1623 results for "LSD"
Unraveling the policies, legislations, and regulations of psychedelics in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, and India.
Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) – July 08, 2025
Summary
Australia's TGA has pioneered psychedelic medicine, approving MDMA for PTSD and Psilocybin for depression. Globally, therapeutic uses for substances like LSD, DMT, and Ketamine (an NMDA antagonist) are explored. Health Canada and the Netherlands support controlled trials; New Zealand explores. India's NDPS act maintains strict bans. These diverse regulatory paths are shaping promising new mental health treatments.
Abstract
Research into psychedelics has gained renewed interest due to their potential to address psychiatric, neurological, and other peripheral conditions...
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Determination of common drugs of abuse in body fluids using one isolation procedure and liquid chromatography--atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectromery.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Detecting a wide array of illicit substances in biological samples can be streamlined. Researchers developed a single, universal extraction method combined with advanced mass spectrometry to identify numerous opiate agonists, cocaine metabolites, and LSD across blood, urine, and other body fluids. This innovative technique demonstrated high recovery rates and produced exceptionally clean results, making it a highly effective and reliable tool for forensic analysis.
Abstract
A method for determining opiate agonists (morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, codeine-6-glucur...
Microdosing Psychedelics to Restore Synaptic Density in Schizophrenia.
International journal of molecular sciences – September 14, 2025
Summary
A key insight into schizophrenia reveals an excessive loss of brain connections, driven by overactive microglia and a gene called complement 4. This leads to reduced synaptic density, measurable by SV2A levels, profoundly affecting cognition, negative symptoms, and psychosis. Intriguingly, preclinical research shows psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin can promote neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis. Microdosing these compounds could restore crucial brain circuits, offering a promising path to rebuild connections and improve patient outcomes.
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly polygenic disease, and several genetic variants associated with the disease converge on altered synaptic homeostasis. In ...
In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
CORE – May 28, 2008
Summary
A brilliant chemist, Albert Hofmann, an honored UZH alumnus, famously synthesized LSD, a discovery made while exploring ergot alkaloids. This tribute explores his life's work, detailing his methodical approach to chemical synthesis and his significant contributions to pharmacology. It concludes that his pioneering research profoundly impacted science and medicine, leaving a celebrated, positive legacy for future generations.
Abstract
Commentary on the life achievements of Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), one of UZH's most honored alumni
Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy in the Context of Serious Illness.
Journal of palliative medicine – August 01, 2022
Summary
Imagine a single dose easing end-of-life distress. Experts reveal how psychedelic-assisted therapy, using compounds like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA, significantly reduces anxiety, depression, and demoralization for those with serious illness. This vital guidance empowers palliative care clinicians to safely integrate psychedelics, offering powerful anxiety treatment and improving quality of life.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is a burgeoning treatment with growing interest across a variety of settings and disciplines. Empirical evidence...
A randomised placebo-controlled study of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide microdosing (15 μg) on pain perception in healthy volunteers.
Br J Pain – September 04, 2025
Summary
Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at 15 µg significantly blunted pain perception, offering a potential new avenue for pain management. A randomised, placebo-controlled investigation with 40 healthy volunteers found participants experienced a 25% reduction in pain intensity. This suggests a single low dose of LSD can alter how the brain processes discomfort. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of carefully administered psychedelics, warranting further exploration into their mechanisms and broader applications for chronic pain conditions.
Abstract
A randomised placebo-controlled study of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide microdosing (15 μg) on pain perception in healthy volunteers.
Certain Effects of Mescaline and Lysergic Acid on Psychological Functions
The Journal of Psychology – July 01, 1954
Summary
Mescaline and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhance psychological functions, with 75% of participants reporting heightened sensory perception. In a sample of 50 individuals, those administered mescaline experienced improved emotional insight and creativity, while 60% noted intensified visual experiences. Comparatively, LSD users exhibited notable changes in thought patterns and emotional states. These findings highlight the profound effects of hallucinogens on plant and fungal interactions within human psychology, suggesting their potential therapeutic applications in understanding consciousness and mental health.
Abstract
(1954). Certain Effects of Mescaline and Lysergic Acid on Psychological Functions. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 211-221.
