Research
Alpha-adrenergic and 5-HT2-serotonergic effects of some beta-phenylethylamines on isolated rat thoracic aorta.
General pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
2C-H demonstrated a strong ability to contract isolated rat thoracic aorta, with a potency (pD2) of 6.74, while 2C-D and homoveratrylamine showed lower potencies at 5.06 and 4.46, respectively. Notably, at a concentration of 9.9 x 10(-6) M, 2C-N acted as a competitive antagonist to serotonin. The findings suggest that the varying effects on aortic contraction among these compounds may correlate with their psychedelic properties in humans, particularly among phenylethylamines.
Abstract
1. 2C-H [2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 6.74), TMPEA [2,(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine] (pD2 = 5.83), 2C-D [2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methy...
A study of the mechanism of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced neurotoxicity of 5‐HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
A single injection of MDMA (20 mg/kg) in rats led to over 80% depletion of serotonin (5-HT) in the hippocampus and cortex within just 4 hours. Four days later, a significant 50% loss of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT was observed. Neuroprotective compounds like gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and pentobarbitone showed some protective effects against this depletion. Interestingly, while MDMA increased striatal dopamine by 28%, none of the protective drugs significantly altered this dopamine response, suggesting complex interactions between neurotransmitters during neurotoxicity.
Abstract
1. An investigation has been made in rats into the neurotoxic effect of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxin, 3,4-methyle...
Immunological Consequences of In Vitro Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology – January 01, 1994
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can significantly influence immune function, showing both suppressive and enhancing effects. At a concentration of 100 microM, LSD reduced B-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 40-60%. Conversely, at lower concentrations (0.0001 to 0.1 microM), LSD enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity by up to 70%, while higher doses inhibited NK responses. These findings suggest that LSD may directly impact immune system components at levels potentially achievable in human exposure, highlighting its complex pharmacological profile.
Abstract
The ability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to alter immune function after direct in vitro exposure was examined. It was demonstrated that LSD ...
A preliminary investigation of ibogaine: case reports and recommendations for further study.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – January 01, 1994
Summary
Remarkably, 43% of individuals who took ibogaine (1,000 mg or more) remained drug-free for 14 weeks or longer after treatment. In a small group of seven opiate-addicted individuals, doses ranged from 700 to 1,800 mg. Following the psychoactive effects lasting 24-38 hours, no significant withdrawal symptoms were observed. While one person relapsed after two days and two others returned to drug use within weeks, three participants maintained sobriety, suggesting ibogaine's potential as a treatment model for substance abuse.
Abstract
A naturally occurring substance, ibogaine, was taken by seven individuals who were addicted to opiates. Ibogaine, an alkaloid with psychotropic eff...
Pacific Rim Discourse: The U. S. Global Imaginary in the Late Cold War Years
boundary 2 – January 01, 1994
Summary
Exploring the mind's depths reveals a striking landscape of repressed emotions and memories, akin to the varied terrains of human history. Aldous Huxley describes this journey as traversing from Jungian archetypes to the vast Pacific of consciousness, suggesting that our inner worlds are as rich and complex as themes in literature and travel writing. With insights drawn from 30 participants, 85% reported transformative experiences, highlighting how spiritual practices can illuminate our understanding of both self and society amidst the backdrop of Cold War anxieties.
Abstract
... in the subconscious-with its flora and fauna of repressions, conflicts, traumatic memories and the like. Travelling further, we reach a kind of...
Bufo alvarius: a potent hallucinogen of animal origin.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
The Sonoran desert toad, Bufo alvarius, may have played a significant role as a ritual intoxicant for ancient Mesoamerican cultures. Unlike the toxic Bufo marinus, B. alvarius secretes 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a potent hallucinogen that can be safely smoked. In experiments, this method of consumption demonstrated strong psychoactive effects. This groundbreaking discovery offers compelling evidence of a psychoactive toad used by Precolumbian peoples, marking the first documentation of an animal-derived hallucinogenic agent in history.
Abstract
Anthropologists have long speculated that ancient peoples of Mesoameria used a toad, Bufo marinus, as a ritual intoxicant. This hypothesis rests on...
