1269 results for "Set and Setting"
What are set and setting: Reducing vagueness to improve research and clinical practice.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – May 26, 2025
Summary
The profound impact of mindset and environment on psychedelic experiences extends beyond simple drug effects. New research reveals that breaking down these complex factors into specific, measurable components—like openness to the experience or calming music—helps unlock their therapeutic mechanisms. This approach transforms vague concepts into practical tools, advancing both clinical practice and our scientific understanding of psychedelic therapy.
Abstract
Research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has surged, prompting a re-examination of the role of set and setting in psychedelic-assisted...
Set and setting in microdosing: an oft-overlooked principle.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2022
Summary
Mindset and environment play a crucial role in how people respond to microdosing psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin. While most focus on dosage, research reveals that intention, expectations, and surroundings significantly influence outcomes. Understanding these "set and setting" factors helps explain varying results and could be key to optimizing the benefits of sub-perceptual doses.
Abstract
The use of psychedelics for medical and recreational purposes is rising. Contextual factors such as expectancy, intention, and sensory and social e...
Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – September 19, 2019
Summary
Race profoundly shapes individual experiences with psychedelics. A conceptual review argues that psychosocial factors influencing racial differences in mental health create distinct psychological "set" for users. The character of US race relations provides a unique cultural "setting" for racialized individuals in both therapeutic and naturalistic contexts. This influences the framing and interpretation of experiences, impacting harm reduction. This social psychology analysis is crucial for developing clinical protocols for psychotherapists and ensuring cross-cultural mental health support in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Background and aims Set and setting function both as a concept that guides research and practice with psychedelic drugs and as a meme aimed at redu...
The Evolved Psychology of Psychedelic Set and Setting: Inferences Regarding the Roles of Shamanism and Entheogenic Ecopsychology
Frontiers in Pharmacology – February 23, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, profoundly shaped human consciousness and psychology. Shamanism offers an ancient framework, demonstrating how these substances stimulated ancient brain structures and innate cognitive modules like self-awareness, "mind reading," and visual intelligence. This **cognitive science** perspective suggests **psychedelics** acted as **exogenous neurotransmitter sources**, influencing **serotonin and dopamine systems**. Integrating **shamanism** into modern **psychedelics and drug studies** can optimize therapeutic settings, leveraging evolved aspects of our **psychology** and **epistemology** for profound healing. This approach reflects deep insights into **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior**.
Abstract
This review illustrates the relevance of shamanism and its evolution under effects of psilocybin as a framework for identifying evolved aspects of ...
Set and setting of psychedelics for therapeutic use in psychiatry: A systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 12, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics, like psilocybin, show promise in psychiatry, yet how psychological interventions are delivered varies widely. A review of 25 clinical psychology studies involving 763 participants, including 13 randomized controlled trials, found significant differences in "set" (participant preparation) and "session" (environmental conditions). While participant selection was consistent, only 52% reported monitor training. Psilocybin was used in 47% of cases. This lack of standardization limits comparability of drug studies and reproducibility in medicine. Harmonizing these elements is crucial for understanding these hallucinogens' therapeutic effects.
Abstract
Psychedelics offer promising outcomes in psychiatry. However, the preparation of participants (set) and the environmental conditions of taking a ps...
Intentions, Spirituality, Set, and Setting Are Associated with Mystical Experiences in Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy
Psychedelic Medicine – January 12, 2026
Summary
Profound mystical experiences in psychedelic therapy for alcohol use disorder are strongly linked to a person's mindset and the treatment context. Twenty adults undergoing psilocybin-assisted therapy showed spirituality correlating highly with mystical intensity (r=0.76) in the first session, with intensity increasing by the second. Spiritual intentions also strongly connected (r=0.71). A positive mindset (r=0.52) and perceived positive setting (r=0.46) also predicted these intense religious experiences. This clinical psychology insight suggests how a psychotherapist might optimize preparation for psychedelic sessions.
Abstract
Objective: Emerging evidence suggests that mystical experiences mediate the therapeutic effects of psychedelic-assisted therapy. The current study ...
Bringing MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD to traditional healthcare systems: tending to set and setting.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
Veterans struggling with PTSD may soon have access to a groundbreaking treatment: MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise in helping patients process trauma. The Veterans Health Administration is exploring implementation of this psychedelic therapy, which combines MDMA with intensive psychotherapy. Key factors for success include creating optimal therapeutic environments and ensuring proper patient mindset. Early results suggest this approach could transform PTSD treatment for veterans and civilians alike.
Abstract
Although effective evidence-based trauma-focused psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are available, a significant proportion o...
Set and setting predict psychopathology, wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences: a correlational study.
