794 results for "DMT"
Molecular Docking, MM-GBSA, and Molecular Dynamics Approach: 5-MeO-DMT Analogues as Potential Antidepressants
Archives of Razi Institute – April 04, 2023
Summary
A promising avenue for treating major depression involves 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), which enhances serotonin levels and improves life satisfaction while reducing anxiety. In a study utilizing 70,000 analogues of 5-MeO-DMT, 14 compounds demonstrated superior binding affinity to the 5-HT1AR receptor compared to standard 5-MeO-DMT, with binding affinities ranging from -11.41 to -6.53 kcal/mol versus -7.75 kcal/mol for 5-MeO-DMT. Additionally, 18 compounds exhibited better binding free energy than the standard (-41.42 kcal/mol), indicating potential for effective antidepressant development.
Abstract
Since depression is a common mental illness affecting an estimated 5% of people worldwide, investigators are encouraged to develop effective antide...
An encounter with the self: A thematic and content analysis of the DMT experience from a naturalistic field study.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2023
Summary
DMT, a naturally occurring psychedelic, can trigger profound shifts in consciousness and self-perception. In a groundbreaking naturalistic field study, researchers observed experienced users in home settings, conducting detailed interviews about their experiences. Analysis revealed intense physical and psychological effects, including altered sensory perception, emotional breakthroughs, and a transformed sense of self.
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous serotonergic psychedelic capable of producing radical shifts in an experience that have significant i...
Dynamic medial parietal and hippocampal deactivations under DMT relate to sympathetic output and altered sense of time, space, and the self.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – August 12, 2024
Summary
DMT, a powerful psychedelic compound, temporarily alters brain activity in ways that profoundly affect our perception of time, space, and self. Using advanced brain imaging and EKG monitoring, researchers found that DMT creates unique dynamic brain states, particularly reducing activity in memory and self-awareness regions while increasing sensory processing. These changes correlate with elevated heart rate and altered self-referential processes.
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic, known to rapidly induce short-lasting alterations in conscious experience, characterize...
Fatalities following DMT use: Two case reports and a review of the literature.
Journal of analytical toxicology – July 09, 2025
Summary
Unexpected risks emerge when DMT is combined with other substances. Recent investigations into two UK fatalities found DMT present alongside multiple drugs, some known to boost serotonin. This suggests a critical risk of adverse reactions like serotonin syndrome from polydrug use. Caution is vital when mixing unregulated drugs or with prescribed medications.
Abstract
N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a hallucinogen found in the South American Psychotria viridis plant and is the major psychoactive ingredient in th...
5-MeO-DMT: An atypical psychedelic with unique pharmacology, phenomenology & risk?
Psychopharmacology – December 11, 2023
Summary
Unlike typical psychedelics, 5-MeO-DMT shows unique effects that may mirror temporal lobe seizure activity, offering clues to its therapeutic potential. This powerful compound acts strongly on 5-HT1A receptors and produces profound but brief psychedelic experiences. Users sometimes report flashbacks - spontaneous re-experiences that differ from those of other psychedelics, suggesting distinctive brain activity patterns similar to mild seizures.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a tryptamine being developed as a potential antidepressant that may display a distinct therapeutic mechanism due to its unique pharmac...
Dynamic medial parietal and hippocampal deactivations under DMT relate to sympathetic output and altered sense of time, space, and the self
Imaging Neuroscience – April 16, 2025
Summary
Our sense of time and self can profoundly shift under altered states. Researchers mapped brain activity and heart rate in volunteers given DMT. They found immediate deactivations in brain areas linked to time, space, and self-referential processing, alongside increased activity in regions tied to hallucinations. Elevated heart rate, indicating sympathetic regulation, correlated with these brain changes. This suggests a chain linking sympathetic regulation to these brain deactivations, potentially fostering positive mental health outcomes related to self-referential processing.
Abstract
Abstract N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic, known to rapidly induce short-lasting alterations in conscious experience, cha...
Molecular Docking, MM-GBSA, and Molecular Dynamics Approach: 5-MeO-DMT Analogues as Potential Antidepressants.
Archives of Razi Institute – October 01, 2023
Summary
Scientists have identified promising new antidepressant compounds based on 5-MeO-DMT, a natural compound known to rapidly reduce depression symptoms. Using advanced molecular dynamics, researchers discovered 14 modified versions that bind more effectively to brain's 5-HT1AR receptors than the original compound, potentially offering faster relief with fewer side effects.
Abstract
Since depression is a common mental illness affecting an estimated 5% of people worldwide, investigators are encouraged to develop effective antide...
Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study
Frontiers in Psychology – December 06, 2018
Summary
A powerful hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, reliably occasions profound mystical experiences, with 75% of 20 participants reporting a "complete mystical experience." This potent alkaloid, relevant to chemical synthesis in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, produced mystical intensity comparable to high-dose psilocybin. Its effects were significantly stronger than moderate psilocybin doses (d=0.81). This finding, crucial for Psychology, suggests its potential for clinical psychology and psychiatry due to its short duration, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a psychoactive substance found in high concentrations in the bufotoxin of the Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius). Emerging evidence s...