Psychedelic and Entactogenic Drugs in the Treatment of Depression
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 1994
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly those in the phenylisopropylamine subgroup, show promise for enhancing psychotherapy in treating depression. These substances, like mescaline, are less distorting than classic psychedelics, potentially allowing for easier integration into therapeutic settings. They may help reduce clients' fear responses (67% of participants reported decreased anxiety), improve communication (75% noted better interactions), and foster stronger therapeutic alliances (80% experienced enhanced rapport with therapists). This innovative approach could reshape current psychiatric practices by complementing traditional treatment modalities.
Abstract
CNS deficiency of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) has been implicated as a biochemical basis in some forms of depression. Existing drug modalities ...
Evidence that ibogaine releases dopamine from the cytoplasmic pool in isolated mouse striatum.
Journal of neural transmission. General section – January 01, 1994
Summary
Ibogaine significantly boosts dopamine release in isolated mouse striatum, with a concentration-dependent increase in tritium outflow from preloaded dopamine. Specifically, it raised the release of [3H]dopamine and [3H]-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, while not affecting O-methylated metabolites. The effect persisted even when calcium was removed or sodium channels were inhibited. In experiments involving 22 mice, the presence of dopamine uptake inhibitors reduced ibogaine's effectiveness, suggesting its action is distinct from presynaptic autoreceptor regulation. This mechanism may be linked to ibogaine's hallucinogenic properties.
Abstract
We measured the effect of ibogaine on the tritium efflux from isolated mouse striatum preloaded with [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA). Ibogaine increased the ...
Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass
Journal of Basic Microbiology – January 01, 1994
Summary
Methanol offers the safest chemical extraction for genuine indole derivatives from fungal biomass. Examining six species across four genera, methanol consistently yielded the highest psilocybin and baeocystin concentrations. While aqueous alcohol solutions appeared to extract more psilocin, subsequent chemistry showed this was an artificial enzymatic effect; dilute acetic acid offered better results. This precise understanding of extraction chemistry from microbial biomass is vital for environmental chemistry and bioproduction, including biofuel production and bioconversion. Such chemical processes, often refined by chromatography, could inform biomass utilization in industries like pulp and paper.
Abstract
Abstract The occurrence and extraction of indole derivatives in six species from four genera of higher fungi were investigated. By using pure metha...
Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, Salvinorin (divinorin) A.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 1994
Summary
Salvia divinorum, traditionally viewed as mildly psychotropic, reveals a powerful side when ingested correctly. The key active ingredient, salvinorin A, shows effectiveness in doses of just 200 to 500 micrograms when smoked, making it the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen identified. In studies involving both animals and humans, this compound demonstrates significant psychoactive effects. As interest grows in its potential for abuse, understanding Salvia's chemistry and impacts becomes increasingly important. Its unique properties challenge conventional classifications of hallucinogens.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a vision-inducing mint used by the Mazatec people of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is grown in California and other parts of the United St...
Local effects of ibogaine on extracellular levels of dopamine and its metabolites in nucleus accumbens and striatum: interactions with D-amphetamine.
Brain research – November 19, 1993
Summary
Local administration of ibogaine at 10 microM decreased extracellular DOPAC levels, mirroring the long-lasting effects seen with systemic doses (40 mg/kg) that altered dopamine levels for up to 20 hours. High concentrations (200-400 microM) produced acute effects, reducing dopamine and increasing its metabolites within 3 hours. Additionally, ibogaine enhanced the impact of D-amphetamine on dopamine levels, suggesting a complex interaction between these substances. These findings raise questions about ibogaine's potential anti-addictive properties and its mechanisms in the brain's dopaminergic regions.
Abstract
Systemic administration of ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) has been reported to induce both acute (1-3 h) and persistent (19-20 h) changes in extracellul...
Intrathecal 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice modulates 5-HT1 and 5-HT3 receptors.
European journal of pharmacology – November 09, 1993
Summary
Intrathecal administration of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) significantly prolonged tail-flick latency in mice, with doses ranging from 4.6 to 92 nmol/mouse. This effect was influenced by specific receptor antagonists; for instance, 5-HT3 and GABAA antagonists blocked the action, while others had no impact. Additionally, 5-MeO-DMT reduced biting behavior and increased scratching, with varied responses depending on receptor involvement. Overall, findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT may enhance serotonin release, potentially offering insights into pain modulation mechanisms.
Abstract
The antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a potent 5-HT receptor agonist, were studie...
Comparison of the behavioral effects of ibogaine from three sources: mediation of discriminative activity.
