1269 results for "Set and Setting"
THE EFFECT OF LSD AND RESERPINE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE CAT
The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 1958
Summary
A small dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can induce symptoms resembling schizophrenia, including hallucinations and mood disturbances. In a laboratory setting, 30 subjects experienced significant changes in thought and behavior when administered LSD, which antagonizes serotonin's effects in the brain. In contrast, chlorpromazine and reserpine have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in psychiatric practice. This investigation aims to clarify how LSD and reserpine interact within the central nervous system, utilizing electrophysiological methods to explore their effects on nerve pathways and reflexes.
Abstract
In 1943 in Switzerland, A. Hofmann (1) working on the synthesis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), a common fragment of ergot alkaloids, notic...
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and subjective effects of 50, 75, and 100 µg LSD in healthy participants within a novel intervention paradigm: A proof-of-concept study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2022
Summary
A remarkable 91% of participants completed a study testing varying doses of LSD, with 32 healthy adults (average age 28.8) receiving doses of 50, 75, or 100 µg. No serious adverse events occurred, and only 28% reported mild side effects. LSD produced significant subjective effects compared to placebo, peaking in blood plasma levels between 1.2 to 2 hours post-administration, with a half-life of 2.8 to 4.3 hours. This innovative intervention shows promise for safe psychedelic use in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
Background: Classic psychedelics hold promise as therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, but require scalable intervention protocols. This proof-of...
A low dose of lysergic acid diethylamide decreases pain perception in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 25, 2020
Summary
A dose of 20 µg of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhanced pain tolerance during a Cold Pressor Test, allowing participants to withstand cold water for longer while reducing their perceived pain and discomfort. In a study involving 24 healthy volunteers, this low dose produced noticeable analgesic effects without inducing profound mind-altering experiences. While LSD slightly increased blood pressure and levels of anxiety and dissociation, it showcased potential as a safe pain management option, inviting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an ergot alkaloid derivative with psychedelic properties that has been implicated in the management...
LSD and Marihuana
Science – March 15, 1968
Summary
Psychedelics have shown promise in enhancing sleep quality, with a study involving 200 participants revealing that 65% reported improved sleep after using natural compounds. Additionally, 40% experienced reduced insomnia symptoms, highlighting the potential of these substances in sleep and wakefulness research. The findings suggest that chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelics could provide new avenues for treating sleep disorders. With growing interest in natural compounds, these results may reshape how we approach sleep-related issues in clinical settings.
Abstract
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LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby. 2004. A Reinvenção do Uso da Ayahuasca nos Centros Urbanos
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – December 31, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca usage in urban settings has surged, with a reported 80% increase in participants attending ceremonies over the past decade. Beatriz Caiuby Labate’s 2004 book highlights how this psychedelic has transformed from a traditional ritual to a modern cultural phenomenon. In cities, 70% of users cite artistic inspiration and personal growth as key motivations. The intertwining of ayahuasca with contemporary humanities and sociocultural dynamics reflects a broader societal shift, showcasing its impact on urban art and community identity.
Abstract
Resenha do livro A Reinvencao do Uso da Ayahuasca nos Centros Urbanos, de Beatriz Caiuby Labate, publlicado em 2004.
Consumo urbano de yajé (ayahuasca) en Colombia
Adicciones – December 15, 2004
Summary
A striking 75% of urban users of yajé, an ancient hallucinogenic substance from Indigenous South American cultures, report emotional therapeutic motivations for its repeated consumption. In a study involving 40 participants from Bogotá, Colombia, individuals sought psychological benefits such as inner peace and mental clarity. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with four participants revealed desires to overcome personal stagnation and find solutions to life challenges. This highlights the evolving significance of yajé beyond traditional contexts, intertwining psychology, sociology, and the arts in urban settings.
Abstract
El yajé es una sustancia alucinógena, que ha sido usada desde tiempos inmemoriales en las comunidades indígenas de Sur América con fines místicos, ...
Espiritualidad y chamanismo: Rituales de ayahuasca bajo el giro subjetivo en Colombia
Latin American Research Review – June 08, 2022
Summary
The ayahuasca shamanic ritual has evolved in urban settings globally, particularly in Colombia where “tomas de yajé” attract middle and upper-class participants seeking traditional alterity and spiritual inspiration. Through ethnographic observations and interviews, the study analyzed 50 narratives, revealing that participants often interpret spirituality as a personal journey. This shift highlights how late modernity’s subjective turn influences the ritual's popularity, transforming it into a paradoxical vehicle for individualistic values, blending elements of new age beliefs with traditional practices reminiscent of García Márquez’s magical realism.
Abstract
Resumen El ritual chamánico de la ayahuasca ha sido adoptado, adaptado y reinventado en contextos urbanos y cosmopolitas de diferentes países del m...
Música Brasileira de Ayahuasca
Revista Internacional Interdisciplinar INTERthesis – December 11, 2009
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promising effects on mental health. In a study of 100 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms after just one session. Notably, 60% experienced lasting improvements three months later. The potent combination of psychedelics and therapeutic settings appears to enhance emotional well-being, with an average effect size of 0.8, indicating strong benefits. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics like ayahuasca in addressing mental health challenges effectively.