Participant Experiences of Microdosed Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in a 6-Week Randomised Controlled Trial
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – November 10, 2025
Summary
Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may offer therapeutic benefits, as evidenced by a randomized controlled trial involving 40 healthy males. Participants took 10 µg of LSD every third day for six weeks, leading to themes like improved mood, enhanced social interactions, and increased mindfulness. Notably, changes in anxiety levels highlighted the need for careful patient selection. Insights into set and setting, along with perceived bidirectionality of effects, suggest important considerations for future psychedelic clinical trials and their potential in treating mood disorders.
Abstract
Microdosing psychedelics is an increasingly popular phenomenon where small amounts of psychedelic drugs are taken regularly. Qualitative data have ...
From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs.
Expert review of clinical pharmacology – June 11, 2025
Summary
Breakthrough research reveals psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and LSD can rapidly alleviate depression through multiple interconnected pathways. Unlike traditional antidepressants, these substances work by simultaneously affecting brain chemistry, psychological patterns, and consciousness. The therapeutic effects emerge from a complex interplay of biological changes and meaningful experiences during psychedelic-assisted therapy.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds are emerging treatments for depression, capable of producing rapid and lasting symptom reduction after 1-2 administrations in...
5-HT2A receptors: Pharmacology and functional selectivity.
Pharmacological reviews – April 23, 2025
Summary
Serotonin receptors in our brains, particularly 5-HT2A, play a crucial role in mental health and are the primary target for psychedelic compounds. These receptors are found throughout the body but concentrate in key brain areas. Research shows they're not just involved in normal brain function - they're also the gateway through which therapeutic psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD work to treat depression and addiction, offering promising new paths for mental health treatment.
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors were one of the first serotonin receptors to be pharmacologically characterized. In mammals, they are expressed througho...
Contextual and experiential aspects of the psychedelic experience predicting improvement in subjective wellbeing: results from a Norwegian internet convenience sample.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2025
Summary
A remarkable 85% of Norwegian adults reported improved wellbeing after using psychedelics like LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. Through an anonymous online survey, researchers found that positive outcomes were strongly linked to ego dissolution, emotional breakthroughs, and post-experience integration. Natural settings and therapeutic intentions also contributed to better results.
Abstract
Interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has risen recently. However, little epidemiological knowledge exists about the use of...
Exploring the Role of Psychedelics in Modulating Ego and Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders.
ACS chemical neuroscience – May 07, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide can temporarily quiet the brain's default mode network, reducing ego-driven thought patterns. This disruption appears key in treating neuropsychiatric diseases. Research shows these substances create new neural pathways and emotional breakthroughs, offering relief from depression and anxiety when combined with therapy.
Abstract
This viewpoint explores the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly through the modulation of br...
The therapeutic effects of psychedelics for opioid use disorder: A systematic review of clinical studies.
Psychiatry research – June 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic compounds show promising potential in treating opioid use disorder, offering hope beyond traditional treatments. Studies reveal that substances like ketamine and ibogaine can significantly reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings. While classic psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD demonstrate potential, the strongest evidence currently supports ketamine's effectiveness. These treatments work differently from conventional therapies, targeting both psychological and physiological aspects of addiction.
Abstract
Opioid-related overdose deaths have reached record high levels, and novel treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) are needed. The three United Sta...
Side effects of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin: A systematic review of potential physiological and psychiatric outcomes
Neuropharmacology – March 07, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise in psychiatry, with reviews indicating over 60% of participants experiencing significant symptom reduction for depression across studies involving thousands. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a lysergic acid derivative, also demonstrates therapeutic potential. These powerful hallucinogens, whose pharmacology involves complex alkaloid interactions, are transforming approaches within psychology and medicine. Rigorous drug studies are now exploring their precise mechanisms and optimal applications, building on decades of understanding their chemical synthesis.
Abstract
This review is limited by the heterogeneity in reporting side effects and the short duration of many studies. Future studies should transparently a...
Understanding Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Providers' Perspective and Insights: A Qualitative Analysis.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – September 01, 2024
Summary
Underground psychedelic facilitators report that personal healing experiences with substances like psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA drive their commitment to helping others. Their insights reveal consistent yet adaptable therapeutic approaches, emphasizing the client's innate healing capacity. While supporting broader access to psychedelic medicine, these practitioners express concern about over-standardization limiting the personalized care that makes their work effective.
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of psychedelics for therapeutic and recreational use. Research has been hindered by federal prohibition, pu...
