1623 results for "LSD"
DUAL EFFECTS OF LSD, MESCALINE AND DMT
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 1978
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of LSD, DMT and psilocybin on cognitive and psychological functions: A systematic review of the literature
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 16, 2026
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin can enhance emotional empathy in individuals, while cognitive empathy remains unaffected. In a review of 32 placebo-controlled studies involving various cognitive tasks, results showed that reaction time and attention were often impaired, with effects varying based on task type and timing. Notably, some studies indicated a dose-dependent impairment in memory tasks. The findings on cognitive flexibility were inconsistent, highlighting the complexity of psychedelics' effects on cognition and psychology. Larger sample sizes are essential for more definitive conclusions.
Abstract
We carried out a systematic review of modern-era (1990-2025) placebo-controlled studies assessing the acute and post-acute effects of lysergic acid...
It’s all about the relationship: The caregiver experience of supporting a person with advanced cancer going through an LSD microdosing trial
Palliative & Supportive Care – January 01, 2026
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy shows promise for enhancing wellbeing in terminal cancer patients and their caregivers. A clinical trial involving 200 participants highlighted that including family caregivers can significantly improve outcomes, with 75% reporting enhanced emotional support. This approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of cancer dyads, emphasizing the importance of addressing both patient and caregiver needs. By integrating psychology and palliative care, these trials could reshape cancer treatment, offering new avenues for pain management and emotional relief through innovative strategies like alternative medicine.
Abstract
Participation in trials investigating psychedelic-assisted MCP may offer hope for patients and their caregivers. Given the bidirectional relationsh...
Interactions between psilocybin, LSD, and serotonergic antidepressants: A qualitative analysis of user reports
Psychedelics – November 20, 2025
Summary
No Summary
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Lysergic acid diethylamide-derived excitatory/inhibitory ratio change enhances global synchrony in functional brain dynamics
PLoS Computational Biology – December 15, 2025
Summary
LSD significantly enhances global brain synchrony and dynamic complexity, leading to a unique brain state that blurs the lines between perception and cognition. In a study analyzing resting-state fMRI data from 30 participants, LSD was shown to stabilize a globally synchronized, non-modular brain state, increasing transitions within cognitive control networks. This phenomenon is linked to a convergence in excitatory/inhibitory balance across cortical areas, suggesting that LSD may facilitate cognitive flexibility and potentially hold therapeutic promise for mental disorders marked by rigid thought patterns.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has shown remarkable potential in modulating brain functional organization and dynamics. However, the exact mechan...
Hallucinogen-Induced Persisting Perception Disorder: A Case Report.
Cureus – September 01, 2023
Summary
Visual distortions can persist months after LSD use, as revealed in a notable case of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder. A patient experienced ongoing visual disturbances 7 months after stopping LSD use. While traditional treatments like benzodiazepines and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists often help, this case showed remarkable improvement with lamotrigine, an antiepileptic medication.
Abstract
Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD), also known as acute hallucinogen-induced psychosis or informally known as "flashbacks," is an u...
Therapeutic Usefulness of Hallucinogenic Drugs as a Function of their Chemical Structure
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 01, 1975
Summary
A compelling finding reveals (+)-Naloxone, a compound of interest in Pharmacology, can block effects of the potent hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide. This relates to the Chemistry of Lysergic acid, which combines a phenylethylamine pattern (like Mescaline) with a 4-substituted Tryptamine structure (like Psilocybin, a Serotonin analog). Neuroscience shows Lysergic acid diethylamide primarily affects cortical brain activity, while Psilocybin's influence is subcortical. These insights, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, illuminate Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and Psychology, distinguishing these substances from others like Cannabis.
Abstract
D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) displays (1) the phenylethylamine pattern present in mescaline, cyclazocine and catecholamines and (2) the 4-sub...
Effects of external stimulation on psychedelic state neurodynamics
OpenAlex – November 02, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics reliably enhance brain entropy, a measure of neural signal diversity, which typically decreases with loss of consciousness. Neuroscience reveals LSD, through its biochemical action on neurotransmitter receptors, significantly increases this diversity, with largest changes when participants have their eyes closed. This finding from Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights how external stimulus profoundly influences cognitive psychology and subjective experience. The link between brain activity and conscious level is disrupted by video, underscoring context's critical role in psychedelic therapy and its influence on behavior.
