and mystical experiences than active drugs or Placebo. While all three substances—including the Stimulant Amphetamine—showed similar autonomic responses, MDMA uniquely increased oxytocin, reflecting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This highlights critical differences in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informed by Biochemical Analysis, for understanding their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d -amphetamine i...
Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials
Frontiers in Psychiatry – January 21, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal LSD's therapeutic promise in mental health. A systematic review of 11 randomized controlled trials, spanning psychiatry and clinical psychology, examined its use in medicine. Analyzing 567 patients, receiving 20-800 mcg of LSD, evidence suggests significant short-term reductions in psychiatric symptoms, particularly for addiction like alcoholism, and some anxiety. While inclusion and exclusion criteria were strict, the findings highlight LSD's potential, underscoring its relevance to current Mental Health Research Topics.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was studied from the 1950s to the 1970s to evaluate behavioral and personality changes, as well as remission of ps...
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 25, 2021
Summary
Repeated doses of LSD significantly enhance social behavior (SB) in male mice, demonstrating a 50% increase in interaction after seven days of treatment. This effect is linked to the drug's ability to potentiate excitatory neurotransmission via AMPA and 5-HT 2A receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Importantly, inhibiting mPFC excitatory neurons nullifies LSD’s prosocial effects. The findings suggest that LSD’s action on mTORC1 signaling in glutamatergic neurons could be pivotal for developing therapies targeting social behavior deficits in conditions like autism spectrum disorder and social anxiety disorder.
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported that the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) enhances empathy and social behavior (SB) in humans, but its m...
LSD and ketanserin and their impact on the human autonomic nervous system
Psychophysiology – March 27, 2021
Summary
LSD significantly boosts sympathetic nervous system activity, while the serotonin 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin enhances parasympathetic tone. In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 30 participants, heart rate variability (HRV) measures revealed that increased sympathetic activity correlated positively with psychedelic effects of LSD, whereas higher parasympathetic activity showed a negative correlation. Interestingly, HRV after placebo predicted subjective experiences post-LSD. These findings suggest that autonomic nervous system responses might serve as biomarkers for the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract The interest in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has sparked again due to its supposed positive effects on psychopathological conditions. ...
Is LSD toxic?
Forensic science international – March 01, 2018
Summary
Many believe LSD can be deadly, but evidence shows it's physiologically non-toxic at standard doses. A closer look at deaths attributed to its toxicity reveals other factors. Some fatalities stemmed from massive overdoses. In other cases, agitated individuals under the influence of LSD died following maximal restraint, including hog-tying by police, leading to cardiovascular collapse, likely due to positional asphyxiation. One death was from a different drug entirely. This clarifies that LSD itself is medically safe, challenging the notion of its inherent toxicity.
Abstract
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) was discovered almost 75 years ago, and has been the object of episodic controversy since then. While initially ex...
Intrahippocampal LSD accelerates learning and desensitizes the 5-HT(2A) receptor in the rabbit, Romano et al.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Applying LSD directly to the brain's learning hub significantly accelerates learning. Researchers investigated if targeted administration into the hippocampus could enhance conditioning and affect specific serotonin receptors. They found chronic application boosted conditioned responses and desensitized the 5-HT(2A) receptor. This receptor desensitization appears to drive the observed learning improvement.
Abstract
Parenteral injections of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, enhance eyeblink conditioning. Another hallucin...
A rare case of physical dependence with psychedelic LSD - A case report
Journal of Substance Use – March 04, 2019
Summary
A compelling case reveals that continuous use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) over two years led to significant physical and psychological dependence. The individual experienced cravings and developed tolerance, which surprisingly did not diminish quickly after discontinuation. Upon stopping, he faced withdrawal symptoms that contributed to his ongoing use. This accounts for a unique finding in the literature, marking the first documented instance of physical dependence on LSD, challenging the previously held belief that such dependence does not occur with this psychedelic.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a semisynthetic compound with strong psychoactive properties. LSD has been used as an adjunct to psychotherapy ...
A Social History and Analysis of the Lsd Controversy
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – October 01, 1983
Summary
LSD's journey reflects a dramatic shift in motives, with 60% of users now seeking fun rather than self-exploration. Initially embraced for its potential to reveal personal insights, the drug became a symbol of generational conflict and societal opposition, reflecting anxiety and cognitive dissonance. As social conditions evolved, interest waned, leading to a decline in use among youth. This transition highlights how drug preferences are intertwined with societal values and perceptions, revealing both the allure and risks associated with psychedelics in contemporary culture.
Abstract
The evolution of LSD use and the controversy surrounding it are reviewed. LSD is treated as a powerful drug whose mind-revealing effects embodied t...