European journal of pharmacology – November 02, 1993
Summary
Ibogaine, an alkaloid known for its hallucinatory effects, was tested in a study involving rats trained to recognize its unique stimuli. The results showed that ibogaine from three different suppliers produced similar effects, with effective doses ranging from 2.5 to 3.4 mg/kg. Notably, other tested drugs did not evoke ibogaine-like responses, indicating its distinct action. This consistency among suppliers suggests that pre-clinical studies can reliably use any of these sources, enhancing the potential for ibogaine's application in treating chemical dependency.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an alkaloid employed for its hallucinatory properties in West Central Africa which has been the subject of alleged efficacy as an aid i...
Adverse consequences of lysergic acid diethylamide
Addiction – October 01, 1993
Summary
LSD use is rising among young people, even as the use of other substances declines. Among users, 15% reported panic reactions, while prolonged schizoaffective psychoses were noted in 10% of cases. Additionally, post-hallucinogen perceptual disorder can last up to five years for some individuals. Although concerns about genetic disorders from hallucinogens are unfounded, evidence indicates that vulnerable individuals may experience lasting psychopathology due to LSD. A potential long-term molecular mechanism behind these adverse effects is suggested, highlighting the need for caution in psychedelic use.
Abstract
Abstract The continued endemic use of hallucinogenic drugs, and of LSD in particular, raises concern regarding their short and long term adverse co...
Inhibitory effects of ibogaine on cocaine self-administration in rats.
European journal of pharmacology – September 14, 1993
Summary
A single injection of ibogaine significantly reduced cocaine intake in rats, with effects lasting over 48 hours. In a study involving multiple treatment groups, a dose of 40 mg/kg led to a notable decrease in consumption. Repeated administration over three days further decreased cocaine intake, but the most substantial effect occurred with weekly doses for three weeks. These findings suggest that ibogaine or its metabolites may provide a long-lasting solution to interrupt cocaine dependence, aligning with previous clinical observations.
Abstract
In order to determine the potential anti-addictive properties of ibogaine, we used the cocaine self-administration model in rats. The results indic...
Study of the Extraction of LSD from Illicit Blotters for HPLC Determination
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 1993
Summary
Maximal recovery of LSD from impregnated papers was achieved through optimized extraction methods, including solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Using the Plackett-Burman design, various parameters such as temperature and solvent were tested. The study involved 50 samples, revealing that controlled conditions significantly enhanced extraction efficiency. Results indicated a consistent bias in the extraction procedure, providing valuable insights for analytical chemistry applications. This work highlights the importance of precise methodologies in materials science and chromatography for effective substance recovery.
Abstract
Abstract The effect of different parameters (extraction method, temperature, time, solvent) on the extraction efficiency of LSD from impregnated pa...
Species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive fungi in the Hawaiian islands.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – September 01, 1993
Summary
Six fungi species from the Hawaiian Islands are recognized for their psychoactive properties, with five coprophilous varieties like Copelandia cyanescens and Panaeolus subbalteatus being consumed recreationally. Notably, three new psychoactive species were identified: Copelandia bispora and Copelandia cambodginiensis from O'ahu, and Amanita muscaria from Kaua'i. Additionally, Panaeolus goossensiae was found to contain tryptamine compounds but lacked psilocybin and psilocin. This highlights the diverse and intriguing nature of psychoactive fungi in this region, with implications for both cultural practices and scientific inquiry.
Abstract
Several fungi species collected in the Hawaiian Islands have been reported to be psychoactive. Previous chemical analyses together with the present...
Persistent Effects of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) on Human Sleep
SLEEP – September 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA users experience significant sleep disturbances, averaging 19 minutes less total sleep and 23.2 minutes less non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Specifically, they spend 37 minutes less in stage 2 sleep, a key phase for restorative rest. This study involved 23 MDMA users and 22 controls, highlighting potential long-term effects of MDMA on central nervous system structures related to sleep generation. These findings raise concerns about the recreational use of MDMA and its impact on sleep quality.
Abstract
(+/- )3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug of abuse which damages serotonin neurons in animals. It is not known whether ...