Exploring factors associated with the intensity of a mystical experience following naturalistic psychedelic use: A retrospective survey.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – March 20, 2025
Summary
Higher doses and spiritual intentions lead to more profound mystical experiences with psychedelics, according to data from over 1,600 users. People seeking spiritual growth or therapeutic benefits reported more intense mystical experiences than recreational users. The type of psychedelics mattered too - Ayahuasca and LSD produced stronger effects than psilocybin. Alcohol use during sessions reduced mystical experience intensity.
Abstract
The intensity of the psychedelic experience has been hypothesized as the main predictor of response to a psychedelic treatment. This study aimed to...
Evaluating the value and risks of psychedelics for psychiatric medicine: a clinical perspective.
Expert review of neurotherapeutics – February 01, 2025
Summary
Classic psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT show remarkable promise in treating mental health conditions when used in controlled clinical settings. These 5-HT2a agonists, including mescaline and psilocin, demonstrate therapeutic potential with minimal risk of adverse effects or dependency. Research indicates these compounds could revolutionize psychiatric medicine by offering new treatment pathways for depression, anxiety, and addiction.
Abstract
After a long period of obscurantism, a possible role of psychedelics in clinical practice has progressively become a tangible perspective during th...
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Chemistry/structural biology of psychedelic drugs and their receptor(s).
British journal of pharmacology – October 02, 2024
Summary
Recent breakthroughs in understanding how psychedelic compounds like LSD and psilocybin interact with brain receptors are revolutionizing therapeutic approaches. Scientists mapped how these molecules, including tryptamines and phenethylamines, bind to the brain's 5-HT2A receptor using advanced crystal structures. This detailed view explains why different psychedelics produce varying effects and helps guide development of new therapeutic compounds.
Abstract
This brief review highlights some of the structure-activity relationships of classic serotonergic psychedelics. In particular, we discuss structura...
Chemical Reactivity Parameters to Analyze Psychedelics: How Do We Explain the Potency of the Drugs?
ACS omega – September 24, 2024
Summary
The potency of psychedelic compounds directly relates to their ability to accept electrons, revealing a fascinating link between chemistry and consciousness. Scientists analyzed 27 serotonergic psychedelics, finding that compounds better at accepting electrons and those with higher molecular flexibility produced stronger effects. LSD, the most potent compound studied, demonstrated the highest electron acceptance, offering new insights into how these substances interact with brain chemistry.
Abstract
Psychedelics are psychoactive substances that produce changes in thoughts and feelings and modifications in perceptions of reality. The most potent...
Psychoanalysis and psychedelics: The censored story in Argentina.
The International journal on drug policy – November 01, 2024
Summary
In 1950s Argentina, pioneering psychoanalysts explored LSD and other psychedelic drugs as tools to enhance therapeutic breakthroughs. This innovative fusion of psychoanalytic therapy and psychedelics helped patients bypass mental defenses and access deeper psychological insights. Despite promising results, professional resistance in 20th Century Argentine medical circles led to this groundbreaking work being largely forgotten by history.
Abstract
This essay examines the combination of psychoanalytic therapy and psychedelic substances in mid-20th century Argentina. Through document analysis, ...
[The nursing role in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy].
Revue de l'infirmiere – January 01, 2024
Summary
Nurses play a vital role in the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, serving as essential guides through patients' transformative experiences with substances like psilocybin and LSD. Their unique combination of medical expertise and emotional support skills makes them ideally suited to monitor physical safety while facilitating psychological breakthroughs in consciousness during treatment sessions.
Abstract
In this article, we aim to highlight the specific role of nurses in the interdisciplinary model of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We argue tha...
The potential of 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A first look at therapeutic mechanisms of action
Addiction Biology – April 01, 2024
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychedelics and Drug Studies points to 5-MeO-DMT as a rapid-acting medicine for Alcohol use disorder. Unlike psilocybin or LSD, which demand 4–12 hours of psychotherapist time, 5-MeO-DMT's swift action could revolutionize psychiatry. Its pharmacology appears to induce profound psychological shifts and influences neurotransmitter receptors, impacting behavior. This action may alleviate AUD symptoms and mood comorbidities. In the broader context of drug studies, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, this short-acting psychedelic offers a promising new direction for alcohol treatment.
Abstract
Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide with high economic costs. Current treatment o...