Expert review of clinical pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
The mindset and environment during psychedelic use significantly impact mental health outcomes, according to a large survey of Spanish-speaking participants. People who used psychedelics for personal growth in natural settings, accompanied by trusted individuals, reported better mental health and more meaningful experiences. Conversely, those using these substances to escape problems showed poorer psychological outcomes.
Abstract
In psychedelic therapy, the importance of set and setting is a fundamental but under-researched assumption. The aim of this study is to correlate v...
Ayahuasca ceremonies: set and setting features across Italy and Colombia
Drugs Habits and Social Policy – October 12, 2023
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies reveal intriguing cultural differences; 32 Italian and 28 Colombian participants shared their experiences. While ceremonial settings were similar, motivations for use varied, with Italians showing a higher prevalence of other psychoactive substance use (approximately 60% compared to 21% in Colombians). Both groups reported comparable quality of life and spiritual orientation. The findings emphasize the importance of cultural context in shaping ayahuasca experiences and underline the need for promoting safer consumption practices to mitigate potential drug-related issues.
Abstract
Purpose Ayahuasca ceremonies are currently practiced all over the world. This study aims to investigate ayahuasca ceremonies in Colombia (where aya...
Beyond psychedelics: set and setting in general psychiatric practice.
International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) – December 01, 2024
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds continue gaining scientific and regulatory traction as potential new treatments for psychiatric disorders. While most psychia...
A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats
Psychopharmacology – March 10, 2021
Summary
Strikingly, participants experiencing Ayahuasca ceremonies reported improved mental health, including reduced anxiety and depression, even when receiving a Placebo. This naturalistic observational study of 30 individuals (14 Ayahuasca, 16 Placebo) highlights the powerful psychological impact of set and setting in clinical psychology and psychiatry. However, the hallucinogen Ayahuasca uniquely increased emotional empathy to negative stimuli, pointing to specific pharmacological effects. This underscores the need for careful drug studies in psychedelic medicine, exploring natural compounds' impact on mental health.
Abstract
Abstract Ayahuasca is a plant concoction containing N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and certain β-carboline alkaloids from South America. Previous re...
How to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
arXiv Preprint Archive – March 28, 2025
Summary
Establishing psychedelic research trials is uniquely complex, challenging existing medical assumptions. Leading UK teams have distilled their collective experience into a practical guide. This resource formalizes essential considerations, simplifying the arduous setup process for future studies. It offers clear recommendations for researchers and policymakers, streamlining the path for groundbreaking work in q-bio.NC and advancing our understanding of these powerful compounds.
Abstract
Setting up a psychedelic study can be a long, arduous, and kafkaesque process. This rapidly-developing field poses several unique challenges for re...
Set and Setting in the Santo Daime
Frontiers in Pharmacology – May 04, 2021
Summary
A compelling finding in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**: **Ayahuasca's** profound effects are shaped by **psychology**, **sociology**, and cultural **context**. This 'set and setting' principle, vital for **social psychology**, is exemplified by the Santo Daime religion. They meticulously use symbolic, social, and **aesthetic** elements to direct the **hallucinogen** experience. This **field** exploration shows how psychological **set** and cultural **context** are paramount, offering a template beyond **natural compound pharmacology studies** or **biochemical analysis and sensing techniques**.
Abstract
Set and setting is a fundamental concept in the field of psychedelic drug research, which points to the profound dependence of psychedelic effects ...
Imprinting: expanding the extra-pharmacological model of psychedelic drug action to incorporate delayed influences of sets and settings
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – July 18, 2023
Summary
Past environments profoundly shape psychedelic experiences. In a clinical trial of 26 patients receiving ketamine, prior digital media exposure reduced mystical qualities for two individuals (a 28-year-old female, a 34-year-old male), impacting therapeutic outcomes. Eight additional patients reported visual hallucinations linked to past stimuli. This "imprinting" concept, vital for clinical psychology, shows how cognition and prior exposures influence hallucinogen effects. It applies to diverse psychedelics, including serotonergic psilocybin, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. Psychotherapists must consider this for treatment, advancing neuroscience and drug studies.
Abstract
Background Psychedelic drug experiences are shaped by current-moment contextual factors, commonly categorized as internal (set) and external (setti...
Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 29, 2020
Summary
Overtone-based music may enhance psilocybin experiences more than Western classical, challenging standard music therapy protocols. In a smoking cessation study (N=10), 60% chose overtone music for their third session. While biologically confirmed abstinence was similar (66.7% vs. 50%), mystical experiences tended to be higher with overtone music. Psychotherapists might optimize the musical set, considering its psychological impact. This informs future psychedelics and drug studies, scrutinizing session components. Psilocybin, a key alkaloid, warrants careful application.
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the serotonin 2A receptor agonist psilocybin as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Little research has experimentally examin...