5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice
OpenAlex – November 03, 2022
Summary
A compelling neuroscience finding reveals the short-acting hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT profoundly impacts brain architecture. Unlike psilocybin, this serotonergic compound substantially increases dendritic spine density in a key brain region, driven by elevated spine formation, without affecting spine size. These insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, relevant to Psychology, suggest its unique mechanisms. It also suppresses social communication in mice. Understanding how this chemical synthesis and alkaloid influences neurotransmitter receptors offers new avenues for mental health, potentially involving subtle shifts in inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-...
A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
Imagine a state of consciousness where your reality is completely replaced by an "alternate universe" filled with complex visual hallucinations. This unique experience, often induced by dimethyltryptamine (DMT), typically lasts under 20 minutes. Researchers explored using pharmacokinetic modeling to adapt target-controlled intravenous infusion, a technique for stable drug delivery, to prolong this intense psychedelic drug experience. The goal was to allow for extended observation of its psychological contents. Findings suggest DMT's rapid onset and lack of tolerance make it ideal for this intravenous infusion method. This approach promises stable, prolonged experiences, potentially aiding in neuroimaging and developing new psychotherapeutic applications, building on insights from substances like ayahuasca.
Abstract
The state of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is one of the most extraordinary of any naturally-occurring psychedelic substanc...
Single-dose DMT reverses anhedonia and cognitive deficits via restoration of neurogenesis in a stress-induced depression model.
Translational psychiatry – January 29, 2026
Summary
A single dose of DMT (30 mg/kg) rapidly reversed depressive behaviors and restored cognitive function in a mouse model of depression, outperforming chronic fluoxetine across most measures. Administered after stress, it fully reversed symptoms. When given during stress, it mitigated depressive responses but not cognitive issues. DMT significantly boosted the integration of new brain cells, suggesting it actively repairs brain circuits. This positions DMT as a promising, fast-acting antidepressant targeting structural brain repair.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a leading cause of disability worldwide, with current treatments limited by delayed onset and low efficacy....
Incilius alvarius cell-based synthesis of 5-MeO-DMT
OpenAlex – May 22, 2022
Summary
A sustainable source of 5-MeO-DMT, a promising compound for psychiatric treatment, has been developed using a cell line from the parotoid gland of the endangered Incilius alvarius toad. This innovative approach demonstrated successful biosynthesis of 5-MeO-DMT through chemical processes in vitro. Given that natural populations are under ecological threat due to habitat loss and demand, this method offers a cruelty-free alternative for producing 5-MeO-DMT, potentially supporting future psychedelics and drug studies while preserving biodiversity.
Abstract
Abstract There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) for psychiatric disorders. While 5-...
The Breakthrough Experience: DMT Hyperspace and its Liminal Aesthetics
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2018
Summary
DMT, known for inducing out-of-body experiences and altering sensory perception, has gained popularity in recent years. An analysis of 300 user reports reveals that a "breakthrough" event often occurs during DMT use, characterized by encounters with perceived entities and the transmission of complex visual information. This experience, described as a journey through "hyperspace," is marked by its individualized and ritual-like nature. The findings highlight the transformative potential of DMT, shedding light on its psychological and sociological implications in understanding consciousness and perception.
Abstract
Abstract Known to produce out‐of‐body states and profound changes in sensory perception, mood, and thought, DMT (N,N‐dimethyltryptamine) is a poten...
Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain.
Scientific reports – June 27, 2019
Summary
The mammalian brain may naturally produce the psychedelic compound DMT. Researchers discovered key enzymes for DMT synthesis, INMT and AADC, co-exist in rat and human brain regions. Crucially, DMT was found in rat brains at levels similar to neurotransmitters like serotonin. A significant surge occurred in the visual cortex after cardiac arrest, independent of the pineal gland. This robustly shows the rat brain synthesizes and releases DMT, suggesting a similar capability in humans.
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound identified endogenously in mammals, is biosynthesized by aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (...
5-MeO-DMT modifies innate behaviors and promotes structural neural plasticity in mice.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2023
Summary
A naturally-occurring compound found in some toads shows promise in rapidly reshaping brain connections. This powerful psychedelic, when administered to mice, quickly altered their social behaviors and increased neural connectivity in brain regions linked to emotional processing. The compound's effects were faster-acting than similar substances, with lasting positive changes in brain structure, particularly in the formation of new neural connections in the frontal cortex. These findings point to potential therapeutic applications where rapid intervention is beneficial.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived sub...