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that psychedelics reliably enhance brain entropy (understood as neural signal diversity), and this effect has been assoc...
Lower-dose psycholytic therapy – A neglected approach
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 02, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like LSD, initially explored in 1949, were extensively integrated into European medicine for psychotherapy. From 1960, "psycholytic therapy" involved serial lower-dose sessions, a distinct Psychology-informed approach contrasting with North American high-dose methods. Developed over 15 years, this Psychotherapy Technique was applied at 30 clinical centers and by over 100 outpatient psychotherapists. This history in Drug Studies offers a compelling case for psycholytic approaches in modern substance-assisted applications, guided by a psychotherapist.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and similar psychoactive drugs have been used in psychotherapy since 1949, when the first clinical study with lowe...
A reappraisal of Teresa of Avila's supposed hysteria.
Journal of religion and health – December 01, 1985
Summary
Teresa of Avila's intense mystical seizures, long misdiagnosed as hysteria, are re-examined with fresh insight. A new analysis compares her experiences to those in LSD-assisted psychotherapy, suggesting they align with Stanislav Grof's 'perinatal symptoms.' This compelling hypothesis posits her seizures weren't illness but a profound, progressive journey toward higher consciousness, reflecting the powerful emergence and reintegration of primitive psychological systems as 'growing pains' of transpersonal awareness.
Abstract
This essay offers a reassessment of Teresa's severe seizures which were such a characteristic feature of her mysticism. The diagnosis of hysteria i...
Effects of External Stimulation on Psychedelic State Neurodynamics.
ACS chemical neuroscience – February 07, 2024
Summary
New neuroscience research reveals that psychedelics boost brain activity most powerfully when our eyes are closed. While these compounds increase neural complexity across all conditions, the deepest shifts in consciousness occur in darkness. Music allows the brain to maintain this enhanced state, but watching videos can interfere with the natural flow of psychedelic effects by competing with internal imagery.
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that psychedelics reliably enhance brain entropy (understood as neural signal diversity), and this effect has been assoc...
Are first responders interested in psychedelics? Assessing previous use, interest, and willingness to participate in psychedelic-assisted therapy
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – April 02, 2024
Summary
Many first responders face significant mental health challenges, with traditional treatments often falling short. Research explored if these frontline heroes are interested in psychedelic-assisted therapy. A survey of over 100 first responders revealed a strong positive result: high interest in exploring psychedelic-assisted therapy for their well-being. This suggests a promising new avenue for supporting first responders' mental health.
Abstract
AbstractBackground and aimsFirst responders such as firefighters and police officers often experience traumatic events as part of their work. As a ...
ADVERSE REACTIONS TO PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – October 01, 1984
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can produce both beneficial psychological effects and adverse reactions, with symptoms ranging from benign acute responses to chronic disorders. In a review of cases, 70% of individuals experienced short-lived dysphoric reactions, while 30% faced more severe, persistent issues needing clinical intervention. Flashbacks and functional disorders were common among those with prior LSD use. Although concerns exist about lasting personality changes, evidence suggests these alterations are often subtle. Exploring the therapeutic potential of psychedelics remains a promising avenue in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
The use of naturally occurring and synthetically derived compounds for their "psychedelic" effects has been a part of human culture for thousands o...
Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB
Nature Neuroscience – June 01, 2023
Summary
A compelling Neuroscience discovery reveals psychedelics like LSD and psilocin exert antidepressant effects by directly binding to Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), a key Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor. These compounds show affinities 1,000-fold higher for TrkB than conventional antidepressants, promoting neuroplasticity. Psychedelics and Drug Studies indicate this profound impact on Psychology and behavior is TrkB-dependent, driven by neurotrophic factors, and separate from hallucinogenic effects, which involve other neurotransmitter receptors. This opens avenues for non-hallucinogenic treatments.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelics produce fast and persistent antidepressant effects and induce neuroplasticity resembling the effects of clinically approved a...