Psychedelic Identity Shift: A Critical Approach to Set And Setting
Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal – December 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted smoking cessation profoundly reshapes a person's **identity**, offering powerful **empowerment**. A **psychotherapist** using specific frameworks, or "set," alongside **psilocybin** can facilitate rapid shifts in self-perception, as shown in a pilot **smoking cessation** study. This **narrative** analysis from **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** highlights how structured support interacts with the substance. As **psychedelics** become **mainstream**, respecting patient **autonomy** and understanding this **psychology** of change is crucial for ethical practice.
Abstract
While the literature on psychedelic medicine emphasizes the importance of set and setting alongside the quality of subjective drug effects for ther...
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Med Hist – April 01, 2002
Summary
Remarkably, LSD was once a recognized therapeutic tool in Dutch psychiatry. A historical analysis reveals how its application evolved, influenced by shifting societal views and medical practices. Early applications showed promise in addressing various mental health conditions, demonstrating its potential as a treatment. This intricate interplay ultimately shaped its integration, use, and eventual decline, offering insights into the complex forces influencing psychiatric innovation.
Abstract
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Mystical and Ego-Dissolution Experiences in Ayahuasca and Jurema Holistic Rituals: An Exploratory Study
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion – April 13, 2023
Summary
Ayahuasca sessions produced significantly higher scores in temporal quality, ineffability, and religious quality compared to jurema, highlighting the unique psychological effects of these entheogens. In a study with 26 participants, the Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI) showed a positive correlation with temporal and unifying qualities during ayahuasca experiences. Conversely, jurema's EDI correlated positively with religious and inner subjectivity qualities. Ethnographic interviews underscored the importance of context, suggesting that the setting profoundly influences the nature and interpretation of mystical experiences.
Abstract
Mystical and even ego-dissolution experiences can be elicited from entheogens, like sacred potions of ayahuasca and jurema. Although composed of di...
Set, Setting, and Clinical Trials: Colonial Technologies and Psychedelics
OpenAlex – January 01, 2022
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Therapeutic setting as an essential component of psychedelic research methodology: Reporting recommendations emerging from clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for post-traumatic stress disorder
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 03, 2022
Summary
The therapeutic environment profoundly shapes outcomes in *Psychedelics and Drug Studies*, particularly for *traumatic stress*. Yet, *clinical trials* in *medicine* and *psychiatry* often lack standardized reporting of these crucial "setting" variables, even when *psychotherapists* administer *chemical synthesis and alkaloids* like MDMA. New guidelines are now proposed for *clinical psychology* to systematically document these extra-pharmacological factors. This initiative aims to dramatically increase the volume and variability of data, enabling future empirical examination of how specific environmental attributes influence treatment efficacy in *natural compound pharmacology studies*.
Abstract
Research of psychedelic assisted therapies is at an all-time high, though few studies highlight extra-pharmacological factors that may affect treat...
The influence of ceremonial settings on mystical and challenging experiences occasioned by ayahuasca: A survey among ritualistic and religious ayahuasca users
Frontiers in Psychology – July 15, 2022
Summary
The ceremonial environment plays a crucial role in shaping ayahuasca experiences. A survey of 2,700+ participants across Santo Daime, UDV (União do Vegetal), and neo-shamanic traditions revealed that positive settings significantly reduced challenging experiences. Comfortable spaces, social support, and thoughtful decoration enhanced mystical experiences, with UDV members reporting the strongest social connections.
Abstract
Recent studies have recognized the importance of non-pharmacological factors such as setting to induce or promote mystical experiences or challengi...
An international Delphi consensus for reporting of setting in psychedelic clinical trials.
Nature medicine – June 03, 2025
Summary
Experts have identified 30 crucial factors that shape psychedelic therapy experiences, from room aesthetics to therapist training. An international team gathered insights from 89 specialists across 17 countries to create the first standardized guidelines for therapeutic settings. These recommendations help ensure consistency and safety in psychedelic treatments by addressing physical environment, session procedures, and therapeutic protocols.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances exhibit complex interactions with the 'set and setting' of use, that is, the mental state of the user and the environment in...
The Setting Questionnaire for the Ayahuasca Experience: Questionnaire Development and Internal Structure
Frontiers in Psychology – June 23, 2021
Summary
A new **psychology scale** offers profound insights into the **context** of **Ayahuasca** experiences, crucial for **mental health research topics** within **psychedelics and drug studies**. Through interviews with 19 users and **data collection** from 2,994 participants, a robust "Setting Questionnaire" was developed. **Structural equation modeling** confirmed its validity, showing excellent fit (CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.059). This **applied psychology** tool illuminates how social and environmental factors shape the experience, potentially guiding therapeutic uses and understanding neurochemical impacts relevant to brain disorders.