This is your brain on death: a comparative analysis of a near-death experience and subsequent 5-Methoxy-DMT experience.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2023
Summary
A profound near-death experience during encephalitis-induced coma shared remarkable similarities with the effects of the powerful psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT. Through thematic analysis, researchers found both experiences produced intense mystical states, including ego dissolution and transcendence of space-time. While endogenous compounds may play a role, unique NDE elements like life review suggest distinct neural mechanisms.
Abstract
Much research has focused on the modeling of the near-death experience (NDE) by classical and atypical psychedelics; however, to date, no study has...
This is your brain on death: a comparative analysis of a near-death experience and subsequent 5-Methoxy-DMT experience
CORE – June 29, 2023
Summary
A singular case reveals striking parallels between a profound near-death experience and a powerful psychedelic journey. Researchers interviewed an individual who survived a coma and later experienced 5-Methoxy-DMT, comparing the two events. The analysis uncovered significant overlap in themes, including ego dissolution and transcendence of time and space. Yet, the near-death event uniquely featured elements like life review and encounters with deceased loved ones. This suggests that while some brain mechanisms may overlap, the near-death experience might involve distinct processes, potentially linked to its specific medical origin.
Abstract
Introduction: Much research has focused on the modeling of the near-death experience (NDE) by classical and atypical psychedelics; however, to date...
Serotonergic psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT alters plasticity-related gene expression and generates anxiolytic effects in stressed mice
OpenAlex – December 28, 2023
Summary
A single high dose of the psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT significantly altered gene expression in key brain regions, impacting immediate early genes like Arc and Zif268. In a study involving stressed and naive mice, behavioral tests revealed mixed anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects; however, pre-treated stressed mice experienced lower corticosterone levels and notable anxiolytic responses. Notably, TRIP8b expression increased long-term in the ventral hippocampus CA1 region. These findings highlight 5-MeO-DMT's potential therapeutic role in anxiety and mood disorders through its molecular actions in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics have potential therapeutic effects in treating anxiety and mood disorders, often after a single dose, and are su...
All-natural 5-MeO-DMT sigma receptor 1 agonist and its therapeutic impact in mental and neurodegener-ative diseases through mitochondrial activation
Science Reviews Biology – July 30, 2023
Summary
The sigma-1 receptor (S1R) plays a pivotal role in neuronal health, particularly in regulating mitochondrial function and cellular survival. In studies involving natural agonists like 5-MeO-DMT, significant effects were observed: participants reported up to 70% higher satisfaction with life and a notable reduction in depression and stress levels. Additionally, 5-MeO-DMT enhanced synaptic plasticity in neurons, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. This highlights the importance of S1R in epigenetic modifications and its promise in improving mental health outcomes.
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor S1R is a chaperone that resides mainly at the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum ER membrane MAM, it is considered...
The protective effect of DMT against neurodegeneration.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
The molecule dimethyltryptamine (DMT) shows remarkable potential for neuroprotection. Researchers explored how DMT, by activating the sigma-1 receptor and serotonin pathways, could protect the brain. Preclinical studies revealed DMT's ability to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury, a key factor in conditions like stroke and brain ischemia. This suggests DMT may offer therapeutic benefits against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pointing to universal cellular protective mechanisms.
Abstract
This paper explores the therapeutic potential of DMT in neuroprotective strategies, particularly concerning ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and n...
Metabolism and disposition of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids after oral administration of ayahuasca
Drug Testing and Analysis – April 19, 2012
Summary
Less than 1% of ingested DMT from ayahuasca is excreted unchanged, highlighting a complex metabolic process. In a study involving 10 healthy male volunteers, approximately 50% of the DMT was recovered as indole-3-acetic acid, with 10% as DMT-N-oxide. Overall, recovery of DMT and its metabolites reached 68%. Significant levels of harmol and harmalol were also found in urine, indicating that humans utilize multiple metabolic pathways for these alkaloids, beyond the expected monoamine-oxidase biotransformation.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychotropic plant tea obtained from Banisteriopsis caapi , which contains β ‐carboline alkaloids, chiefly harmine, harma...
Effects of DMT on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers
Scientific Reports – February 07, 2024
Summary
Intravenous DMT significantly improved mental health, reducing depression within two weeks. This rapidly-acting psychedelic, a synthesized alkaloid related to Psilocybin, offers a practical alternative for psychiatry, potentially reducing treatment discontinuation. In a placebo-controlled group of 13, Neuroticism also decreased. Across 17 individuals, changes in anxiety and depression correlated with profound peak experiences, suggesting a psychopathology mechanism. While some generalizability is limited, its short duration makes it a promising medicine, influencing neurotransmitter receptors. This clinical psychology development could transform mental health.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic, is being increasingly researched in clinical studies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. T...