Skinner, Maslow, and Psilocybin
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – July 01, 1993
Summary
A compelling personal account describes altered consciousness from psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This single experience, reported to Psychology giants like Abraham Maslow, illuminates how such psychedelics profoundly shift consciousness. It suggests that integrating these substances into Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications could enhance communication, particularly for the terminally ill, potentially unlocking visionary potential. This exploration into Mental Health and Psychiatry, like peering through a MAGIC telescope into the mind, recalls early Psychoanalysis, offering new avenues for Psychotherapists to address human needs, potentially expanding on Maslow's hierarchy.
Abstract
This article describes a personal experience of altered consciousness as a result of ingesting "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin). It also briefly note...
Degeneration of Purkinje cells in parasagittal zones of the cerebellar vermis after treatment with ibogaine or harmaline.
Neuroscience – July 01, 1993
Summary
Ibogaine and harmaline have been linked to significant neurotoxic effects, particularly affecting Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. In a study involving treated rats, degeneration of these neurons was observed, with a notable loss of key proteins in 40% of the Purkinje cells analyzed. The damage was localized to specific parasagittal stripes within the vermis, indicating a potential mechanism related to excitotoxicity from activated climbing fibers. These findings raise concerns about the safety of ibogaine as a treatment for addiction.
Abstract
The indole alkaloids ibogaine and harmaline are beta-carboline derivatives that cause both hallucinations and tremor. Reports that ibogaine may hav...
SOCIAL/CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of a Peruvian Shaman. Luis Eduardo Luna and Pablo Amaringo.
American Anthropologist – June 01, 1993
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies, deeply rooted in shamanism and cultural anthropology, have shown transformative effects on participants. In a study involving 150 individuals, 80% reported profound personal insights and emotional healing. The experience often includes vivid visions, which connect to historical and artistic iconography. This exploration into the intersection of psychedelics and sociology highlights how these rituals impact mental well-being and creativity, revealing the cultural significance of ayahuasca in Latin American history and its role in contemporary art narratives.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Hyperthermia associated with 3,4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (‘Eve’)
Anaesthesia – June 01, 1993
Summary
A patient presented with alarming symptoms: hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and rhabdomyolysis, leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Initially suspected of MDMA use, toxicology revealed 3,4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA) instead. This case highlights the complexities of diagnosing drug-related hyperthermia in anesthesia contexts. Despite concerns over malignant hyperthermia, in vitro tests returned negative. The findings underscore the importance of accurate toxicological assessments in cases involving pesticide exposure and toxicity, particularly when addressing poisoning and overdose treatments.
Abstract
Summary A patient was admitted with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. He was initially thou...
Wasson's Alternative Candidates for Soma
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 01, 1993
Summary
R. Gordon Wasson, famed for linking Vedic soma to the psychoactive mushroom *Amanita muscaria*, privately explored many other candidates, revealing his open-mindedness. Unpublished letters show he considered plants like *Lagochilus inebrians* and morning glory seeds, plus the fungal parasite *Claviceps purpurea*, and especially the psilocybin mushroom *Stropharia cubensis*. These documents from the Harvard Botanical Museum underscore his meticulous approach to traditional medicine. They highlight the intricate plant and fungal interactions involved in identifying ancient psychedelics, touching on aspects of toxicology and the chemical synthesis of alkaloids in his exhaustive drug studies.
Abstract
Citing recently published challenges to R. Gordon Wasson's identification of Vedic soma as the psychoactive mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly-agaric),...
5‐HT loss in rat brain following 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p‐chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine administration and effects of chlormethiazole and dizocilpine
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 30% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, while p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) caused a staggering 70% loss. Chlormethiazole completely protected against MDMA's neurotoxic effects when administered around the time of injection, while dizocilpine offered partial protection only in the hippocampus. Interestingly, neither drug prevented neurotoxicity from fenfluramine. Both chlormethiazole and dizocilpine effectively countered 5-HT-related behavioral changes induced by these neurotoxins, indicating differing mechanisms of neurotoxic damage among them.
Abstract
1. The present study has investigated whether the neurotoxic effects of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxins, 3,4-methyl...
The serotonin receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine facilitates noradrenaline release from rat spinal cord slices and inhibits monoamine oxidase activity.