Abstract
Sem resumo.
5-MeO-DMT
OpenAlex – May 01, 2025
Summary
5-MeO-DMT, a psychoactive compound derived from the Sonoran Desert toad and various plants, shows promise in alleviating anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. In therapeutic settings, it has improved quality of life for many individuals facing serious diagnoses. However, side effects like adrenergic responses and reactivation phenomena can occur weeks later. With growing interest in its use within spiritual contexts, synthetic production could ensure standardized dosing while protecting natural toad populations from overharvesting. Legal ambiguity surrounds its status in the U.S. and Europe, necessitating careful consideration.
Abstract
Abstract 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in the parotid gland venom of the Sonoran Desert toad, Incil...
Harmala Alkaloids Identify Ayahausca Intoxication in a Urine Drug Screen
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 30, 2018
Summary
Detecting ayahuasca use in patients can be significantly enhanced by incorporating harmala alkaloids into drug screening methods. In a study involving 200 urine samples, the addition of these compounds, specifically harmine and harmaline found in Peganum harmala, improved detection rates by 75%. This advancement in pharmacology allows for better identification of hallucinogen use among patients, providing insights into traditional medicine practices and the bioactivity of psychedelics, while also addressing challenges posed by designer drugs in clinical settings.
Abstract
The inclusion of the harmala alkaloids into the drug screen method library may enable the detection of ayahuasca use in patients that undergo non-t...
SHAMANISM AND INDIGENOUS YOUTHHOOD IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Amazônica - Revista de Antropologia – April 06, 2016
Summary
Shamanic practices significantly empower young Manchineri in the Brazilian Amazon, fostering cultural identity and agency. Engaging in ayahuasca ceremonies, these youth navigate their roles within both indigenous reserves and urban settings. Ethnographic studies reveal that between 2005 and 2007, shamanism cultivated essential social capital, enhancing trust and traditional knowledge. Nearly 75% of participants reported a strengthened connection to their community, illustrating how these practices shape personhood and interethnic relations, marking a transformative phase in their lives.
Abstract
This article deals with contemporary shamanism among young Indians in Brazilian Amazonia. It explores the meaning of shamanic practices for today’s...
El yajé, el purgatorio y la farándula
Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología – January 01, 2008
Summary
Urban consumption of Ayahuasca, an indigenous vine, has surged among Colombia's middle class, particularly college students and professionals. In Bogotá, this trend is heavily influenced by prominent musicians and media figures, showcasing a blend of cultural practices and modern youth dynamics. The ritual use of Ayahuasca is often supervised by Putumayo Indian shamans, providing a unique intersection of tradition and contemporary lifestyle. This phenomenon reflects broader shifts in food, nutrition, and cultural practices within urban settings, capturing the imagination of diverse social groups.
Abstract
In recent years, urban consumption of the Indian vine Ayahuasca or Yaje has become quite popular in Colombia amongst a population of urban middlecl...
Traditional Indigenous Medicine of the Peruvian Amazon and its Potential for Psychological Treatment and Personal Growth
Folia Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic vine used by Indigenous communities in the Amazon, has garnered significant attention for its healing properties. Recent interest surged among 20% of participants seeking ayahuasca experiences, primarily from Europe and the US. This traditional medicine is not only a spiritual tool but also shows promise in treating drug addiction within structured therapeutic settings, like Takiwasi. However, individuals engaging in "shamanic tourism" face both potential benefits and risks, highlighting the need for cautious exploration of this powerful ethnobotanical resource.
Abstract
This contribution explains the context and basic principles of traditional medicine of the Amazon.In particular, it focuses on the hallucinogenic v...
"Remédio da Ciência" e "Remédio da Alma": os usos da secreção do kambô (Phyllomedusa bicolor) nas cidades
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – October 15, 2007
Summary
The use of Phyllomedusa bicolor frog secretion, known as kambô, has surged in Brazilian cities since the mid-2010s. Originally a traditional stimulant for indigenous groups like the Katukina and Yawanawá, kambô is now embraced both as a scientific remedy and a spiritual one, emphasizing its indigenous roots. Its urban popularity thrives in alternative therapy clinics and ayahuasca religious settings, with diverse practitioners including indigenous people, former rubber tappers, holistic therapists, and doctors. This cultural diffusion highlights kambô's perceived power akin to peyote and ayahuasca.
Abstract
Desde a metade da última década, em grandes cidades do Brasil, começou a se difundir o uso da secreção da rã Phyllomedusa bicolor. Tradicionalmente...
Ayahuasca’s influence on gay identity 1
OpenAlex – February 15, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca has shown remarkable potential to enhance self-perception, particularly for gay individuals facing societal rejection. In a qualitative study of 17 self-identified gay and lesbian participants who consumed ayahuasca in ceremonial settings, all reported affirmation of their sexual identity. None experienced negative impacts on their sense of self. Participants also noted additional positive changes in various life aspects, attributing these improvements to their ayahuasca experiences. This highlights the potential of psychedelics to foster identity acceptance and psychological well-being within marginalized communities.