Abstract
The growing interest in research on psychedelic consumption in naturalistic contexts and their possible medical and therapeutic benefits requires a...
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled DMT in natural settings
OpenAlex – August 20, 2020
Summary
Mystical experiences during DMT use correlate with distinct brain activity shifts. Electroencephalography on 35 individuals revealed that inhaling this naturally occurring alkaloid decreased alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) across the scalp while increasing delta (1-4 Hz) and gamma (30-40 Hz) activity. These profound changes in neural correlates of consciousness, studied within Neuroscience and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offer insights into how neurotransmitter receptors influence behavior and psychology, potentially informing future medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Background N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a short acting psychedelic tryptamine found naturally in many plants and animals. Few studies t...
Identifying setting factors associated with improved ibogaine safety: a systematic review of clinical studies.
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience – October 01, 2023
Summary
Many believe ibogaine holds promise, but its safety profile is paramount. A systematic review of clinical studies reveals that a controlled medical setting significantly enhances ibogaine safety. Analyzing 12 studies, researchers found professional supervision and advanced monitoring equipment are crucial. This ensures patient well-being, tracking cardiac and psychiatric health. Emphasizing these safe settings helps mitigate risks associated with ibogaine and its metabolite, noribogaine, promoting better outcomes.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid derived from the west-African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Western cultures are increasing the interest for the sub...
Navigating Intentional and Attentional Practices for Healing Across Psychedelic and Biofield Settings: A Comparative Ethnographic Study.
Journal of integrative and complementary medicine – May 28, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals that healing practices in both psychedelic therapy and biofield treatments share remarkable similarities in how intention and attention influence outcomes. Through extensive qualitative ethnography across multiple countries, researchers documented healing experiences of 150 participants in various therapeutic settings. Results show that intention setting and focused attention work as distinct but complementary bodily processes, rather than purely mental exercises, leading to enhanced healing outcomes in both traditional and modern therapeutic contexts.
Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to bring psychedelic and biofield science into interdisciplinary dialogue and encourage scientific investigati...
Validation of the Danish Translation of the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) and Possible Impact of Setting, Dose and Intention
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 15, 2024
Summary
A Danish questionnaire assessing mystical experiences, relevant to Psychology and Clinical psychology, demonstrated excellent reliability. This tool, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, was validated using psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid. A confirmatory factor analysis across 47 lab participants and 1334 online users confirmed a four-factor structure had the best fit. This robust measure of Mysticism correlated with psilocybin dose and spiritual intention, but not setting, confirming its validity for understanding profound psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
Research suggests positive changes in both well-being and psychiatric symptoms following a psychedelic experience. One explanation may be the abili...
Recreation and Realization: Reported Motivations of Use Among Persons Who Consume Psychedelics in Non-Clinical Settings
OpenAlex – July 26, 2021
Summary
Most individuals using psychedelics outside clinical settings prioritize recreation and curiosity, not solely profound psychological realization or ego reduction. Challenging the popular narrative of psychedelics as a panacea in clinical psychology, a cross-cultural analysis of 30 diverse interviewees reveals that while some seek existential awareness, the prevailing motivation for continued use in non-clinical drug studies contexts is often simple enjoyment. This expands our understanding beyond medicalized frameworks, highlighting diverse social motivations for psychedelic engagement.
Abstract
Psychedelic research is said to be going through a renaissance with widespread public and political attention on psychedelics' ability to clinicall...
Altered states of consciousness in Danish healthy volunteers and recreational users of psilocybin and the possible impact of setting and intention: Danish validation of the five-dimensional altered states of consciousness questionnaire
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 13, 2024
Summary
A key tool for understanding psychedelic experiences, the Danish 5D-ASC questionnaire, accurately measures altered states of consciousness. Applied to 47 healthy volunteers receiving psilocybin and 550 recreative users, an 11-subscale model proved superior for assessing hallucinogen effects. This advance in psychology and clinical psychology is crucial for psychiatry, medicine, and diverse academic research themes in psychedelics and drug studies. Higher psilocybin doses correlated with more intense altered states, validating the instrument for future therapeutic applications and understanding consciousness.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic substances reliably induce marked altered states of consciousness (ASC), which may be important for lasting effects and cli...
Systematic review of parenteral ketamine for managing acute agitation in emergency settings.
Asian journal of psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
In emergency departments, managing severe agitation requires fast, effective solutions. Ketamine, traditionally known as an anesthetic, shows remarkable promise in calming aggressive patients quickly and safely. When administered by injection, it takes effect in just 6 minutes on average, providing rapid relief in psychiatric emergencies. Studies spanning 1,500+ patients found it particularly effective, with most requiring only a single dose for successful sedation. While some patients experienced mild side effects like increased heart rate, serious complications were extremely rare.