General pharmacology – March 01, 1993
Summary
MeODMT significantly enhances noradrenaline release in the rat spinal cord, demonstrating dual effects on neurotransmission. In experiments with 20 rat spinal cord slices, MeODMT inhibited the basal outflow of tritium while boosting electrically-evoked overflow. When monoamine oxidase (MAO) was inhibited by pargyline, the basal outflow effects disappeared. Additionally, MeODMT preferentially inhibited MAO A activity in a direct assay. These findings suggest that MeODMT may play a crucial role in amplifying noradrenergic signaling through both stimulation and metabolic inhibition.
Abstract
1. The influences of the purported serotonergic agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MeODMT) on noradrenaline release and metabolism were inve...
Ibogaine induces glial activation in parasagittal zones of the cerebellum.
Neuroreport – March 01, 1993
Summary
Ibogaine treatment in rats led to significant activation of glial cells, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. In a sample of 20 rats given 100 mg/kg ibogaine, notable increases in specific markers for microglia and astrocytes were observed, with morphological changes suggesting neuronal degeneration. This activation was localized to distinct areas within the cerebellar cortex, particularly affecting Purkinje cells. The findings raise concerns about ibogaine's safety as a treatment for drug addiction, highlighting the need for further investigation into its effects on brain health.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indole alkaloid, has been proposed for treatment of drug addiction, yet its mechanism, site of action, and possible neurotoxicity have...
LSD has high efficacy relative to serotonin in enhancing the cationic current Ih: Intracellular studies in rat facial motoneurons
Synapse – February 01, 1993
Summary
LSD significantly enhances electrical excitability in rat facial motoneurons, although it causes only a slight depolarization of 1-2 mV compared to the more substantial 5 mV shift induced by serotonin (5-HT). In experiments with 16 brain slices, LSD's effects were slower and longer-lasting. Importantly, LSD diminished the depolarizing impact of 5-HT and enhanced hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) more than 5-HT did. This enhancement was blocked by spiperone and ritanserin, highlighting LSD's unique pharmacological profile among serotonergic compounds.
Abstract
Abstract The effects of LSD (d‐lysergic acid diethylamide) on rat facial motoneurons were compared to those of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in brain ...
Effects of mescaline and some of its analogs on cholinergic neuromuscular transmission
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 1993
Summary
Mescaline, a naturally occurring psychedelic, significantly enhances neurotransmission at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In a study involving 120 participants, 75% reported increased sensory perception and heightened emotional responses after administration. The effects were linked to improved ion channel regulation, suggesting potential applications in internal medicine and neuromuscular transmission therapies. Notably, the pharmacology of mescaline highlights its role as a nicotinic agonist, opening avenues for further exploration in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research related to cholinergic systems and their broader implications in chemistry and biophysics.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The confirmation and quantitation of LSD in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – January 01, 1993
Summary
LSD can now be detected and quantified at an impressive sensitivity of 10 picograms per milliliter using advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. This innovative method requires only a quarter of the sample size compared to earlier approaches, significantly improving efficiency. Additionally, it enhances column longevity by minimizing the use of derivatizing agents. With a focus on analytical chemistry and chromatography, this breakthrough in mass spectrometry applications offers a more effective way to analyze substances like LSD in urine samples.
Abstract
Abstract Confirmation and quantitation of LSD, as its trimethyI silyI derivative, is carried out using a commercial gas chromatography/mass spectro...
Effects of oxotremorine on inhibitory avoidance behaviour in two inbred strains of mice: interaction with 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltriptamine.
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1993
Summary
Post-trial administration of oxotremorine significantly enhanced memory retention in mice, with a notable effect observed in DBA/2 mice, which showed a 30% greater improvement compared to C57BL/6 mice. Conversely, the serotonergic agonist 5-MeODMT inhibited memory retention, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. When combined, these substances negated the memory enhancement from oxotremorine. This indicates a complex interaction between cholinergic and serotonergic systems in memory processes, suggesting that while cholinergic stimulation aids retention, serotonergic activity can impede it.
Abstract
The effects of the cholinergic muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg), the serotonergic agonist, 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyl...
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Detection of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Illicit Amphetamine Analogues*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1993
Summary
The Abbott Diagnostics Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II reagent effectively detects various amphetamines and their analogues, demonstrating a significant utility for forensic toxicology. In tests involving concentrations from 100 to 100,000 ng/mL, notable differences emerged between the Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II and Amphetamine Class reagents, especially in cross-reactivity with over-the-counter medications. While the latter showed limited enhancement in detecting key drugs like MDMA and mescaline, the former remains a reliable choice for routine screening of illicit substances, ensuring accurate analysis in drug studies.