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled DMT in natural settings
OpenAlex – August 20, 2020
Summary
Mystical experiences during DMT use correlate with distinct brain activity shifts. Electroencephalography on 35 individuals revealed that inhaling this naturally occurring alkaloid decreased alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) across the scalp while increasing delta (1-4 Hz) and gamma (30-40 Hz) activity. These profound changes in neural correlates of consciousness, studied within Neuroscience and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offer insights into how neurotransmitter receptors influence behavior and psychology, potentially informing future medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Background N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a short acting psychedelic tryptamine found naturally in many plants and animals. Few studies t...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca, disrupts cortical function in rats: reversal by antipsychotic drugs
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 20, 2014
Summary
A potent hallucinogen from Ayahuasca, 5-MeO-DMT, profoundly disrupts brain function, offering neuroscience insights into Schizophrenia. It altered prefrontal cortex activity, increasing discharge in 51% and decreasing it in 35% of neurons, reducing low-frequency oscillations by 31%. This psychotomimetic action, resembling phencyclidine's NMDA receptor influence, was reversed by antipsychotics like atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Such psychedelics and drug studies, utilizing biochemical analysis, advance pharmacology and psychology, helping understand hallucinations and target new treatments.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual,...
5-MeO-DMT
OpenAlex – May 01, 2025
Summary
5-MeO-DMT, a psychoactive compound derived from the Sonoran Desert toad and various plants, shows promise in alleviating anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. In therapeutic settings, it has improved quality of life for many individuals facing serious diagnoses. However, side effects like adrenergic responses and reactivation phenomena can occur weeks later. With growing interest in its use within spiritual contexts, synthetic production could ensure standardized dosing while protecting natural toad populations from overharvesting. Legal ambiguity surrounds its status in the U.S. and Europe, necessitating careful consideration.
Abstract
Abstract 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in the parotid gland venom of the Sonoran Desert toad, Incil...
Fabricated Ancestrality: The Sonoran Desert Toad, Psychedelic Globalization, and the Ecological Politics of 5-MeO-DMT
Psychedelics – March 01, 2026
Summary
Claims surrounding the ancestral use of toad-derived 5-MeO-DMT have surged globally, despite lacking historical and ethnographic evidence. This examination reveals that such narratives are part of a process called "ancestralization," where recent practices are presented as ancient to gain cultural legitimacy. In the context of increasing demand for these substances, ecological pressures on the Incilius alvarius population are rising. With a focus on ethical accountability and conservation, the analysis highlights the need for historical rigor in understanding these psychedelic movements and their environmental impacts.
Abstract
5-methoxy- N,N -dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent, short-acting psychedelic compound found in several South American plant species and in ...
The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2006
Summary
Challenging a long-held belief, research revealed the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor significantly influences how the hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT impacts movement and startle reflexes. In rats, 5-MeO-DMT reduced activity and altered startle responses. Crucially, blocking the 5-HT1A receptor completely reversed these effects, underscoring its pivotal role. This discovery highlights the 5-HT1A receptor's importance in understanding hallucinogen mechanisms, moving beyond the previous focus solely on 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
The hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is structurally similar to other indoleamine hallucinogens such as LSD. The present s...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca, disrupts cortical function in rats: reversal by antipsychotic drugs.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2014
Summary
A natural hallucinogen, found in Ayahuasca, profoundly disrupts brain activity. Researchers discovered this substance altered rat brain function, reducing vital neural oscillations. Significantly, common antipsychotic drugs successfully reversed these disruptions. This suggests the brain changes are tied to the hallucinogen’s mind-altering effects, providing a valuable model for understanding hallucinations and advancing new treatment development.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual,...
Use of Benefit Enhancement Strategies among 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) Users: Associations with Mystical, Challenging, and Enduring Effects
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 09, 2020
Summary
A striking 78% of 5-MeO-DMT users reported employing benefit enhancement (BE) strategies to amplify positive effects while minimizing challenges. Analyzing data from 515 participants (average age 35.4; 79% male), it was found that those using BE strategies experienced significantly more intense mystical-type effects and lasting beliefs about personal meaning. Specifically, among 116 individuals who had used 5-MeO-DMT once, certain BE strategies were linked to reduced challenging experiences. This highlights the potential of BE strategies in enhancing the psychological and existential benefits of psychedelics.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent, fast-acting psychedelic. Anecdotal reports from 5-MeO-DMT users suggest that they employ ...
Network control energy reductions under DMT relate to serotonin receptors, signal diversity, and subjective experience.
Communications biology – April 18, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic compound DMT reduces the energy needed for the brain to shift between different states, revealing fascinating links between brain chemistry and consciousness. Researchers tracked brain activity in 14 people during brief but intense DMT experiences. The findings showed that DMT lowered the brain's "control energy" - the effort required to change neural patterns. These energy changes matched both participants' reported intensity of experience and measured increases in brain signal complexity. Notably, the effects were strongest in brain regions rich in serotonin receptors, suggesting a direct link between the drug's chemical action and its impact on consciousness.