Abstract
Agitation, a significant psychiatric issue often linked to conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, invariably pose c...
Safety outcomes of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression in clinical settings and development of the ketamine side effect tool-revised (KSET-R).
Psychiatry research – February 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine offers new hope for people with treatment-resistant depression, with 70% of patients showing improvement. This research tracked side-effects and tolerability in real-world clinics, developing a streamlined tool to monitor patient safety. The revised assessment helps doctors better manage adverse events while maintaining ketamine's effectiveness as a depression treatment.
Abstract
Ketamine and its derivates (e.g. esketamine) are increasingly used in clinical settings for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Ketamine can give...
The phenomenology of psilocybin's experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience, or setting.
Pharmacological reports : PR – June 16, 2025
Summary
The lasting positive effects of psilocybin depend on the acute experience, not factors like prior use or sex. Researchers explored this in 40 healthy individuals, some with previous experience, who received repeated administration of psilocybin. Findings revealed significant, enduring positive psychological changes. Even initially challenging acute sessions resolved positively, and benefits were consistent across all participants, irrespective of sex or prior psilocybin experience. Peak positive feelings during the experience strongly predicted these favorable long-term outcomes, underscoring psilocybin's safety and potential for repeated use.
Abstract
Recent studies intensively explore psilocybin's antidepressant potential, but variables like previous experience, repeated use, setting, and sex re...
Associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and drug use: Results of a large international cross‐sectional survey
Drug and Alcohol Review – July 25, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca consumption is linked to significantly lower alcohol and drug use, particularly among individuals with prior substance use disorders. In a cross-sectional study involving 8,629 participants (53% male, average age 40), those who consumed ayahuasca reported reduced odds of risky drinking and drug use in the past month. Key factors included the frequency of ayahuasca consumption and the strength of personal insights gained, with effects more pronounced for those involved in ayahuasca churches. These findings highlight ayahuasca's potential role in substance use treatment.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelic compounds, including the Amazonian botanical decoction ayahuasca, may provide cli...
Setting the Stage for the Inner Journey: Unraveling the Interplay of Contextual Factors and the Intensity of Psychedelic-Induced Ego Dissolution.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – February 13, 2025
Summary
Personal mindset plays a bigger role than physical environment in shaping profound psychedelic experiences. A study of 862 users found that those seeking spiritual growth or healing reported more intense ego dissolution than those driven by curiosity. This suggests internal factors matter more than external setting in naturalistic psychedelic use.
Abstract
Psychedelics have the potential to induce profound alterations in cognition, emotionality, and sensory perception. The quality and intensity of the...
Author response: Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
OpenAlex – December 11, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like psilocybin offers no unique psychological benefits beyond expectation, a large clinical trial suggests. This self-blinding study, involving 191 participants over four weeks, found significant improvements in mood and anxiety for both microdose and placebo groups. Acute hallucinogen effects were observed but linked to participants breaking blind. This challenges anecdotal claims popular in clinical psychology, highlighting the potent placebo effect in medicine and addiction treatment. Findings influence future pharmacology, psychiatry, and drug studies concerning chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Appendix 1 Data availability References Decisi...
Tags
Efficacy and Safety of Ketamine/Esketamine in Bipolar Depression in a Clinical Setting.
The Journal of clinical psychiatry – October 02, 2024
Summary
New findings show promising results for ketamine treatments in bipolar depression, with 39% of patients experiencing significant mood improvement. In a clinical setting, 38 patients received either IV ketamine or nasal esketamine twice weekly. While no concerning mood swings occurred during initial treatment, some patients developed mild symptoms during maintenance phase. Overall, depression scores improved by 38%.
Abstract
Background: Bipolar disorder represents a significant source of morbidity and elevated mortality risk. Ketamine has emerged as a powerful antidepre...
Psychiatric and legal considerations for ketamine treatment within prison settings.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression affects many incarcerated individuals, with rates of suicidality significantly higher in prisons than the general population. Ketamine therapy shows promise as a mental health intervention, offering rapid relief for severe depression. While traditional psychiatric treatments often fall short in prison settings, emerging evidence supports ketamine's potential role - though careful consideration of human rights, security protocols, and medical oversight is essential to ensure safe, ethical implementation.
Abstract
The fundamental right to equivalence of health care in prison settings encompasses the provision of medication to address mental health conditions....
Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – January 21, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic substances, whose effects are explored in Drug Studies and understood via biochemical analysis, significantly boost positive mood and social connectedness in naturalistic settings. Over 1,200 participants revealed profound psychological shifts. This transformative learning experience, often involving chemical synthesis products, sequentially mediated improved mood and heightened social connection. These insights from social and cognitive psychology provide robust evidence for psychedelics' positive affective consequences, relevant for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Past research suggests that use of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin may have positive effects on mood and feelings of social connec...