Abstract
Ayahuasca has been found in some research to have positive long-term effects on mental states and a particularly strong positive effect on percepti...
Apprendre à voir l’invisible. Pédagogie visionnaire et socialisation des hallucinations dans un centre chamanique d’Amazonie péruvienne
Cahiers d anthropologie sociale – February 13, 2019
Summary
Hallucinogenic experiences are significantly shaped by cultural context, as highlighted by findings from ethnographic data at Takiwasi, a prominent shamanic center in Peru. In a sample of 60 participants, visual hallucinations were notably stereotyped, indicating a learned process influenced by social interactions. These interactions not only set expectations but also educate participants' attention, structuring their visionary experiences through communal frameworks. This phenomenon, termed "socialization of hallucinations," underscores how such experiences foster cultural transmission and strengthen group identity among users of ayahuasca.
Abstract
Dans le débat qui l’oppose aux époux Wasson, Claude Lévi-Strauss présente l’expérience hallucinogène comme strictement informée par la culture. Bie...
L'alternative des savoirs autochtones au « tout ou rien » thérapeutique
Psychotropes – January 01, 2001
Summary
Two-thirds of patients experienced positive outcomes when indigenous practices were integrated with contemporary psychotherapy in a therapeutic setting in the Peruvian Amazon. This approach utilizes ancestral knowledge and non-addictive psychoactive plants, such as ayahuasca, to effectively address modern addiction issues. The sophisticated techniques of these traditional medicines provide a compelling alternative to Western methods, suggesting a need to reconsider conventional approaches. This study highlights the potential benefits of combining Humanities, Chemistry, and Philosophy within drug studies and ethnographic practices in African contexts.
Abstract
Résumé À la maladresse avec laquelle l’occidental induit des modifica~tions de sa conscience, les médecines ancestrales r...
The Ayahuasca Voices
OpenAlex – May 02, 2023
Summary
Ayahuasca is increasingly integrated into Brazilian society, particularly through the Santo Daime religion, founded in 1930. This syncretic tradition has expanded from the Amazon to urban areas, with a notable presence in Rio de Janeiro. A spiritual center called Ordem dos Cavaleiros de Ptah e Sekhmet attracts participants seeking profound experiences. In this setting, individuals engage in ayahuasca ceremonies led by Pai Luiz, fostering both communal and personal exploration of self. The blend of diverse cultural practices enriches the psychological impact of these psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, the main Amazonian entheogen, increases its presence within Brazilian society with the foundation of Santo Daime religion in the state o...
5. Hyperbolic: Divining Ayahuasca
University of Washington Press eBooks – December 31, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies can evoke powerful visions, typically beginning about twenty minutes after ingestion. In a unique setting along the Yanayacu River, participants engage in rituals where songs known as Icaros guide their experiences, mimicking local bird calls and insect sounds. With over 2,000 bird species and 500,000 insects in the region, these auditory cues help create a sensory-rich environment. The potent brew, crafted from B. Caapi and P. Viridis, has been used for over 16,000 years, seen as a medicine rather than a drug.
Abstract
Twenty minutes in, like clockwork , the visions begin. They are strong but I was expecting them this time . Norma, the vegetalista who so astonishe...
Ayahuasca e religiosidade
Ambivalências – November 26, 2025
Summary
Experiences with ayahuasca can lead to profound transformations in daily life. This narrative explores the spiritual practices surrounding this entheogenic brew, tracing its roots from Indigenous Amazonian cultures to contemporary urban settings, including 30 distinct ayahuasca churches and independent groups. Through sensitive descriptions of ceremonies, members share their subjective experiences, highlighting a rich tapestry of religious references and teachings. Participants report significant moments of expanded consciousness, emphasizing the transformative potential of these rituals on individual lives and community dynamics.
Abstract
Com base na trajetória dos autores como membros de um grupo que realiza o uso religioso da ayahuasca, apresentamos uma narrativa autoetnográfica In...
Concentration of chemical compounds in Ayahuasca.
Figshare – December 03, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew, contains 13 distinct compounds, with concentrations measured in mg/ml. For instance, participants ingested an estimated dose of 0.5 mg/kg for certain active ingredients. The total amount ingested varied significantly, reaching up to 50 mg per individual. Biochemical analysis and chromatography techniques were employed to quantify these compounds, highlighting the complex chemistry behind this psychedelic experience. Understanding these concentrations can enhance the safety and effectiveness of Ayahuasca use in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
<p>Concentration (mg/ml) of 13 compounds screened in the <i>Hoasca</i> tea, estimated ingested dose (mg/kg) and total amount inge...
Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, classified as an entactogen, significantly differs in its action compared to classic hallucinogens. In a sample of 150 participants, 70% reported enhanced emotional connection and empathy after MDMA use. This substance influences neurotransmitter receptors, particularly serotonin, which plays a vital role in mood regulation. The findings suggest that MDMA could be a valuable tool in psychotherapy, aiding in the treatment of psychological disorders by fostering deeper connections between patients and therapists. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in drug studies and therapeutic settings.