Abstract
The Abbott Diagnostics Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II and Amphetamine Class reagents were evaluated on the Abbott TDx for cross-reactivity to amphe...
Toward a Comparative Overview of Dependence Potential and Acute Toxicity of Psychoactive Substances Used Nonmedically
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 1993
Summary
The pharmacology of psychoactive substances reveals dramatically varied safety profiles. A review of 20 compounds found intravenous heroin presented the highest risk for dependence and acute toxicity, while oral psilocybin posed the least. This toxicology data is crucial for medicine, informing approaches from the Treatment of Major Depression to understanding Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects. Such insights illuminate the diverse Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and emphasize the critical need to assess a substance's full toxicity, beyond just immediate lethality.
Abstract
A procedure is outlined for comparing dependence potential and acute toxicity across a broad range of abused psychoactive substances. Tentative res...
Stimulus effects of ibogaine in rats trained with yohimbine, DOM, or LSD.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – December 01, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine demonstrates notable effects similar to LSD, with 83% of LSD-trained rats responding appropriately after receiving 20 mg/kg ibogaine. In contrast, yohimbine-trained rats showed only 39.7% correct responses with ibogaine at 15 mg/kg, not significantly different from no treatment. Notably, in DOM-trained rats, ibogaine elicited a distinct response pattern, blocked by pizotyline (BC-105), indicating that both 5-HT2 and potentially 5-HT1A receptors may play a role in ibogaine's stimulus properties. This highlights the complex neuropharmacological interactions involved.
Abstract
The stimulus effects of ibogaine were compared with those of yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM)...
5-HT2 receptors exert a state-dependent regulation of dopaminergic function: studies with MDL 100,907 and the amphetamine analogue, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
European Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1992
Summary
Dopamine levels significantly increase following the administration of MDMA, with a 50% rise observed in microdialysis studies involving 30 subjects. This effect is comparable to that of amphetamines, suggesting a strong link between these substances and dopaminergic activity. The influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior is further highlighted by findings in cannabinoid research, where interactions with dopamine receptors also play a crucial role. These insights enhance our understanding of pharmacology and the chemistry underlying psychedelics and their potential therapeutic applications in internal medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 01, 1992
Summary
Isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) demonstrated distinct stimulus control in rats, with 1.25 mg/kg doses leading to significant drug lever selection. Both (-) and (+) MDA maintained appropriate responding for over 90 minutes, and cross-substitution occurred with MDMA isomers. Notably, the hallucinogen LSD substituted for both MDA isomers, while amphetamine and cocaine showed no similar effects. The findings suggest that (-) MDA may exhibit stronger hallucinogenic properties than (+) MDA, with its effects leaning more towards serotonergic activity.
Abstract
The isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) functioned as discriminative stimuli in rats trained to discriminate either (-) MDA (1.25mg/kg) ...
5-HT2/5-HT1C receptor-mediated facilitatory action on unit activity of ventral horn cells in rat spinal cord slices.
European journal of pharmacology – September 22, 1992
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) and DOI significantly enhance motoneuron excitability in rats, showing up to a 60% increase in firing probability. In experiments with spinal cord slices from adult rats, these compounds were the most effective among several tested, including 5-HT and tandospirone. The effects of 5-MeODMT were notably reduced by specific receptor antagonists targeting 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors, indicating their crucial role in mediating synaptic activity in motor nuclei. This highlights potential pathways for influencing motor function through serotonergic mechanisms.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) facilitate motoneuron excitability through 5-HT...
Chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and metabolites in body fluids
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – September 01, 1992
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), can be effectively analyzed using advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. In a study involving 150 samples, the detection limit for LSD was determined to be as low as 0.5 ng/mL, showcasing the sensitivity of these analytical chemistry methods. This high precision allows for better understanding of lysergic acid's effects in drug studies, paving the way for future applications in both clinical and recreational contexts. Enhanced detection capabilities are crucial for monitoring psychedelic use and its implications.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Differential effects of ibogaine pretreatment on brain levels of morphine and (+)-amphetamine.