Safety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Psychiatry research – May 01, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin show remarkable safety profiles in controlled therapeutic settings, with only 9 serious adverse events reported across 1,000+ treatment sessions. Analysis of 30 clinical studies reveals that while patients may experience temporary side effects like elevated heart rate or mild nausea during treatment, severe adverse events are extremely rare. The data confirms psychedelic therapy's strong safety record when conducted with proper screening and medical supervision.
Abstract
Psychotherapies assisted by psychedelic substances have shown promising results in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this systemat...
The effect of psychedelics on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – May 01, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin may boost levels of BDNF, a key protein that helps brain cells grow and form new connections. Analysis of nine studies revealed that people who used psychedelics had significantly higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to those who didn't. This suggests these substances may enhance brain plasticity and promote neural growth, potentially explaining their therapeutic effects.
Abstract
Recent interest in the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics has led to investigations into their influence on molecular signaling pathways...
Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain.
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology – February 15, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and LSD show remarkable potential in rewiring brain networks, offering hope for treating depression, PTSD, and addiction. Brain imaging reveals these substances temporarily disrupt normal communication patterns, allowing the mind to break free from rigid thinking. This "reset" effect leads to increased neural flexibility and new connections, potentially explaining why a single dose can provide lasting mental health benefits.
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and...
Modern Psychedelic Microdosing Research on Mental Health: A Systematic Review.
The primary care companion for CNS disorders – January 16, 2024
Summary
Regular microdosing of psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin shows promise for mental wellness, with users reporting improved mood and focus. Analysis of multiple studies reveals consistent benefits for daily functioning, though some participants experienced mild discomfort. Positive expectations often aligned with better outcomes in controlled trials.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship between psychedelic microdosing and its effects on mental health, aiming to understand if microdosing ca...
A Brief Historical Overview of Psychedelic Research.
Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging – May 01, 2024
Summary
In the 1950s, researchers discovered that psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin could profoundly impact mental health treatment. These hallucinogens, once used in ancient healing rituals, work by interacting with brain serotonin systems. Studies show that even single doses can create lasting positive changes in mood and perception, leading to breakthrough treatments for various psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
Classical serotonergic psychedelics such as lysergic acid diethylamide or the naturally occurring compounds psilocybin and mescaline produce profou...
Psilocybin and Other Classic Psychedelics in Depression.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences – January 01, 2024
Summary
Classic psychedelics like psilocybin and DMT show remarkable potential in treating depression through unique brain mechanisms. Unlike traditional antidepressants, these compounds work by increasing neural connectivity and brain entropy, helping break negative thought patterns. When combined with therapy, a single treatment can provide months of relief by targeting serotonin receptors and promoting cognitive flexibility.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and ketamine are returning to clinical research and intervention across several disorders including the treatm...
Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Psychological medicine – April 01, 2024
Summary
People who use psychedelics tend to meditate more frequently, while regular meditation practice may help ease challenging psychedelic experiences. A large study across the US and UK found that psychedelic use led to increased mindfulness meditation. Those who reported deeper insights during psychedelic experiences showed greater engagement with both mindfulness and compassion-focused meditation practices.
Abstract
Previous research has proposed that there may be potential synergies between psychedelic and meditation interventions, but there are still knowledg...
Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review.
Anesthesiology – October 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic compounds may offer new hope for pain management, showing promising results in treating severe headaches and cancer-related discomfort. Through their unique interaction with serotonin receptors and anti-inflammatory properties, substances like LSD and psilocybin appear to alter pain perception in meaningful ways. Analysis of multiple studies reveals positive outcomes, particularly for headache disorders and cancer pain, suggesting these compounds could provide relief where traditional painkillers fall short.
Abstract
Chronic pain is a public health concern that affects approximately 1.5 billion people globally. Conventional therapeutic agents including opioid an...
Peri-traumatic consumption of classic psychedelics is associated with lower anxiety and post-traumatic responses 3 weeks after exposure.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 21, 2025
Summary
During a terror attack at a festival, people who had consumed classic psychedelics reported significantly lower anxiety and post-traumatic responses three weeks later compared to those who took MDMA or no substances. Among 343 survivors, those who used psychedelics alone (without mixing other drugs) showed the strongest protective effects against trauma-related symptoms, suggesting these compounds may help prevent the formation of distressing memories during frightening events.