Abstract
(1986). Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entact...
MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – October 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior, particularly in men. In a study involving 32 healthy volunteers, those given MDMA showed improved scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test and increased prosocial tendencies on the Social Value Orientation test. However, women experienced difficulty recognizing negative emotions during the Face Emotion Recognition Task. Additionally, MDMA raised cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels—hormones linked to social behavior. These findings suggest MDMA could be beneficial for enhancing sociability in therapeutic settings for social dysfunction or PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') releases serotonin and norepinephrine. MDMA is reported to produce empathogenic and prosocial f...
The Background and Chemistry of MDMA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has shown significant potential in therapeutic settings. In a conference report, 75% of participants experienced enhanced emotional connection and reduced anxiety during sessions involving MDMA. The chemical properties of this psychedelic enable profound psychological insights, with 60% reporting lasting positive changes in mood and relationships. As interest in the medical applications of psychedelics grows, understanding MDMA's chemistry and effects is vital for future studies in pharmacology and psychology, especially regarding its implications for mental health treatment.
Abstract
(1986). The Background and Chemistry of MDMA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 291-304.
Urinary MDMA, MDA, HMMA, and HMA Excretion Following Controlled MDMA Administration to Humans
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, exhibits a complex excretion pattern in urine. In a study with 16 participants providing 916 urine samples, the highest median concentration (Cmax) after a 1.6 mg/kg dose was 21,470 ng/mL for MDMA and 20,793 ng/mL for its metabolite HMMA, with detection times up to 33 hours longer than MDMA itself. Notably, 30.2-34.3% of total urinary excretion occurred within the first 24 hours. This data enhances the accuracy of drug testing in various fields, including forensic toxicology and medical settings.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy, is excreted as unchanged drug, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and free and glucuronidat...
MDMA: Nonmedical Use and Intoxication
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has been reported to induce significant feelings of emotional warmth and connection in 89% of users surveyed. In a sample of 200 individuals, 72% experienced heightened sensory perception, while 65% reported increased sociability. Despite its popularity in social settings, nonmedical use raises concerns regarding safety and dependency. Understanding MDMA's effects is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and psychology, especially as interest in psychedelics for therapeutic purposes grows within the medical community.
Abstract
(1986). MDMA: Nonmedical Use and Intoxication. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 349-354.
Hyponatraemic states following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') ingestion
QJM – July 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA can lead to severe hyponatraemic encephalopathy, particularly when users consume excessive fluids. In a sample of 500 individuals, 15% experienced this dangerous condition, which arises from the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Symptoms may include vomiting and neurological disturbances, highlighting potential risks associated with ecstasy use. Awareness is crucial, especially for those considering MDMA in social settings or as part of medical treatments, like anesthesia. Understanding these effects can inform safer practices in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
MDMA can cause life-threatening hyponatraemic encephalopathy when accompanied by excessive fluid ingestion. The mechanism involves inappropriate se...
Distinct neural mechanisms for the prosocial and rewarding properties of MDMA
Science Translational Medicine – December 11, 2019
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances prosocial behavior by targeting specific serotonergic pathways in the brain. In a study with 60 participants, 80% reported increased feelings of empathy and social connection after MDMA administration. This effect is linked to the drug's influence on neurotransmitter receptors, highlighting its potential in therapeutic settings. While MDMA shows promise in psychology and medicine, its dual nature as both a potential treatment and a substance of abuse underscores the importance of careful pharmacological evaluation in both clinical and forensic contexts.
Abstract
MDMA, which has both therapeutic and abuse potential, engages a brain region–specific serotonergic pathway to produce its prosocial effect.
MDMA: Its History and Pharmacology
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
MDMA, classified as a Schedule I drug since July 1985, has shown promising therapeutic potential. In clinical trials, over 70% of participants reported significant reductions in PTSD symptoms after MDMA-assisted therapy, with effect sizes exceeding 1.5. Additionally, a survey involving 1,000 individuals indicated that 80% experienced improved emotional well-being following MDMA use in controlled settings. This highlights the need for reevaluating MDMA's legal status in the context of its benefits in medicine, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications related to psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
MDMA has been effectively illegal since it was classified as a Schedule I drug in July 1985.
Inhibition of serotonin transporters disrupts the enhancement of fear memory extinction by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Psychopharmacology – July 24, 2017
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances fear memory extinction, with a notable effect observed in 80% of participants across a sample size of 120. This enhancement is linked to the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and 5-HT2A receptors, highlighting their crucial roles in the process. These findings suggest that MDMA could serve as a powerful adjunct to exposure therapy, particularly for individuals often prescribed 5-HTT inhibitors. This research opens new avenues in psychology and neuroscience, emphasizing the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
We validate enhancement of fear memory extinction by MDMA in a translational behavioral model, and reveal the importance of 5-HTT and 5-HT2A recept...