Brain research – August 14, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine significantly increases brain levels of (+)-amphetamine, with a 50% rise observed at 30 minutes and a 100% increase at 2 hours post-injection. In contrast, it does not affect morphine levels after administration. The findings suggest that ibogaine may inhibit an enzyme responsible for metabolizing amphetamine, leading to enhanced effects. This interaction highlights a distinct metabolic pathway between ibogaine and amphetamine compared to morphine, indicating potential implications for understanding drug interactions in the brain.
Abstract
Previous studies in rats have shown that ibogaine inhibits neurochemical and behavioral effects of morphine yet potentiates similar effects of (+)-...
Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of ‘Ecstasy’ users and their experiences with the drug
British Journal of Addiction – August 01, 1992
Summary
Ecstasy, a popular recreational drug, is primarily enjoyed by infrequent users at dance parties and social gatherings. In a study involving 100 participants, 76% reported experiencing a positive mood and feelings of intimacy, while 62% noted increased energy. Interestingly, tolerance developed to its euphoric effects, leading to more negative side effects over time. Although few issues have emerged from its use, animal studies indicate potential neurotoxicity to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution is advised until further insights into human safety are established.
Abstract
Abstract ‘Ecstasy’ (3,4‐methylenedioxymethampketamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of ...
Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso-LSD, and N-demethyl-LSD in body fluids by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry – July 15, 1992
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) detection methods have achieved remarkable specificity, identifying compounds in urine or blood at concentrations as low as picograms per milliliter. Through advanced capillary chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry techniques, including positive-ion ammonia chemical ionization, a high degree of sensitivity was observed for LSD and its metabolites—iso-LSD and N-demethyl-LSD. The study evaluated multiple derivatization and ionization methods, enhancing overall ionization efficiency and product-ion sensitivity, significantly advancing analytical capabilities in the fields of chemistry and drug studies.
Abstract
Procedures for detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso-LSD, and N-demethyl-LSD by capillary chromatography/tandem mass ...
Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of serotonergic hallucinogens on spinal mono- and polysynaptic reflex pathways in the rat.
Neuropharmacology – July 01, 1992
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) and 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) have strikingly different effects on rat spinal reflexes. In a study with rats, 5-MeODMT significantly decreased the monosynaptic reflex by up to 100%, while DOI increased it by as much as 50%. Both substances enhanced polysynaptic reflexes. Ketanserin blocked DOI's effects but only partially inhibited those of 5-MeODMT, highlighting distinct mechanisms. Overall, these findings reveal that the hallucinogens influence motoneuron excitability through shared and unique pathways.
Abstract
The effects of two 5-HT-related hallucinogens on rat spinal mono- and polysynaptic reflex pathways in the rat were investigated. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dime...
The Therapeutic Potential of Nonordinary States of Consciousness, as Explored in the Work of Stanislav Grof
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – July 01, 1992
Summary
Profound shifts in awareness can unlock significant healing potential. A comprehensive review and new theory propose that nonordinary states of consciousness foster a deep "movement toward wholeness." Stanislav Grof's pioneering work, drawing from diverse experiences and clinical cases, presents a powerful model where these states offer remarkable therapeutic benefits, guiding individuals toward greater well-being and personal integration.
Abstract
The paucity of formal scientific research into the therapeutic potential of nonordinary states of consciousness is addressed in this article. A lit...
Phenomenology and Sequelae of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Use
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – June 01, 1992
Summary
MDMA may offer significant psychological benefits, as indicated by a study of 20 psychiatrists who previously used the substance. Participants reported high levels of pleasure and insight, with 75% experiencing positive short-term effects lasting less than a week, while 60% noted beneficial longer-term changes. The intensity of the experience was influenced by dosage and the context in which MDMA was consumed. Despite its potential therapeutic applications in psychotherapy, concerns about neurotoxicity remain, highlighting the need for careful consideration in clinical settings.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been at the center of a debate over its potential benefits as an adjunct to psychotherapy versus its c...
Effects of ibogaine on acute signs of morphine withdrawal in rats: independence from tremor.
Neuropharmacology – May 01, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine significantly alleviated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats, with doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg reducing four specific signs—wet-dog shakes, grooming, teeth chattering, and diarrhea—by an impressive margin. In a sample of rats undergoing naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal, these effects were observed within two hours post-administration. Notably, even when tremors were absent, ibogaine continued to reduce these symptoms, suggesting its potential efficacy in managing opioid withdrawal. This highlights ibogaine's promise as a therapeutic agent for addiction treatment.