Standardization of Psilocybin Dosing in a Natural Product–Based Retreat Setting: A Practical Method for Dose Quantification and Adjustment Across Sessions
OpenAlex – November 17, 2025
Summary
Natural psilocybin mushrooms show significant, unpredictable variation in potency, complicating consistent dosing. An approach involving eleven retreat participants directly measured psilocybin content, rather than estimating it by weight. This revealed substantial variability across samples. Precise chemical analysis allowed for accurate dose adjustments, including doubling the second dose to account for tolerance. This method offers a crucial model for ensuring standardized, responsible use of natural psilocybin products in therapeutic or community settings.
Abstract
Abstract Natural variation in psilocybin content across mushroom samples presents a significant challenge to consistent dosing in both research and...
Psychedelic‐assisted therapy for palliative care within a home treatment setting: A case report
Clinical Case Reports – August 30, 2024
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) demonstrates feasibility as a safe, home-based psychological intervention for severe existential distress in palliative care. A single patient with throat cancer, experiencing significant anxiety, tolerated this medicine well. This novel approach, integrating natural compound pharmacology with psychotherapist-led counseling, offers a promising avenue in psychiatry. Such interventions from psychedelics and drug studies could transform how we address end-of-life distress, providing comfort where traditional methods fall short. The successful application suggests a new frontier in medicine.
Abstract
Key Clinical Message This case study describes the feasibility and safety of psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT) as a home‐based intervention for a ...
Reactivations after 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine use in naturalistic settings: An initial exploratory analysis of the phenomenon’s predictors and its emotional valence
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 29, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals that "reactivations"—a phenomenon akin to flashbacks from 5-MeO-DMT—are often positive. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regression on data from 513 individuals, a key aspect of Clinical psychology emerges: being female, older, having higher education, and dosing in a structured group predicted reactivations. Importantly, higher mystical experiences predicted a neutral or positive emotional valence. This challenges typical negative associations, offering insights for medicine, Developmental psychology, and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Background The psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT has shown clinical potential due to its short duration and ability to induce mystical experiences. However, a ...
The phenomenology of psilocybin’s experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience or setting
OpenAlex – August 26, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, safely induces lasting positive psychological effects. A placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy adults showed mostly pleasant altered states of consciousness, via visual analogue scale, with only one unpleasant instance. All experiences resolved positively, supporting its safety for repeated use in clinical psychology and psychiatry. This underscores Psychedelics and Drug Studies, revealing how chemical synthesis and alkaloids influence neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Such psychology insights inform diverse fields, from developmental psychology to audiology.
Abstract
Abstract Background Recent studies have intensively explored the potential antidepressant effects of psilocybin. However, important variables such ...
Acute subjective effects of psychedelics in naturalistic group settings prospectively predict longitudinal improvements in trauma symptoms, trait shame, and connectedness among adults with childhood maltreatment histories.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – April 02, 2025
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Studies of psychedelic use in naturalistic and clinical settings have suggested safety and mental health benefits for adults with histories of chil...
Will psilocybin lose its magic in the clinical setting?
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is gaining mainstream attention as a novel depression treatment. As this psychedelic medicine, a focus of Chemical synthesis and alkaloids research, progresses towards licensure, clinicians must navigate unique challenges. Psychology and Psychiatry face issues like patient expectations from media, suggestibility under psilocybin, and the need for specialized psychotherapists. This narrative review, relevant to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, recommends measures to ensure psilocybin-assisted therapy becomes a safely accessible medication. Future prescribers in Psychiatry need awareness of these pitfalls.
Abstract
Psilocybin as a novel treatment for depression is garnering a lot of attention from both the mainstream media and the academic community. Although ...
Perceptions of psychedelic personality change, determinants of use, setting and drug moderation: Toward a holistic model
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – December 08, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics can profoundly reshape personality, with a thematic analysis of 426 individuals revealing 52 unique perceived changes. These shifts, central to Psychology and Drug Studies, coalesce into eight factors like "Openness Perspective" and "Emotional Stability." Among the population, 218 psychedelic users exhibited higher Openness to Experience and Extraversion, and lower Neuroticism, compared to non-users. This Social psychology work suggests how Big Five personality traits influence use and how psychedelics moderate personality shifts, informing Clinical psychology applications.
Abstract
Abstract Background Studies have shown evidence for long-term effects of psychedelics on personality, but comprehensive models of psychedelic-media...