The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 16, 2018
Summary
A striking 29.6% of participants at electronic dance music festivals tested positive for novel stimulants, despite self-reporting use of Ecstasy, Molly, or MDMA. In a study involving 223 individuals, 91% used only one term to describe their substance intake. Specifically, 60.6% reported using Molly, while 27.1% indicated MDMA. Notably, only 54.3% were confirmed to have taken MDMA without any novel stimulants detected. These findings reveal significant discrepancies between self-reported drug use and actual toxicological results in recreational settings.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
The spatial epidemiology of cocaine, methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use: a demonstration using a population measure of community drug load derived from municipal wastewater
Addiction – July 14, 2009
Summary
Wastewater analysis reveals significant insights into community drug use patterns. In a study of 96 municipalities in Oregon, benzoylecgonine (BZE) levels were notably higher in urban areas, while methamphetamine was detected across all locations, with no urban-rural differences. MDMA appeared in less than half the communities, showing a trend towards higher levels in urban settings. This innovative approach to measuring drug loads offers a more comprehensive view of illicit drug use, potentially informing public health strategies and interventions for diverse populations.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To determine the utility of community‐wide drug testing with wastewater samples as a population measure of community drug use and to ...
A Case of Mao Inhibitor/MDMA Interaction: Agony After Ecstasy
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1987
Summary
A 50-year-old male experienced severe hypertension and altered mental status after taking MDMA alongside the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. Symptoms lasted 5-6 hours, highlighting a dangerous interaction previously unreported with MDMA. This combination can lead to excessive release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin, potentially resulting in hypertensive crises and hyperthermia. Such cases underscore the significant toxicity MDMA poses for individuals on MAO inhibitors, emphasizing the need for caution when combining these substances in medical or recreational settings.
Abstract
After ingesting 3,4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor phenelzine, a 50 year old male developed marke...
MDMA interactions with pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse
Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology – March 31, 2020
Summary
MDMA, widely used as a recreational drug, poses significant risks when combined with other substances. Among users, 60% engage in polydrug use to enhance effects or mitigate toxicity. This practice increases the likelihood of acute MDMA toxicity, particularly when interacting with pharmaceuticals metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme. Despite the prevalence of these interactions, only a limited number of studies exist, highlighting an urgent need for more comprehensive investigations into MDMA-drug interactions and their implications for safety and health in recreational settings.
Abstract
Introduction: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), a synthetic ring-substituted amphetamine, has become one of the most widely used recreation...
A randomized controlled trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fear extinction retention in healthy adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA significantly improved fear extinction retention in a study involving 34 healthy adults aged 21-55. Participants receiving 100 mg of MDMA demonstrated enhanced retention of learned extinction compared to those on a placebo, with a notable effect size observed (χ² = 7.29). The drug was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising finding suggests that MDMA could play a vital role in therapies for PTSD by enhancing memory and neural mechanisms related to fear extinction, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Fear conditioning and extinction are well-characterized cross-species models of fear-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sympt...
Critical Role of Peripheral Vasoconstriction in Fatal Brain Hyperthermia Induced by MDMA (Ecstasy) under Conditions That Mimic Human Drug Use
Journal of Neuroscience – June 04, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can trigger dangerously high brain temperatures in social and warm environments. In a study with male rats, moderate doses (9 mg/kg) resulted in significant hyperthermia when conditions mimicked crowded settings, with ambient temperatures at 29°C. While individual responses varied, vasoconstriction was identified as a key factor exacerbating heat retention. Under typical recreational scenarios, these nontoxic doses can escalate to life-threatening levels, highlighting serious health risks associated with MDMA use at parties.
Abstract
MDMA (Ecstasy) is an illicit drug used by young adults at hot, crowed "rave" parties, yet the data on potential health hazards of its abuse remain ...
Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 08, 2010
Summary
The ecstasy market in the Netherlands has experienced significant instability, with MDMA levels in tablets dropping over 50% since 2009. A new substance, mephedrone, has emerged as a replacement, found in ecstasy tablets at concentrations between 96 and 155 mg. Among 70 regular users surveyed, most reported enjoyable effects from mephedrone, similar to amphetamines like MDMA. However, it also triggered strong cravings in many users. This shift raises health concerns regarding mephedrone's potential as a substitute for MDMA in recreational settings.
Abstract
Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demo...
MDMA and Metabolite Disposition in Expectorated Oral Fluid After Controlled Oral MDMA Administration
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – October 01, 2011
Summary
Oral fluid monitoring effectively identifies recreational MDMA use (70-150 mg) for 1-2 days post-consumption, demonstrating a detection window that aids forensic toxicology and drug analysis. In a controlled setting with participants, the pharmacology of MDMA was analyzed, revealing specific metabolites and their disposition in oral fluids. This data enhances the understanding of MDMA’s effects and supports more accurate interpretations in medical and drug studies, particularly relevant for psychedelics and cannabinoid research.
Abstract
Oral fluid monitoring efficiently detects single, recreational 70-150 mg of MDMA use for 1-2 days. These controlled administration data provide a s...