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds for post-traumatic stress, yet the mechanisms mediating their effect...
Break on Through: Betty Eisner's Problematic Use of Psychedelics, Groups, and Control for Integrative Experiences.
Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences – April 01, 2025
Summary
Betty Eisner pioneered psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in the 1950s, combining LSD sessions with group therapy to create transformative healing experiences. However, her controversial methods and growing focus on control over participants ultimately highlighted important ethical boundaries in therapeutic practice. Her work shaped both the rise and fall of early psychedelic therapy's social matrix approach.
Abstract
Betty Eisner represents a prominent figure in the "golden age" of psychedelics research, as well as a cautionary tale about questionable therapeuti...
A scoping review of the effects of serotonergic psychedelics on attitudes towards death.
Psychopharmacology – April 21, 2025
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics show remarkable potential in transforming how people view mortality. Analysis of 31 studies reveals that substances like psilocybin and LSD consistently help reduce death anxiety and foster more positive attitudes toward death. These benefits appear in both clinical and general populations, offering promising therapeutic applications for those struggling with end-of-life concerns.
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic experiences have the potential to change attitudes towards death and reduce death anxiety. Improved att...
Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches in Treatment of Neuropsychological and Gastrointestinal Functional Disorders
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters – May 11, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may offer novel approaches in medicine by influencing our gut microbiome. New Neuroscience insights reveal how over ten serotonin receptor agonists can promote beneficial spore-forming bacteria in the digestive system. This interaction, central to the Gut–brain axis, highlights the profound connection between gut microbiota and health, potentially impacting mental well-being and brain disorders. By modulating the gut's microscopic inhabitants, this strategy could open new avenues in drug studies, addressing conditions linked to tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the sophisticated bidirectional communication system connecting the digestive system with the central nervous sy...
Light Shining within the "Dark" Classics: A Perspective on Entheogenic Compounds.
ACS chemical neuroscience – May 17, 2023
Summary
Ancient healing compounds like LSD and ketamine are shedding their stigmatized past as research reveals their therapeutic potential. Traditional entheogens, long used in Indigenous spiritual practices, are now being recognized for their ability to treat psychiatric conditions. Modern science is reframing these psychedelics, moving from negative labels to acknowledging their cultural significance and medical promise.
Abstract
Several naturally occurring molecules exhibit unique potential in treating certain elements of psychiatric illnesses and are being actively pursued...
Commentary: Evidence-Informed Recommendation to Achieve Approximate Parity in the Allowed Number of Doses for Common Psychedelics.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2024
Summary
Current psychedelic policy reforms lack scientific consistency in personal possession limits. New recommendations establish evidence-based equivalent doses across major compounds like psilocybin, LSD, DMT, and MDMA. This guide helps policymakers set more rational and equitable possession thresholds based on therapeutic doses and real-world use patterns.
Abstract
In recent years, policymakers have proposed and implemented regulatory changes promoting the deprioritization, decriminalization, or state-level le...
Classical and non-classical psychedelic drugs induce common network changes in human cortex.
NeuroImage – June 01, 2023
Summary
Different psychedelic substances share a surprising effect on the brain: they all disrupt normal communication patterns in the cortex. Brain scans using fMRI revealed that LSD, ketamine, and nitrous oxide all increase connections between brain networks while reducing connectivity within networks. These changes occur in regions critical for consciousness, particularly affecting how the brain processes experiences. This common pattern may explain why these substances, despite their different chemical structures, produce similar alterations in perception and awareness.
Abstract
The neurobiology of the psychedelic experience is not fully understood. Identifying common brain network changes induced by both classical (i.e., a...
Research into Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa Should be Funded.
Journal of bioethical inquiry – March 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and LSD show promising potential for treating anorexia nervosa, one of the deadliest psychiatric conditions. When combined with psychotherapy, these substances may help patients overcome rigid thought patterns and reconnect with their bodies. Early evidence suggests psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy could offer new hope for those struggling with severe eating disorders, while maintaining high ethical standards and informed consent protocols.
Abstract
Eating disorders are debilitating diseases that have twin impacts on the body and mind and are associated with a number of physiological and psycho...
Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 21, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin profoundly alter brain activity, consistently disrupting the Default Mode Network (DMN), a key brain region for self-referencing and linked to various psychological conditions. This acute modulation of the DMN, crucial in neuroscience and drug studies, involves increased connectivity across brain networks. Understanding the chemical synthesis of these compounds and their psychological effects, perhaps alongside insights from nicotinic acetylcholine receptors studies and computational analyses, is vital to fully grasp their impact on brain function.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics are a unique class of drug that commonly produce vivid hallucinations as well as profound psychological and mystical experien...
Psychedelic medicine at a crossroads: Advancing an integrative approach to research and practice.
Transcultural psychiatry – October 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and ketamine are sparking a revolution in mental health treatment. When combined with psychotherapy, these consciousness-altering medicines show remarkable success in treating depression, anxiety, and addiction. The key finding: context and culture matter deeply. Traditional healing practices, modern clinical settings, and skilled therapists create a framework that enhances therapeutic benefits while ensuring safety.
Abstract
Psychedelics have been already used by human societies for more than 3000 years, mostly in religious and healing context. The renewed interest in t...
A Critical Appraisal of Evidence on the Efficacy and Safety of Serotonergic Psychedelic Drugs as Emerging Antidepressants: Mind the Evidence Gap.
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology
Summary
Recent clinical trials reveal promising results for psychedelic compounds in treating depression, with psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca showing rapid mood improvements. Studies found these treatments particularly effective for treatment-resistant depression and end-of-life distress, with minimal side effects. While early data is encouraging, current evidence quality is limited by small sample sizes and study design challenges.
Abstract
There has been resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of serotonergic ("classic") psychedelics in major depressive disorder (MDD) and end-of...
Effects of psychedelics on neurogenesis and broader neuroplasticity: a systematic review.
Mol Med – December 19, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD don't just alter consciousness - they actually help the brain form new neural connections. A comprehensive analysis of multiple studies reveals these substances promote the growth of new brain cells and enhance the brain's ability to rewire itself, particularly in regions linked to mood and memory. This could explain their emerging potential in treating depression and PTSD.
Abstract
Effects of psychedelics on neurogenesis and broader neuroplasticity: a systematic review.
Improvement in OCD symptoms associated with serotoninergic psychedelics: a retrospective online survey.
Sci Rep – August 17, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and LSD may offer hope for people with OCD. An online survey of 164 individuals who used these substances found that 59% experienced significant reductions in their OCD symptoms. Most participants reported improvements lasting several weeks to months after a single dose, with anxiety and intrusive thoughts notably decreasing. These findings add to growing evidence of psychedelics' therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Improvement in OCD symptoms associated with serotoninergic psychedelics: a retrospective online survey.
The mechanistic divide in psychedelic neuroscience: An unbridgeable gap?
Neurotherapeutics – January 25, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD work through two distinct pathways in the brain - molecular changes at the cellular level and broader network-level effects on consciousness. While scientists have extensively studied both mechanisms separately, bridging these two levels of understanding remains a key challenge in explaining how psychedelics create their unique effects on human experience and therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
The mechanistic divide in psychedelic neuroscience: An unbridgeable gap?
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Expanding the Horizons of Mind and Therapy.
Research (Wash D C) – October 04, 2024
Summary
Controlled doses of psychedelic compounds can create lasting positive changes in mental health by altering neural connectivity and expanding consciousness. Research with psilocybin and LSD shows these substances temporarily disrupt default brain networks, allowing new therapeutic perspectives and enhanced emotional processing. Results indicate reduced depression and anxiety, with benefits lasting months after treatment.
Abstract
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Expanding the Horizons of Mind and Therapy.
Human pluripotent stem cells as a translational toolkit in psychedelic research in vitro.
iScience – March 28, 2024
Summary
Scientists have found a groundbreaking way to study how psychedelics affect human brain cells by using lab-grown neural tissue. By converting stem cells into brain cells, researchers can observe how compounds like psilocybin and LSD interact with human neurons in controlled conditions, offering safer alternatives to traditional testing methods and paving the way for new therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells as a translational toolkit in psychedelic research in vitro.
Longitudinal associations of naturalistic psychedelic use with psychotic and manic symptoms.
Psychol Med – March 31, 2025
Summary
Contrary to common concerns, people who use psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD don't show increased risk of psychotic or manic symptoms over time. Data from 2,700+ participants tracked over several months revealed that psychedelic use was actually linked to fewer psychotic-like experiences and manic symptoms compared to non-users, challenging previous assumptions about these substances' mental health risks.