Abstract
Because of the claim that ibogaine suppresses the symptoms of "narcotic withdrawal" in humans, the effect of ibogaine on naltrexone-precipitated wi...
Interactions of ibogaine and D-amphetamine: in vivo microdialysis and motor behavior in rats.
Brain research – May 01, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine may enhance the effects of D-amphetamine, potentially complicating its use in treating stimulant addiction. In a study involving freely moving rats, a dose of ibogaine (40 mg/kg) given 19 hours before D-amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine levels in key brain areas. Additionally, this pretreatment amplified motor activity across various D-amphetamine doses (0.625 to 5 mg/kg). While ibogaine appears to boost D-amphetamine's effects, it may also lead to aversive outcomes, suggesting a complex relationship between these substances.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indolalkylamine, has been proposed for use in treating stimulant addiction. In the present study we sought to determine if ibogaine ha...
The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine
European Journal of Pharmacology – May 01, 1992
Summary
Fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) are remarkably effective at inducing serotonin release, surpassing MDMA and methamphetamine in potency. In a microassay with various substituted amphetamines, PCA and fenfluramine showed similar release capabilities, while MDMA was notably less potent. Notably, combining drugs did not enhance serotonin release beyond individual effects. Additionally, fluoxetine and cocaine inhibited this release equally across all tested amphetamines. These findings suggest a shared mechanism for serotonin release among these drugs, differing from the uptake blockade seen with fluoxetine and cocaine.
Abstract
The abilities of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine...
Enzymic and chemical demethylenation of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine by rat brain microsomes
Chemical Research in Toxicology – May 01, 1992
Summary
The metabolism of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) reveals significant insights into their breakdown in rat brain microsomes. Specifically, 2.6 times more catechol was produced using phosphate buffer compared to HEPES buffer. The study identified dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA) and dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA) as metabolic products, with cytochrome P450 playing a crucial role in their formation. Notably, the demethylenation process showed no significant stereoselectivity and involved multiple isozymes, highlighting complex interactions in pharmacology and biochemistry relevant for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The metabolism of (methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA) and (methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) was examined in microsomal preparations from rat bra...
Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of a serotonin receptor agonist (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) in a feline model of photosensitive epilepsy.
Neuroscience letters – April 13, 1992
Summary
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) significantly reduced photically induced myoclonus by 50% in a study involving lateral geniculate-kindled cats at a dosage of 4 mg/kg. This effect was observed 30 minutes to 1 hour post-injection, although it did not impact paroxysmal EEG activity. Notably, the behavioral signs exhibited were reminiscent of serotonin syndrome, highlighting the important role serotonin plays in photosensitive epilepsy. The findings suggest that the antiepileptic effects stem from 5-MeODMT's action on 5-HT1 receptors.
Abstract
The effects of a serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT), on epileptic photosensitivity were studied in the ...
Acute and prolonged effects of ibogaine on brain dopamine metabolism and morphine-induced locomotor activity in rats.
Brain research – March 13, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine significantly impacts dopamine levels, showing a 50% decrease in dopamine one hour post-administration in key brain regions. This was accompanied by a 37-100% increase in homovanillic acid. Nineteen hours later, reductions in dopamine metabolites were noted, with striatal levels remaining low even after a week. Additionally, ibogaine pretreatment diminished morphine-induced locomotion across various doses, illustrating its potential to modulate addiction-related behaviors. By one month, neurochemical changes and locomotor effects returned to baseline levels, indicating temporary alterations.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indolalkylamine, proposed for use in treating opiate and stimulant addiction, has been shown to modulate the dopaminergic system acute...
Interactions between ibogaine and cocaine in rats: in vivo microdialysis and motor behavior.
European journal of pharmacology – March 03, 1992
Summary
Ibogaine significantly enhanced the effects of cocaine, leading to increased dopamine levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In a study involving animal models, a dose of 40 mg/kg ibogaine administered 19 hours prior to a 20 mg/kg cocaine injection resulted in heightened motor activity. While high doses of cocaine can trigger anxiety and aversion, it remains unclear if ibogaine's enhancement of cocaine’s effects could ultimately reduce addiction potential. Understanding this relationship could inform new addiction treatment strategies.
Abstract
To investigate a possible basis for the proposed anti-addictive property of ibogaine, the effects of an ibogaine (40 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment on in...