LSD's rapid antidepressant effects are modulated by 5-HT2B receptors.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie – July 16, 2025
Summary
Neuroscience uncovers a fascinating insight: LSD, a potent hallucinogen, acts as a fast-acting antidepressant. In rats, this psychedelic rapidly eased depression-like behaviors. Crucially, these positive effects, involving serotonin pathways, were modulated by 5-HT2B receptors, distinct from 5-HT2A. This points to a novel mechanism for future fast-acting antidepressants.
Abstract
Recent clinical trials show that serotonergic psychedelics, including the prototypical hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), possess a gre...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians – Part II. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
CrossRef
Summary
LSD demonstrates significant therapeutic promise, with 77% of participants experiencing durable relief from anxiety and depression for a year following treatment. Though once banned, clinical trials confirm adverse events like anxiety or nausea are almost always mild and transient. Single-dose LSD regimens also improved alcohol use disorder, showing an odds ratio of 1.96. While these findings are compelling, establishing optimal dosing strategies and patient selection criteria remains crucial for broader clinical application.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic agent. In the mid-20th century, it was used to augment psychoanalysis and to treat...
Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants
Psychopharmacology – January 25, 2022
Summary
Reoccurring drug-like experiences after LSD and psilocybin administration occur in up to 9.2% of healthy individuals, with 7.8% for LSD and 8.3% for psilocybin. In a study involving 142 participants across six controlled trials, 13 reported these phenomena, primarily mild and perceived as neutral or pleasant. Flashbacks were mostly visual, lasting seconds to minutes, and occurred shortly after drug use. Notably, none experienced significant distress or impairment in daily life, nor did they meet criteria for hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD).
Abstract
Abstract Background LSD and psilocybin are increasingly used in phase I trials and evaluated as therapeutic agents for mental disorders. The phenom...
Separating the wheat from the chaff: Observations on the analysis of lysergamides LSD, MIPLA, and LAMPA
Drug Testing and Analysis – May 22, 2021
Summary
A breakthrough in differentiating psychoactive substances showed that blotters containing N-methyl-N-isopropyl LSD (MIPLA) were found to contain 180 and 186 μg of the compound per blotter. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, including tandem mass spectrometry and derivatization with BSTFA, effectively distinguished MIPLA from LSD and its isomer N-methyl-N-propyl (LAMPA). Specifically, ion ratios at m/z 239 provided clarity when co-eluting. These methods enhance biochemical analysis, ensuring accurate identification of these emerging psychedelics on the street market.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent psychoactive substance that has attracted great interest in clinical research. As the pharmac...
Determination of LSD in Urine by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1988
Summary
LSD can be detected in urine at remarkably low concentrations of just 0.5 ng/ml using advanced analytical techniques. This method involves extracting LSD from urine and creating a trimethylsilyl derivative, which is then analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Following the oral administration of 70.5 micrograms of LSD to two volunteers, the procedure effectively monitored LSD levels for eight hours. Comparisons showed consistent results with other methods, including radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography, highlighting its reliability in analytical chemistry and drug studies.
Abstract
A procedure for the determination of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) in urine at concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/ml is presented. After addition o...
LSD has high efficacy relative to serotonin in enhancing the cationic current Ih: Intracellular studies in rat facial motoneurons
Synapse – February 01, 1993
Summary
LSD significantly enhances electrical excitability in rat facial motoneurons, although it causes only a slight depolarization of 1-2 mV compared to the more substantial 5 mV shift induced by serotonin (5-HT). In experiments with 16 brain slices, LSD's effects were slower and longer-lasting. Importantly, LSD diminished the depolarizing impact of 5-HT and enhanced hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) more than 5-HT did. This enhancement was blocked by spiperone and ritanserin, highlighting LSD's unique pharmacological profile among serotonergic compounds.
Abstract
Abstract The effects of LSD (d‐lysergic acid diethylamide) on rat facial motoneurons were compared to those of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in brain ...
Sensory and associative effects of LSD in classical conditioning of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology – January 01, 1980
Summary
LSD significantly enhances the acquisition of conditioned responses in rabbits, with a notable increase in conditioned response frequency observed across various stimulus intensities. In a sample of 30 rabbits, LSD improved conditioned responses without affecting unconditioned response amplitude or psychophysical functions related to unconditioned stimulus intensity. Specifically, LSD lowered the threshold for conditioned stimuli, indicating enhanced sensory processing. This suggests that LSD facilitates associative learning by improving both learning and performance mechanisms, highlighting its potential influence on memory and neural mechanisms.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of LSD (30 nmol/kg) on the acquisition of the rabbit's classically conditioned nictitatin...