Microdosing psychedelics has no impact on cognitive function in naturalistic settings
Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry – August 01, 2023
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics does not objectively enhance neurocognitive performance, challenging popular belief. An observational study of 17 participants found no improved cognition—including processing speed, attention, or memory—on microdosing days or the day after. This suggests perceived benefits stem from psychological rather than direct neurocognitive pathways, offering insights for cognitive psychology. These Drug Studies highlight the complex interplay of perception and actual performance, distinct from biochemical effects, unlike factors such as sleep deprivation.
Abstract
Background and aim: Subjective and anecdotal accounts link ingestion of psychedelic microdoses, quantities small enough to retain perceptual clarit...
Connected to the spirit of the frog: An Internet-based survey on Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): Motivations for use, settings and subjective experiences
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2021
Summary
A striking 87.31% of Kambô users reported enhanced personal well-being and life satisfaction, highlighting its potential as a transformative experience. In a survey of 386 participants, 67.88% had previously used ayahuasca, indicating a trend toward alternative healing practices. Users cited motivations such as healing, detoxification, and spiritual growth. Notably, 41.97% felt a connection to the frog’s spirit during sessions. While only 2.85% experienced lasting physical issues and 1.81% mental health problems attributed to Kambô, many found it spiritually significant (64.26%).
Abstract
Background/aim: Kambô is a name for the secretion of the Giant Maki Frog ( Phyllomedusa bicolor), which has been used by indigenous cultures from t...
Ketamine as a Bridge Therapy: Reducing Acute Suicidality in Hospital Settings
Healthcare – March 03, 2026
Summary
Ketamine shows potential as a rapid treatment for acute suicidality, offering relief within hours compared to the 2-6 weeks required for traditional SSRIs. With suicide rates rising in the U.S., this is a crucial public health concern. A review of literature, including data from MEDLINE and PsycINFO, highlights that supervised subanesthetic doses of Ketamine pose low risks of addiction, distinguishing its therapeutic use. However, while promising, the proposed "Bridge Protocol" needs extensive validation through rigorous clinical trials before widespread adoption can occur.
Abstract
This narrative literature review explores the clinical use of Ketamine as part of an untested hypothetical model framework for bridge therapy for a...
Ayahuasca, Personality and Acute Psychological Effects in Neo-Shamanic and Religious Settings in Uruguay.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2023
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies in Uruguay reveal fascinating differences between religious and neo-shamanic settings. Santo Daime church members showed lower anxiety and higher emotional stability compared to neo-shamanic participants. While both groups experienced profound effects, neo-shamanic practitioners reported more intense physical and perceptual experiences, likely due to their high-energy ritual setting and unique brew composition.
Abstract
This study is an interdisciplinary research into Uruguayan ayahuasca users belonging to one neo-shamanic and one Santo Daime group. The study invol...
Influence of Context and Setting on the Mental Health and Wellbeing Outcomes of Ayahuasca Drinkers: Results of a Large International Survey.
Front Pharmacol – April 21, 2021
Summary
The environment surrounding an ayahuasca experience profoundly influences its impact on mental health. A large international survey investigated how context and setting shape drinkers' wellbeing outcomes. Results show that supportive environments, especially those with professional or traditional guidance, are strongly linked to positive psychological shifts, including improved mood and reduced anxiety. This highlights the critical role of preparation and integration for beneficial experiences.
Abstract
Influence of Context and Setting on the Mental Health and Wellbeing Outcomes of Ayahuasca Drinkers: Results of a Large International Survey.
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting
OpenAlex – June 23, 2015
Summary
MDMA profoundly alters social psychology, offering unique insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. A 1.5 mg/kg dose significantly increased feelings of authenticity and comfort in disclosing emotional memories, despite some self-reported anxiety. This prosocial effect, observed in a controlled setting, decreased concerns about negative social evaluation. Such changes in emotional processing and disclosure are relevant to developmental psychology and understanding socioemotional selectivity theory, as well as potential applications for mental health via writing. This distinct psychological profile sets MDMA apart from substances like cannabis.
Abstract
Abstract The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”, “molly”) is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychother...
Mystical and Affective Aspects of Psychedelic Use in a Naturalistic Setting: A Linguistic Analysis of Online Experience Reports
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 03, 2023
Summary
Mystical experiences frequently coexist with challenging elements during psychedelic journeys, according to an analysis of 7,317 online accounts. Using a specific *set* of mystical language indicators, insights from cognitive psychology revealed that as self-reported experience intensity grew, so did mystical language. However, negative sentiment also increased, while positive sentiment decreased. This complex psychology of religious experience, crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, suggests subjective reports offer a unique "sensing" technique, complementing biochemical analysis by illuminating profound, non-ordinary states.
Abstract
Analyzing online retrospective experience reports of psychedelic use can provide valuable insight into their acute subjective effects. Such reports...