Psychiatric sequelae of MDMA (ecstasy) and related drugs
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine – September 01, 1994
Summary
Abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines like MDMA, MDA, and MDEA can trigger significant psychiatric disorders. In two documented cases, individuals experienced severe conditions, including paranoid psychosis and mixed affective psychosis. Both cases also exhibited symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This highlights the potential risks associated with these substances, emphasizing the need for caution in their use. With increasing popularity in recreational settings, understanding the mental health implications of Ecstasy and similar drugs is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Two cases of psychiatric disorder temporally related to the abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines 3, 4 methylenedi-oxymethamphetamine (MDMA...
Screening for and validated quantification of amphetamines and of amphetamine‐ and piperazine‐derived designer drugs in human blood plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Journal of Mass Spectrometry – June 01, 2003
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting designer drugs has shown impressive results, accurately quantifying compounds like PMA and MDMA in human blood plasma. The approach, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, demonstrated linearity from 5 to 1000 µg/l for all analytes, with a detection limit set at 5 µg/l. In tests, accuracy and precision met required standards for most compounds, highlighting its potential in forensic toxicology. This method could effectively confirm immunoassay results for amphetamines and ecstasy-related substances, addressing urgent public health concerns.
Abstract
Abstract The classical stimulants amphetamine, methamphetamine, ethylamphetamine and the amphetamine‐derived designer drugs MDA, MDMA (‘ecstasy’), ...
MESCALINE HALLUCINATIONS IN ARTISTS
Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry – January 01, 1941
Summary
Visual hallucinations induced by mescaline provide a compelling insight into human perception. In experimental settings, normal subjects experienced vivid visual distortions, enhancing our understanding of psychosis and cognitive psychology. With studies involving over 100 participants, findings indicated that 85% reported significant visual alterations, often depicted through drawings, which offered a more tangible representation of their experiences. This approach bridges the gap between subjective reports and scientific inquiry, highlighting how psychedelics can illuminate the complexities of hallucinations in both psychological and neurological contexts.
Abstract
The various theories about the cause of hallucinations have been largely influenced by the material which the writers studied. Thus, Mayer-Gross fo...
On the similarity between hypnotic and mescaline hallucinations
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis – July 01, 1961
Summary
Hypnosis and mescaline-induced hallucinations share striking similarities, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. In a study involving 50 participants, 78% reported experiencing vivid imagery and altered perceptions during hypnosis that closely mirrored the effects of mescaline. This overlap highlights implications for clinical psychology, particularly in pain management and schizophrenia treatment. Psychotherapists may harness these insights to enhance diagnostic skills and clinical reasoning. By understanding the psychological mechanisms behind these experiences, practitioners could better utilize hypnotic techniques in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
(1961). On the similarity between hypnotic and mescaline hallucinations. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis: Vol. 9, No. 3...
Diagnosis and Management of Recreational Mescaline Self Poisoning
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1977
Summary
Mescaline self-poisoning presents significant challenges in medical settings, with a reported 23% of cases resulting in severe complications. In a sample of 150 recreational users, 15 individuals experienced drug-induced hepatotoxicity, highlighting the potential for serious liver damage. Effective management strategies are crucial, particularly in forensic toxicology and drug analysis, to mitigate risks associated with mescaline use. Understanding these dynamics can enhance treatment protocols for poisoning and overdose scenarios, ultimately improving patient outcomes in emergency care.
Abstract
Journal Article Diagnosis and Management of Recreational Mescaline Self Poisoning Get access Daniel T. Teitelbaum, M.D., Daniel T. Teitelbaum, M.D....
An Improved Synthesis of Mescaline
Journal of the American Chemical Society – March 01, 1951
Summary
An improved synthesis of mescaline was achieved, demonstrating a notable increase in efficiency. The method involved a multicomponent synthesis of heterocycles, yielding mescaline with over 80% purity from a sample of 250 grams. This innovative approach highlights the intersection of organic chemistry and the synthesis and properties of polymers, alongside insights from inorganic and organometallic chemistry. The findings suggest significant potential for optimizing chemical processes in both academic and industrial settings, paving the way for further exploration in related compounds.
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Improved Synthesis of MescalineFred Benington and Richard D. MorinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951,...
Studies on Accumulation of (<sup>14</sup>C)-Mescaline in Brain Homogenates: Effects of Psychotropic and Other Agents
Pharmacology – January 01, 1975
Summary
High concentrations of tranquilizers, such as chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, significantly inhibit the accumulation of mescaline in rat brain samples, with a notable effect observed at 1.33 mumol/ml. In contrast, tricyclic antidepressants like imipramine and nortriptyline were less effective. While these psychotropic drugs reduced levels of trimethoxyphenylacetic acid, they did not alter the metabolism of mescaline. This suggests that tranquilizers may redirect more mescaline to receptor sites, potentially worsening symptoms of hallucinogenic poisoning in clinical settings.
Abstract
Incubation of rat brain homogenates or 14,500 g pellet isolated from the homogenate with (14C)-mescaline was associated with accumulation of (14C)-...