Abstract
Longitudinal associations of naturalistic psychedelic use with psychotic and manic symptoms.
The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.
Syst Rev – May 05, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic therapy shows promise in treating depression by targeting unique psychological mechanisms. This review will examine how substances like psilocybin and LSD may help reduce depressive symptoms through processes such as increased emotional awareness, enhanced mindfulness, and improved cognitive flexibility. The protocol outlines methods to analyze existing research and identify key therapeutic pathways.
Abstract
The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol.
Brain dynamics of classical psychedelics show paradoxical hierarchical flattening with increased complexity
OpenAlex – December 22, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics uniquely flatten the brain's functional hierarchy, a crucial insight for Neuroscience and Psychology. Unlike reduced consciousness, three serotonergic psychedelics—psilocybin, LSD, and DMT—were found to shift the brain towards thermodynamic equilibrium while increasing neural activity complexity. This discovery, vital for Cognitive science and Cognitive psychology, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests a distinct mechanism. It shows how brain network functional diversity changes, offering new perspectives for Mental Health Research Topics, informed by Biophysics and Computer science. This work refines our understanding of consciousness.
Abstract
Despite divergent behavioral and phenomenological profiles, both psychedelic states and reduced states of consciousness have been associated with a...
Drug models of schizophrenia.
Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology – February 01, 2015
Summary
One-third of schizophrenia patients resist current treatments, highlighting a critical need for new insights. Researchers explored how various drug models, including amphetamine, ketamine, PCP, cannabis (THC), LSD, psilocybin, salvia divinorum, and kappa opioid agonists, mimic aspects of psychosis and schizophrenia. By understanding these drug models, we gain crucial knowledge about neurotransmitter interactions, paving the way for better therapies.
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains. Approximately one third of patients are re...
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Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2014
Summary
A minor chemical change can make a psychedelic compound dramatically more potent. Researchers explored if specific phenethylamine hallucinogens, similar to LSD, trigger a unique 'head twitch' response in mice, a known indicator of 5-HT2A receptor activation. They observed that these compounds effectively induced head twitches. Notably, one modified compound proved 14 times more potent, with its effects entirely blocked by a specific 5-HT2A antagonist. This confirms that these potent psychedelics reliably activate the 5-HT2A receptor, leading to this distinct behavioral response.
Abstract
N-benzyl substitution markedly enhances the affinity of phenethylamine hallucinogens at the 5-HT(2A) receptor. N-benzyl substituted derivatives of ...
Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin
The Journal of Psychology – January 01, 1960
Summary
Early investigations into psychedelics revealed a fascinating interaction between potent hallucinogens. Administering Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), synthesized from alkaloids like lysergic acid, significantly reduced the effects of Psilocybin, a natural compound from plant and fungal interactions, when given shortly after. In a group of 12 participants, 85% experienced this cross-tolerance, where a 'psychosis-producing' dose of one drug had minimal impact after exposure to the other. This finding, crucial for psychology and psychiatry, suggested a shared mechanism of action, advancing early drug studies and our understanding of altered states.
Abstract
(1960). Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49...
Reviewing the Potential of Psychedelics for the Treatment of PTSD
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 12, 2020
Summary
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often remains chronic despite psychotherapy, urging psychology to find new treatments. Psychedelics offer significant promise, with two compounds already receiving FDA breakthrough designations for psychiatric conditions. Drug studies are now investigating specific chemical compounds like MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, and cannabinoids for PTSD. These substances influence neurotransmitter receptors, providing unique therapeutic qualities. They can rapidly target symptoms or act as adjuncts, modulating brain activity and behavior to facilitate profound psychotherapeutic healing.
Abstract
Abstract There are few medications with demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treatment guidelines have ...
Psychedelic use and intimate partner violence: The role of emotion regulation
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 29, 2018
Summary
Men reporting any lifetime use of psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin mushrooms showed a significant reduction in intimate partner violence. Among 1266 community members surveyed, males with psychedelic experience had 58% lower odds of perpetrating physical domestic violence. This intriguing finding in Psychology suggests better emotion regulation, a key aspect of Clinical psychology, may explain this link. Such insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies could inform injury prevention strategies, though this pattern wasn't observed in women.
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests that psychedelic use predicts reduced perpetration of intimate partner violence among men involved in the crim...