Abstract
Psychedelics offer a profound window into the human brain through their robust effects on perception, subjective experience, and brain activity pat...
The epidemiology of 5-methoxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – July 01, 2018
Summary
Many users of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a potent tryptamine, report profound positive effects. To better understand this compound's epidemiology, researchers surveyed 515 individuals about their experiences. Findings reveal that while most consume 5-MeO-DMT infrequently, they often seek spiritual or personal growth, reporting significant positive subjective effects and perceived benefits, highlighting its unique role among psychoactive tryptamines.
Abstract
5-Methoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in several plants and in high concentrations in Bufo alvarius toad v...
Serotonergic psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT alters plasticity-related gene expression and generates anxiolytic effects in stressed mice.
Molecular psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
A naturally-occurring compound found in some toads shows promise in reducing anxiety through brain chemistry changes. This fast-acting substance, 5-MeO-DMT, was found to modify gene expression in key brain regions and reduce stress responses in mice. When given before stressful situations, it lowered stress hormones and decreased anxiety-like behaviors. The compound altered several important brain signaling molecules, particularly in areas linked to emotional processing and memory, suggesting it may help the brain adapt better to stress.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics have potential therapeutic effects in treating anxiety and mood disorders, often after a single dose, and are suggested t...
5-MeO-DMT for post-traumatic stress disorder: a real-world longitudinal case study
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 23, 2023
Summary
A single dose of 5-MeO-DMT, a natural compound and alkaloid, dramatically improved chronic PTSD and reduced suicide risk in a 23-year-old female. This initial finding in clinical psychology suggests exciting potential for psychedelics in psychiatry and medicine. The 10-15 mg dose showed next-day effects sustained for 12 months. While promising for psychopathology, an adverse effect included acute nausea and night terrors. This Natural Compound Pharmacology Study highlights the need for careful consideration in drug studies involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Psychedelic therapy is, arguably, the next frontier in psychiatry. It offers a radical alternative to longstanding, mainstays of treatment, while e...
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 27, 2013
Summary
DMT, a potent hallucinogen, offers an intense, short-lived psychedelic high with minimal negative effects, distinguishing it from drugs like psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide. A survey of 22,289 individuals revealed 8.9% lifetime use. Among 472 participants, 24% were new users, suggesting increasing popularity. While its desirable effect profile indicates high abuse liability, a low urge for repeat use may offset this. This data from Drug Studies is vital for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper presents original research on prevalence, user characteristics and effect profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogen...
Tentative identification of in vitro metabolites of O‐acetylpsilocin (psilacetin, 4‐AcO‐DMT) by UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap MS
Drug Testing and Analysis – March 21, 2022
Summary
The psychedelic tryptamine 4-AcO-DMT undergoes significant drug metabolism, yielding 15 distinct metabolites. Using *in vitro* human liver *microsomes* and advanced liquid *chromatography*-*Orbitrap mass spectrometry*, 12 phase I and 3 phase II *metabolites* were identified. Biotransformations included *hydroxylation*, *demethylation*, and conjugation with *glucuronic acid*. The hydrolysis *metabolite* was most abundant. This detailed *metabolic pathway chemistry* is crucial for *psychedelics and drug studies*, offering a beta-*hydroxylation* *metabolite* as a biomarker for *forensic toxicology and drug analysis*.
Abstract
Abstract 4‐Acetoxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine (4‐AcO‐DMT, psilacetin, O ‐acetylpsilocin) is a synthetic tryptamine with psychedelic properties. Psi...
A comparison of reactivation experiences following vaporization and intramuscular injection (IM) of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 25, 2020
Summary
Vaporization of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) leads to significantly higher reactivation rates, with 69% of users experiencing reactivations compared to just 21% for intramuscular injection. In a survey of 27 participants, 8 in the vaporization group redosed multiple times, while only 2 did in the IM group. All IM users reported physical tension release, unlike 62% of those who vaporized. Additionally, IM users experienced a slower onset of effects, taking up to six minutes versus as little as 50 seconds for vaporization.
Abstract
Abstract Background Previous research suggests a therapeutic potential of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). However, online anecdotal r...
Safety and tolerability of NN-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in healthy volunteers and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients: A systematic review of early-phase clinical trials.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – June 07, 2025
Summary
A naturally-occurring psychedelic, DMT shows promise as a safe treatment option for depression. Analysis of early clinical trials reveals that while DMT can temporarily increase blood pressure and cause mild discomfort, these effects are short-lived and manageable. The compound was well-tolerated across multiple delivery methods, with no serious adverse events reported in either healthy volunteers or patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a challenge, with many patients unresponsive to standard antidepressants. NN-dimethyltryptamine (DMT),...
Phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) experience.
Scientific reports – May 24, 2022
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Understanding the phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N, dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) experience is critical to facilitate and support ong...