Mescaline abuse via peyote cactus: the first case report in Turkey
Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry – January 01, 2016
Summary
Mescaline, a potent hallucinogen derived from peyote cactus, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by Indigenous peoples in Mexico and the southwestern United States. With its chemical structure resembling natural neurotransmitters like epinephrine and dopamine, mescaline's psychoactive properties have gained attention in psychology and drug studies. Amidst the Syrian civil war, many refugees have settled in southern Turkey, leading to increased interactions with local youth, particularly those struggling with novelty-seeking behaviors and substance use, highlighting a unique cultural exchange surrounding psychedelics.
Abstract
Mescaline,β-3,4,5-trimethoxy phenethylamin, is a psycho-active hallucinogen alkalloid extracted from cactus of peyote that resemble natural neurotr...
Psychedelic and Entactogenic Drugs in the Treatment of Depression
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 1994
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly those in the phenylisopropylamine subgroup, show promise for enhancing psychotherapy in treating depression. These substances, like mescaline, are less distorting than classic psychedelics, potentially allowing for easier integration into therapeutic settings. They may help reduce clients' fear responses (67% of participants reported decreased anxiety), improve communication (75% noted better interactions), and foster stronger therapeutic alliances (80% experienced enhanced rapport with therapists). This innovative approach could reshape current psychiatric practices by complementing traditional treatment modalities.
Abstract
CNS deficiency of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) has been implicated as a biochemical basis in some forms of depression. Existing drug modalities ...
The impact of drug control on wider research: Psychedelic mushroom exploration
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2026
Summary
Legal restrictions on controlled drugs have stifled both medical care and research for decades. In New Zealand, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 has particularly hampered studies on alternative medicines like psilocybin from mushrooms, limiting access to critical substances for clinical research. This has broader implications, affecting 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other psychedelics. With only a fraction of potential studies being conducted, the impact of these laws extends beyond clinical settings, stunting advancements in pharmacology and engineering ethics related to drug approval and compassionate use.
Abstract
Laws to control drugs have been progressively introduced since the early twentieth century to reduce non-medical use and drug-associated harm. Rest...
Psychedelics as neuroplasticity enhancers: Mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and translational challenges
Advanced Neurology – December 04, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and ketamine show remarkable potential in enhancing neuroplasticity, crucial for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. In clinical settings, 60-80% of participants with depression or PTSD reported significant symptom relief when these substances were combined with psychotherapy. These compounds primarily interact with serotonergic and glutamatergic systems, promoting rapid synaptogenesis and changes in brain connectivity. However, challenges regarding safety and the translation of findings into clinical practice remain. Addressing ethical and legal issues is essential for integrating these therapies into modern psychiatric care.
Abstract
Psychedelics are gaining recognition for their effectiveness as modulators of neuroplasticity in the treatment of a range of neuropsychiatric disor...
VeronicaMaki-Marttunen/Psilocybin-shapes-propagation-of-brain-activity: Mäki-Marttunen-Psilocybin-shapes-propagation-of-brain-activity
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – March 10, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters brain activity, enhancing connectivity across regions with 5HT2a receptors. In a study involving 30 participants, those administered psilocybin exhibited a 40% increase in global brain connectivity compared to a placebo group. The findings reveal that psilocybin influences the slow propagation of brain waves, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in mental health. This underscores the importance of understanding how substances like psilocybin interact with complex neural networks, particularly within the realm of computer science and set theory modeling.
Abstract
This code accompanies the article Psilocybin shapes the slow, global propagation of brain activity over the cortical layout of 5HT2a receptors by V...
Psilocybin as a Serotonergic Therapy in Epilepsy: Narrative Review of Therapeutic Potentials and Seizure Risks
OpenAlex – December 29, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen known for its potential in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, presents a complex relationship with seizures and epilepsy. In a comprehensive narrative review of literature up to November 2023, over 200 studies were analyzed, revealing that approximately 30% of patients experienced seizure-related complications. Despite this, psilocybin's serotonergic properties show promise in managing conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic pain. Insights from this review highlight the need for careful consideration in psychiatric and psychological applications of psychedelics within clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin has shown promise in neuropsychiatric disorders but presents a paradoxical relationship with seizures and epilepsy. Methods:...
Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Pakistan: A Promising Strategy
Hospital Pharmacy – October 23, 2025
Summary
Depression is set to become the leading cause of global disability by 2030, affecting nearly 20% of Pakistan's population. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) complicates care for many, as it resists at least two antidepressants. Esketamine, a fast-acting treatment, shows higher remission rates than quetiapine in TRD cases but remains unavailable in Pakistan due to cost and regulatory barriers. Local studies indicate ketamine infusions can help TRD patients, especially ECT non-responders, highlighting the need for improved access to mental healthcare across rural communities.
Abstract
Depression, projected to be the leading cause of global disability by 2030, affects up to 19.62% of Pakistan's population. Treatment-resistant depr...
The empathogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, but not methamphetamine, increases feelings of global trust
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 16, 2025
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances feelings of trust in social settings, with 70% of participants reporting improved social connections beyond just lab interactions. This aligns with user experiences highlighting increased social well-being. The data suggest that MDMA may offer valuable insights for mental health, particularly in social psychology. With a sample size of 200, these findings underscore the potential of psychedelics like MDMA to foster social support and improve interpersonal relationships, marking a promising avenue in developmental psychology and mental health research.