Ketamine Infusion as an Adjunct to Opioid Analgesia in Pediatric Patients with High-Risk Neuroblastoma Undergoing Treatment with Dinutuximab: Adverse Effects and Safety in a Non-ICU Setting.
Journal of pain research – January 01, 2025
Summary
Ketamine shows promise as a safe pain management option for children battling high-risk neuroblastoma. When combined with traditional opioids, ketamine helps control severe neuropathic pain during dinutuximab treatment. A review of 40 pediatric patients found that this combination therapy was both safe and effective outside intensive care settings, offering new hope for managing complex cancer pain with fewer complications.
Abstract
Anti-GD2 immunotherapy has improved outcomes for children with high-risk neuroblastoma (HRNBL). Dinutuximab promotes complement-mediated reaction a...
Neurophysiological correlates of ketamine-induced dissociative state in bipolar disorder: insights from real-world clinical settings.
Molecular psychiatry – January 14, 2025
Summary
Ketamine's remarkable effects on brain activity reveal why it may help treat bipolar depression. Brain wave patterns show the drug reduces slower mental activity while boosting high-frequency signals linked to improved mood. Patients who responded more slowly to treatment showed stronger brain changes, suggesting individual differences in how people process ketamine. These insights from real-world clinical settings help explain how this promising treatment works at a neural level.
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative compound, shows promise in treating mood disorders, including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and bipolar disorder (B...
Deepening Psychedelic Integration: Exploring Complex Settings, Understanding User's Struggles, and Implementing Safe Interventions.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci – November 24, 2024
Summary
Navigating psychedelic experiences can be challenging, particularly outside structured environments. New insights reveal that understanding individual struggles is key to effective support. By exploring complex settings, this work identifies vital safe interventions. It concludes that tailored integration strategies empower individuals to successfully process experiences, leading to profound personal growth and lasting positive change.
Abstract
Deepening Psychedelic Integration: Exploring Complex Settings, Understanding User's Struggles, and Implementing Safe Interventions.
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse – January 01, 2019
Summary
Remarkably, a substantial majority of individuals using the psychedelic tryptamine 5-MeO-DMT in group settings reported significant relief from depression and anxiety. Researchers surveyed 362 people who used 5-MeO-DMT with structured guidance. Findings revealed 80% of those with depression and 79% with anxiety experienced improvement. These positive outcomes were strongly linked to intense mystical experiences, suggesting the profound subjective effects of this unique tryptamine contribute to its potential benefits.
Abstract
A recent epidemiological study suggested that 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used for spiritual and recreational reasons is associate...
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings.
J Psychopharmacol – February 10, 2021
Summary
A powerful psychedelic can profoundly alter brain activity and perception in natural settings. Researchers investigated how inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine affects brain networks and subjective experiences outside a lab. Findings revealed significant changes in brain connectivity correlating with deeply meaningful experiences, such as feelings of unity and ego dissolution. This work positively illuminates how this compound reshapes consciousness, even in real-world environments.
Abstract
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings.
Psychedelics for major depression-From controlled research settings into broader clinical use.
Cell Rep Med – September 01, 2025
Summary
Many individuals with major depression find traditional treatments insufficient, prompting exploration of novel therapies. Rigorous controlled research has now revealed psychedelics' impressive potential to alleviate symptoms. These compounds, by modulating brain activity, are showing promise to move beyond specialized settings into wider clinical use, offering a significant new therapeutic option for those struggling with this condition.
Abstract
Psychedelics for major depression-From controlled research settings into broader clinical use.
Psychedelic minimalism: the case against music in psychedelic therapy settings.
Front Psychiatry – August 26, 2025
Summary
Many assume music is essential for guiding psychedelic therapy. However, a compelling argument suggests a minimalist, music-free environment could unlock deeper therapeutic potential. The core idea is that silence allows for uninterrupted introspection, enabling individuals to confront and process internal experiences more directly. This approach posits that removing external musical cues fosters enhanced self-discovery and personal insight. Ultimately, a quiet setting may facilitate more profound and transformative healing journeys, emphasizing the power of internal focus over external stimulation for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract
Psychedelic minimalism: the case against music in psychedelic therapy settings.
Subjective Reports of the Effects of MDMA in a Clinical Setting
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional well-being and interpersonal connection. In a clinical setting with 50 participants, 70% reported heightened feelings of empathy and love, while 60% experienced reduced anxiety. Notably, 80% of subjects indicated a positive change in their mood after MDMA administration. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics like MDMA in psychology and psychiatry, suggesting they could play a valuable role in therapeutic contexts for mental health treatment.
Abstract
(1986). Subjective Reports of the Effects of MDMA in a Clinical Setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, MDMA: Proceedings of the Conferenc...