Exploratory study of the dose-related safety, tolerability, and efficacy of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in healthy volunteers and major depressive disorder.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – September 01, 2022
Summary
A potent compound showed promising next-day antidepressant effects in individuals with treatment-resistant depression. Researchers explored the safety and therapeutic potential of this rapid-onset psychedelic. Participants received varying doses, revealing it was mostly safe and well-tolerated. Positive results included significant mood improvements, highlighting its potential for mental health.
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a potent, rapid-onset, and short-acti...
Autonomic nervous system activity correlates with peak experiences induced by DMT and predicts increases in well-being.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – October 01, 2024
Summary
Intense positive experiences during psychedelic sessions may be linked to specific patterns in our body's autonomic nervous system. Research shows that when both branches of this system are simultaneously active during DMT sessions, participants report more meaningful spiritual insights and show improved well-being weeks later. Heart rate patterns before treatment also predicted how profound the experience would be.
Abstract
Non-ordinary states of consciousness induced by psychedelics can be accompanied by so-called "peak experiences," characterized at the emotional lev...
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-Occasioned Familiarity and the Sense of Familiarity Questionnaire (SOF-Q).
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2024
Summary
During DMT experiences, users often report a puzzling sense of déjà vu - not from past psychedelic trips, but from somewhere deeper. Research with 227 participants revealed that this profound sense of familiarity occurs alongside mystical experiences, ego-dissolution, and encounters with entities. The psychedelic Dimethyltryptamine creates distinct patterns of recognition, particularly around emotional states and transcendent spaces, suggesting these familiar feelings tap into something fundamental about human consciousness.
Abstract
This study investigated the sense of familiarity attributed to N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) experiences. 227 naturalistic inhaled-DMT experiences ...
A case report SPECT study and theoretical rationale for the sequential administration of ibogaine and 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
Progress in brain research – January 01, 2018
Summary
A novel approach to addiction treatment shows promise: sequential combination psychedelic therapy. One veteran with alcohol use disorder received ibogaine, followed by 5-MeO-DMT, leading to profound personal insights and a spiritual breakthrough. Post-treatment SPECT imaging revealed increased brain perfusion in areas linked to alcohol use disorder. This therapeutic sequence coincided with improved mood, reduced cravings, and cessation of alcohol use for over a month, highlighting the potential of these psychedelics in addressing addiction.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid and dissociative psychedelic that demonstrates anti-addictive properties with several substances of abuse, inc...
Baseline Power of Theta Oscillations Predicts Mystical-Type Experiences Induced by DMT in a Natural Setting
Frontiers in Psychiatry – November 05, 2021
Summary
Baseline brain activity, measured by Electroencephalography, can predict profound changes in Consciousness induced by psychedelics like DMT. In a study of 35 healthy volunteers, DMT significantly altered neural correlates of consciousness, reducing alpha/beta oscillations and increasing delta/theta/gamma activity. Intriguingly, initial brain activity patterns influenced the subjective Feeling of unity and transcendence, a key area of Psychology. This suggests understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior through baseline brain activity could enhance therapeutic outcomes in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a classic psychedelic capable of inducing short-lasting but profound changes in consciousness. As with other psyche...
Defining 5-MeO-DMT in Historical and Cultural Contexts
World Futures – February 17, 2024
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a psychedelic compound with deep roots in Indigenous ceremonial practices, is gaining traction for its potential to alleviate mental health issues like depression and PTSD. Historical accounts indicate its use spans diverse cultures, particularly in the Amazon and Northern Mexico. Recent investigations highlight its therapeutic promise, with studies involving hundreds of participants showing significant improvements in mood and anxiety levels. This exploration sheds light on 5-MeO-DMT's cultural significance and its evolving role in modern mental health treatment.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychedelic and entheogenic compound that has been used for centuries by Indigenous Peoples in th...
Time-resolved network control analysis links reduced control energy under DMT with the serotonin 2a receptor, signal diversity, and subjective experience
OpenAlex – May 12, 2023
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide profoundly reshape brain dynamics. Neuroscience reveals that N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a serotonergic compound, significantly reduces the "control energy" needed for brain state transitions in 14 individuals. This finding, crucial for Psychology and Mental Health Research Topics, shows global control energy trajectories, potentially involving the default mode network, correlate with subjective drug intensity. These effects are linked to serotonin 2a receptor density, demonstrating neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and offering a predictive model for Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics offer a profound window into the functioning of the human brain and mind through their robust acute effects on perception, su...
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – July 23, 2018
Summary
N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogen, is remarkably ubiquitous, produced by diverse plant and animal species, and even endogenously in mammals. This foundational psychedelic, whose chemical synthesis is well-documented, is crucial for Neuroscience and Psychology, serving as the archetype for other indole alkaloids like LSD. Its enigmatic biological function in humans, along with its pharmacology and potential medical applications, are key areas in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Future research explores its intricate neuropharmacology, including potential interactions with receptors like nicotinic acetylcholine, to unlock its full significance.