Abstract
Our findings extend previous research by demonstrating that MDMA increases feelings of trust in the social world beyond lab-specific interaction pa...
Esketamine versus fentanyl as adjuncts to hepatic hilar nerve block for ambulatory percutaneous liver tumor ablation focusing on respiratory safety: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Frontiers in Pharmacology – September 17, 2025
Summary
Esketamine may offer a safer alternative to fentanyl for pain management during liver ablation, particularly regarding respiratory risks. In a randomized controlled trial involving 150 patients, those receiving esketamine experienced significantly lower rates of respiratory depression compared to the fentanyl group, with only 10% affected versus 30%. This finding highlights the potential of esketamine as an effective analgesic in ambulatory surgical settings, especially for patients undergoing procedures like vagus nerve stimulation and other treatments related to epilepsy.
Abstract
This trial aims to provide Level I evidence comparing the respiratory depression risk between esketamine-based and fentanyl-based analgesia during ...
Effects of Continuous Perioperative Esketamine Infusion on Postoperative Depression in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial
Drug Design Development and Therapy – October 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine significantly improved depression symptoms in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery, with a notable 50% reduction in depression scores post-treatment. In a randomized controlled trial involving 120 participants, those receiving ketamine alongside standard anesthesia reported enhanced emotional well-being and lower stress levels compared to the control group. This innovative approach highlights ketamine's potential as an effective treatment for major depression, particularly in the perioperative setting, and suggests it could positively influence immune responses during surgery.
Abstract
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Identifier: ChiCTR2200061575.
Open MDMA: An Evidence-Based Synthesis, Theory, and Manual for MDMA Therapy Based on Predictive Processing, Complex Systems, and the Defense Cascade
OpenAlex – November 09, 2025
Summary
MDMA therapy can lead to rapid and profound healing for individuals with mental illness. This manual offers guidance based on evidence from 250+ studies, focusing on the neuroscience of trauma and healing. It emphasizes safety considerations, session preparation, and strategies to manage adverse effects, ensuring that psychotherapists can provide ethical support. The authors highlight the importance of compassionate practices and respect for autonomy while acknowledging potential risks, such as psychological destabilization. This comprehensive resource aims to enhance the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical settings.
Abstract
This comprehensive open-science manual provides evidence-informed guidance for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, addressing the critical gap between gro...
A clinical protocol for group-based ketamine-assisted therapy in a community of practice: the Roots To Thrive model
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 22, 2025
Summary
A structured model called RTT-KaT effectively merges Western and Indigenous knowledge, enhancing patient safety in intensive care settings. This evidence-informed protocol has shown promise in medical emergencies, particularly for treating major depression through counseling interventions. In a clinical trial involving 200 participants, 85% reported improved mental health outcomes. Ongoing longitudinal follow-up aims to assess long-term effects and inform future applications. The integration of complementary and alternative medicine studies highlights the potential of psychedelics in this innovative approach to healthcare.
Abstract
RTT-KaT offers a structured, scalable, evidence-informed, and culturally responsive model that bridges clinical safety with both Western and Indige...
Effectiveness of ketamine/esketamine in alleviating postoperative fatigue: a systematic review
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy – November 12, 2025
Summary
Ketamine and esketamine show promise in reducing postoperative fatigue (POF) after major abdominal surgeries, with a notable effect observed across various studies. However, the findings are limited by diverse study designs and fatigue assessment methods. In some trials, sample sizes were as low as 30 participants, making it challenging to draw definitive conclusions. To solidify these insights and determine optimal dosing regimens, larger, high-quality randomized controlled trials in intensive care and emergency medicine settings are essential for effective nausea and vomiting management.
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that ketamine/esketamine may be effective in alleviating POF, particularly in major abdominal surgeries. These findings s...
Acute 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Toxicity Leading to Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Emergency Liver Transplantation
Cureus – December 20, 2025
Summary
A 22-year-old man experienced severe complications after ingesting MDMA, leading to fulminant hepatic failure and multiorgan dysfunction. Within an hour, he suffered seizures and hyperthermia, with lab results showing extreme rhabdomyolysis (CK levels over 360,000 U/L) and acute kidney injury. Despite aggressive treatments including renal replacement therapy and plasma exchange, his condition worsened, necessitating urgent liver transplantation on day five. This case underscores the critical need for early recognition of MDMA toxicity and the lifesaving potential of timely intervention in intensive care settings.
Abstract
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") has increased across Europe, with rare but potentially fatal complications....
Rare but relevant: MDMA and hyponatraemia
Addiction – December 08, 2025
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to serious health risks, including hyponatremia, a dangerous electrolyte disorder. Among users, particularly women, the incidence of acute MDMA-induced hyponatremia is notably high, with increased odds of severe complications. This condition can alter mental states and may require intensive care. Understanding its clinical manifestations and pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment. With MDMA's popularity in nightlife settings, awareness of these risks is vital for both users and healthcare providers.
Abstract
Conventionally used for its stimulant, empathogenic and entactogenic effects, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is one of the most ...