Psychedelic Symphonies: Investigating LSD and Music-Induced Brain Activity Using fMRI
OpenAlex – February 03, 2026
Summary
LSD significantly alters brain connectivity, impacting regions involved in music processing and emotional response. In a study with 51 healthy participants, LSD reduced within-network connectivity in the default mode and visual networks while enhancing between-network connectivity. Additionally, it decreased low-frequency oscillations in the occipital lobe and default mode network, correlating with psychometric scores. Notably, the interaction between LSD and music showed minimal effects, primarily observed in the auditory cortex. These findings deepen our understanding of LSD’s influence on neural activity related to perception and emotion.
Abstract
LSD is a psychedelic drug known for its ability to alter perception and psychological functioning by acting on the serotonin 2A receptor. Historica...
Development and Validation of a Nonisotopic Immunoassay for the Detection of LSD in Human Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1996
Summary
An innovative microplate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) effectively detects lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine. Utilizing just a 25-microL sample, the assay showed impressive precision with a coefficient of variation of 6% at the cutoff of 0.5 ng/mL across 20 replicates. Tested on 458 samples, it identified three additional positives compared to a commercial radioimmunoassay. This advanced biochemical analysis method is adaptable for automation and suitable for various laboratory settings, offering a reliable alternative without the need for radioactivity.
Abstract
A microplate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine was developed. The assay kit is designed...
Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Low-Dose LSD for ADHD Treatment in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA psychiatry – June 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking trial exploring low-dose LSD treatment for ADHD found the psychedelic to be physically safe and well-tolerated. Over six weeks, 53 adults received either micro-doses of LSD or placebo twice weekly. While both groups showed significant symptom improvement, LSD wasn't more effective than placebo in treating ADHD symptoms.
Abstract
Microdosing psychedelics, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), has gained attention for its potential benefits in several psychiatric disord...
Acute Effects and Pharmacokinetics of LSD after Paroxetine or Placebo Pre‐Administration in a Randomized, Double‐Blind, Cross‐Over Phase I Trial
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – February 28, 2025
Summary
Paroxetine significantly reduces the unpleasant effects of LSD, a finding critical for psychedelic medicine. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 23 healthy participants receiving paroxetine, versus placebo, experienced less "anxiety," "nausea," and "bad drug effect" from LSD. This pharmacology insight reveals paroxetine increased LSD's concentrations by 1.4-1.5 times, impacting its pharmacokinetics. Such drug studies, exploring chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suggest add-on treatment is well-tolerated, guiding future medicine and potentially dose adjustments, even beyond traditional complementary and alternative medicine approaches.
Abstract
Psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), are being investigated for the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders...
LSD Restores Synaptic Plasticity in VTA of Morphine-Treated Mice and Disrupts Morphine-Conditioned Place Preference.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – June 15, 2025
Summary
Could psychedelics unlock new addiction treatments? One study shows LSD can reverse brain changes caused by opioids. In mice, a single dose or microdoses of LSD quickly reduced morphine preference. It also restored vital brain cell connections, previously damaged by morphine, and induced beneficial epigenetic shifts. These findings suggest LSD can positively reshape reward circuits, attenuating drug-seeking behaviors.
Abstract
Psychedelics are emerging as a promising treatment option for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. One potenti...
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers
Psychopharmacology – December 18, 2019
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, holds promise for treating neuroinflammation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled drug study involving 48 older volunteers (mean age 62.9) evaluated the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of repeated oral microdoses (5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg LSD, or placebo) over 21 days. The pharmacology indicated LSD was well tolerated, with adverse effect frequency no higher than placebo. Pharmacodynamics showed no cognitive impairment, supporting psychedelics in internal medicine by influencing neurotransmitter receptor behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Abstract Research has shown that psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have profound anti-inflammatory properties mediat...
Interaction between LSD and dopamine D2/3 binding sites in pig brain
Synapse – January 01, 2005
Summary
LSD significantly impacts dopamine D2/3 receptor availability, evidenced by a 19% reduction in binding potential in the striatum four hours post-administration in a study involving three pigs. Despite this interaction, cerebral blood flow remained stable, and microdialysis experiments showed no changes in dopamine levels or metabolites at similar doses. In vitro analyses indicated LSD’s ability to displace [3H]raclopride with an IC50 of 275 nM, suggesting a direct influence on certain dopamine receptors that may play a role in LSD's psychopharmacological effects.
Abstract
The psychoactive properties of the hallucinogen LSD have frequently been attributed to high affinity interactions with serotonin 5HT2 receptors in ...