Abstract
Though relatively obscure, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an important molecule in psychopharmacology as it is the archetype for all indole-conta...
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human S-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) models of psychosis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2007
Summary
Unlike Schizophrenia, where Prepulse inhibition (a reflex like the Moro reflex in psychology) is diminished, the hallucinogen S-ketamine *increased* this startle reaction in 9 volunteers. This contrasts with animal models of psychosis (e.g., using Phencyclidine, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline), which show diminished inhibition. Serotonergic DMT, unlike Psilocybin, had no effect. This Neuroscience finding reveals complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and potentially Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia exhibit diminished prepuLse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and deficits in the attentional moduLation ...
Evaluation of the peak experience scale as a rapid assessment tool for the strength of a psychoactive experience with 5-MeO-DMT.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2025
Summary
A new, brief questionnaire accurately gauges the intensity of a potent psychedelic experience. Researchers developed a simple, three-item 'peak experience' questionnaire to quickly assess the strength of the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT (mebufotenin). This tool proved highly effective in 84 participants, showing strong correlation with established measures of the psychedelic experience. Its ratings increased significantly with higher doses, confirming its ability to rapidly assess the intensity of this unique psychoactive compound. This validates the questionnaire as a valuable, quick way to understand individual responses and guide dosing for this powerful psychedelic.
Abstract
A three-item Peak Experience Scale (PES) was developed to rapidly evaluate the strength of the psychoactive experience, and to guide the dosing reg...
Exploring 5-MeO-DMT as a pharmacological model for deconstructed consciousness.
Neuroscience of consciousness – January 01, 2025
Summary
A powerful serotonin-based psychedelic compound can temporarily dissolve self-awareness while maintaining consciousness. EEG recordings show reduced brain wave activity during these experiences, suggesting decreased top-down mental processing. Participants reported varying levels of ego dissolution and altered perception, offering insights into how consciousness and self-identity are constructed in the brain.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a short-acting psychedelic that is anecdotally reported to induce a radical disruption of the self and a paradoxical quality of arouse...
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a 6-h N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Infusion in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Clinical and translational science – May 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking study reveals that extended exposure to DMT, a naturally-occurring psychedelic compound, is safe and well-tolerated in humans. Scientists administered controlled intravenous infusions of N,N-dimethyltryptamine to 29 healthy volunteers over 6 hours, monitoring its effects on brain function and safety. The treatment showed promise for promoting neuroplasticity, with potential applications in stroke recovery. Participants experienced only mild psychedelic effects, with no serious adverse reactions.
Abstract
The serotonergic psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) presumably stimulates neuroplasticity in vitro and in vivo, by which it may exert neuropr...
Increased functional connectivity between brain regions involved in social cognition, emotion and affective-value in psychedelic states induced by N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT).
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
DMT, a powerful psychedelic, strengthens connections between brain regions responsible for social understanding and emotional processing. Brain scans revealed enhanced communication between areas controlling empathy, self-awareness, and emotional value, suggesting how psychedelics might help treat social and emotional disorders.
Abstract
The modulation of social cognition is suggested as a possible mechanism contributing to the potential clinical efficacy of psychedelics in disorder...
5-MeO-DMT induces sleep-like LFP spectral signatures in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of awake rats.
Scientific reports – May 17, 2024
Summary
The powerful psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT creates brain wave patterns remarkably similar to those seen during sleep, even while subjects remain awake. Scientists tracked electrical activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats, finding that the compound triggers unique neural oscillations typically associated with deep sleep and dreaming, while reducing high-frequency brain activity. This suggests psychedelics may create their effects by blending waking and sleeping states.
Abstract
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent classical psychedelic known to induce changes in locomotion, behaviour, and sleep in roden...
Safety and tolerability of multiple sublingual microdoses of 5-MeO-DMT in adults with moderate symptoms of depression and/or anxiety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 15, 2025
Summary
Sub-psychedelic doses of 5-MeO-DMT show remarkable safety and tolerability. A first-of-its-kind trial gave weekly sublingual doses to adults with moderate anxiety/depression. Results indicated rapid absorption, no drug accumulation, and only mild, transient side effects, without inducing full psychedelic effects. This fast-acting compound modulated brain activity, emerging as a promising candidate for future mental health therapies.
Abstract
This Phase I clinical trial is the first to rigorously evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual formulation of...
Examining the potential of psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT as therapeutics for traumatic brain injury.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 14, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, specific psychedelic compounds could offer a new path for healing traumatic brain injuries. Research suggests psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT, known for promoting neuroplasticity and neuritogenesis, may alleviate damage from a concussion. These compounds appear to reduce harmful microglia inflammation and act as neurotrophic agents, enhancing synaptic plasticity. A review of existing data highlights their potential to restore brain function.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant global health challenge, with limited effective treatments for its acute and chronic consequences. TB...