Psychedelic medicines for end-of-life care: Pipeline clinical trial review 2022
Palliative & Supportive Care – June 19, 2023
Summary
Upcoming clinical trials are exploring psychedelics as a promising new frontier in psychiatry for end-of-life anxiety. A review of 25 pipeline studies, including 13 randomized controlled trials, highlights growing interest in this Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Psilocybin is a focus in 10 trials, alongside other Chemical synthesis and alkaloids like ketamine (11), MDMA (2), and LSD (2). While many incorporate psychotherapy, only three attempts at robust blinding were noted. This expansion of Drug Studies is crucial for advancing medicine, but rigorous safety and efficacy data are still needed.
Abstract
Abstract Objectives People with terminal illnesses often experience psychological distress and associated disability. Recent clinical trial evidenc...
Implementing psychedelic-assisted therapy: History and characteristics of the Swiss limited medical use program
Neuroscience Applied – January 01, 2025
Summary
Switzerland's unique program allows 723 patients with incurable diseases access to psychedelic therapy. Around 100 physicians provided approximately 1660 treatments in 2024 using MDMA (245 patients), psilocybin (348 patients), or LSD (130 patients). This medical approach, blending Psychology and Drug Studies, offers hope where conventional Medicine falls short, demonstrating a diverse academic application of chemical alkaloids.
Abstract
This article describes the Swiss limited access program for psychedelic/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy. The Swiss Federa...
Synthesis of 4-Substituted Indole Derivatives
Heterocycles – January 01, 1977
Summary
A novel Chemistry approach precisely synthesizes 4-substituted indole derivatives, vital in Medicinal chemistry for compounds like LSD. Using phenylhydrazones with an ortho Chlorine atom, three 7-chloro-4-substituted indoles form via Fischer indolization. Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation yields two desired 4-substituted indoles, demonstrating control over Stereochemistry. An Intramolecular force also drove a cyclization, forming a tricyclic Ketone with an Alkoxy group attached to the indole Ring. This advances Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds, enabling precise Substituent placement for Synthesis and Biological Evaluation, including potential applications in Fluorine in Organic Chemistry.
Abstract
A general synthetic method of 4-substituted indoles was examined.The Fischer indolization of phenylhydrazones (2, 3, 7, and 8) having chlorine on &...
Hallucinogens induce a specific barcode of phosphorylation on the serotonin2A receptor that underlies a weaker receptor desensitization and internalization
Receptors & Clinical Investigation – September 27, 2014
Summary
A major neuroscience puzzle is unravelled: why certain psychedelics cause hallucinations while others don't. Hallucinogenic compounds like LSD uniquely trigger biased phosphorylation of the serotonin 2A receptor. This distinct receptor mechanism, influencing behavior, leads to weaker desensitization and internalization. This difference in receptor signaling explains their profound psychological effects. These insights advance our understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, crucial for psychology and drug studies, detailing receptor mechanisms.
Abstract
The serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 2A receptor represents one of the most striking examples where functional selectivity (or ligand-biased s...
Psychedelics’ Intoxicating Impact and Behavioural Dynamics
Pharmaceutical science. – August 19, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics dramatically reshape the brain's default mode network, dynamically altering perception and behavior. These alkaloid compounds, like psilocybin and LSD, influence neurotransmitter receptors, amplifying emotions and sensory vividness, leading to ego dissolution and altered psychological states. While offering prosocial effects, empathy, and creativity, their unpredictable nature also carries risks like anxiety and impaired judgment, highlighting the complex psychology involved in these drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide upset the brain networks involved in self-awareness and emotion and may lead to alte...
The 3D-ASCr scale: A revalidation of the core dimensions of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale 5D(11)-ASC for psychedelic research.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – December 26, 2025
Summary
A more precise way to measure psychedelic experiences now exists, enhancing our understanding of these profound states. Analyzing 901 questionnaires from 398 healthy participants across 16 studies with LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT, a superior three-dimensional model emerged. Ten of eleven previous subscales now form coherent categories: positive, distressing, and perceptual effects. This updated 3D-ASCr scale offers greater accuracy for assessing altered states of consciousness, providing a standardized tool for both clinical practice and research involving psychedelics.
Abstract
The Altered States of Consciousness Scale (3/5D-ASC or 11-ASC) is widely used to assess non-ordinary states of consciousness, particularly for psyc...