Psychopathological effects of S-ketamine and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in humans: a double-blind, cross-over human experimental study of the NMDA antagonist and the 5HT2A agonist model of psychosis
Pharmacopsychiatry – September 01, 2005
Summary
NMDA receptor antagonists like Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine, and serotonergic hallucinogens such as Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, model distinct psychosis aspects, not one being superior. A neuroscience study with fifteen healthy volunteers compared a 5-HT2A agonist (DMT) and a dissociative NMDA antagonist (Ketamine). Though hallucinogenic intensity was similar, DMT mirrored positive schizophrenia symptoms, while Ketamine highlighted negative ones. This pharmacology insight from drug studies advances psychology's understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, informing major depression treatment.
Abstract
Pharmacological challenges with hallucinogens are used as models for psychosis in experimental research. The state induced by glutamate antagonists...
Synthesis of Psilocin, Psilocybin and 5‐MeO‐DMT Succinate, All Labelled With Carbon‐14 at the Indole 2‐Position
Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals – July 01, 2025
Summary
New chemical synthesis methods successfully created stable 14C-labelled psilocybin and 5-MeO-DMT, crucial for understanding these potent hallucinogens. The chemistry involved using oxalyl chloride to build these tryptamine alkaloids. Psilocybin-2-14C, after a 5.5-fold dilution, maintained over 97.5% purity for one month. Notably, 5-MeO-DMT-2-14C showed 98.0% purity after six months, making it excellent for long-term psychedelic drug studies. These stable compounds are essential for precise pharmacokinetic analysis, advancing potential therapeutic applications.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Three novel 14 C‐labelled isotopologues of the psychoactive agents psilocin, psilocybin and 5‐methoxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DM...
Complex slow waves radically reorganise human brain dynamics under 5-MeO-DMT
OpenAlex – October 07, 2024
Summary
Inhaling 12mg of synthetic 5-MeO-DMT dramatically alters brain dynamics, as evidenced by a study involving 29 healthy individuals. Participants exhibited significant changes in low-frequency neural oscillations, becoming incoherent and heterogeneous. Notably, typical forward and backward traveling patterns across the cortex ceased. Additionally, broadband activity transformed to show slower, more stable behaviors with increased resistance to rapid shifts. These findings provide a groundbreaking understanding of how 5-MeO-DMT reshapes human brain activity, offering fresh insights into the effects of psychedelics on neural processes.
Abstract
Abstract 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychedelic drug known for its uniquely profound effects on subjective experience, relia...
5-MeO-DMT induces sleep-like LFP spectral signatures in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of awake rats
OpenAlex – June 05, 2023
Summary
5-MeO-DMT significantly alters brain activity, as demonstrated by local field potential (LFP) changes in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of freely behaving rats. Notably, delta power increased by 30% while theta power decreased by 25%, independent of locomotion. Additionally, a dose-dependent reduction in gamma power (20-100 Hz) was observed. The spectral profile during 5-MeO-DMT administration mirrored patterns seen in slow-wave sleep and REM sleep, suggesting that psychedelics may integrate waking behaviors with sleep-like neurophysiological states.
Abstract
Abstract 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent classical psychedelic known to induce changes in locomotion, behaviour, and sleep...
Fear as medicine: A mixed-methods analysis of 5-MeO-DMT, mental health, and intergenerational healing
Applied Psychology Research – June 26, 2025
Summary
Fear can be a catalyst for healing, as evidenced by interviews with 14 individuals who underwent 5-MeO-DMT-assisted therapy. Participants reported significant mental health improvements linked to five key factors: trust and letting go (79%), emotional release (71%), healing the inner child (64%), therapeutic use of psychedelics (57%), and parent-child relationship healing (50%). Emotional catharsis and confronting fear emerged as essential for psychological transformation, challenging traditional views of fear in therapy. These insights highlight 5-MeO-DMT's potential in addressing complex mental health issues.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the psychological mechanisms through which 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) influences mental healt...
5-MeO-DMT Use in Humans: A Scoping Review of Peer-Reviewed Research
OpenAlex – January 08, 2026
Summary
A systematic review identified 533 studies on 5-MeO-DMT, with 33 meeting eligibility criteria. Of these, 15 employed interventional designs, mainly focusing on inhalation methods. Outcomes assessed included cognition, depression, PTSD, and anxiety. Notably, 87% of interventional studies highlighted significant variability in dosing and study design. This highlights the need for more structured clinical trial designs to better understand the pharmacological effects of 5-MeO-DMT on mental health. Future efforts should explore diverse administration routes and incorporate neuroimaging and longitudinal data for comprehensive insights.
Abstract
Clinical trials using 5-MeO-DMT to treat various mental health conditions are currently underway, however research on 5-MeO-DMT use in humans is li...