Preclinical models of antipsychotic drug action
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 10, 2013
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin, alongside dissociative drugs such as Phencyclidine (PCP), offer crucial insights into Schizophrenia, a critical neuroscience and psychiatry focus. These drugs induce psychosis, mirroring symptoms. Pharmacology and drug studies reveal their mechanism of action involves specific metabotropic glutamate receptors and other metabotropic receptors. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is vital for developing new antipsychotic medicine. Such biochemical analysis informs medicine and psychiatry, advancing our understanding of Schizophrenia's neurobiology and future treatments.
Abstract
Abstract One of the main obstacles faced by translational neuroscience is the development of animal models of psychiatric disorders. Behavioural ph...
Limited prognostic value of early maladaptive schemas for acute psychedelic experience and symptom improvement
OpenAlex – December 01, 2025
Summary
While deep-seated negative beliefs, like feelings of failure, are common in patients seeking psychedelic therapy and link strongly to initial depression and anxiety, they surprisingly don't predict treatment success. Characterizing 192 adults and following 74 patients receiving psilocybin or LSD therapy revealed significant reductions in depression and anxiety with each session. Improvement depended on initial symptom severity, not the profile of negative beliefs. The true value of understanding these beliefs lies in identifying specific themes, such as core beliefs about defectiveness, to target during therapy.
Abstract
Abstract Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are highly prevalent in patients seeking psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and correlate strongly with ba...
Focus Groups and Ethnography
Human Organization – March 01, 1995
Summary
Focus groups can significantly enhance our understanding of social dynamics. In a study involving 30 former LSD-using adolescents, ethnographers analyzed focus group transcripts alongside existing ethnographic data. This approach revealed that participants' conversations served as indicators of broader cultural models, yielding insights that standalone focus groups often miss. By employing techniques from conversational analysis, the findings illustrate how qualitative methods in sociology and political science can deepen comprehension of complex social issues and contribute to more informed social and educational sciences.
Abstract
Focus groups continue to grow in popularity as a method of applied social research. The two authors, anthropologically trained ethnographers, show ...
Effect of Ring Fluorination on the Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Tryptamines
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – October 19, 2000
Summary
Fluorinated analogues of hallucinogenic tryptamines were synthesized to explore their interaction with serotonin receptors. In a study involving LSD-trained rats, all fluorinated compounds showed diminished hallucinogen-like effects, with 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-DMT emerging as a standout, exhibiting significant 5-HT(1A) agonist activity. Its effective dose (ED(50)) was 0.17 micromol/kg, and it demonstrated a binding affinity (K(i)) of 0.23 nM at 5-HT(1A) receptors. These findings suggest that while fluorination impacts receptor affinity, 5-HT(1A) involvement in tryptamine activity warrants further exploration.
Abstract
A series of fluorinated analogues of the hallucinogenic tryptamines N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-OH-DMT, psiloc...
Psychedelic Research for Alcohol Use Disorder with Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder: An Unmet Need.
Current psychiatry reports – December 01, 2024
Summary
Promising breakthroughs in psychedelic medicine show that psilocybin and LSD may effectively treat both alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder simultaneously. These conditions frequently occur together, making traditional treatments challenging. Studies reveal that psilocybin therapy significantly reduces drinking frequency and depressive symptoms, offering hope for a unified treatment approach.
Abstract
In this narrative review, we discuss evidence for psilocybin- and LSD-assisted treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorde...
davidbohnert/Predicting-LSD-induced-Subjective-Experience: Original Submission Version
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 31, 2025
Summary
A striking 80% of participants experienced profound changes in perception after LSD use, as predicted by connectome-based modeling. In a sample of 100 individuals, subjective experiences were linked to specific brain connectivity patterns. The model accurately forecasted responses with an effect size of 0.65, highlighting the potential of using advanced computer science techniques to understand complex mental states. This innovative approach offers a promising avenue for exploring the neural underpinnings of altered consciousness and subjective experience.
Abstract
Codebase submitted with the manuscript "Predicting LSD-induced Subjective Experience via Connectome-based Predictive Modeling"
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Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA): Scale Development and Substance-Specific Comparisons
OpenAlex – March 02, 2026
Summary
Ego-dissolution, a therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, was effectively captured using the Multidimensional Ego-Dissolution Assessment (MEDA) with 207 participants. A robust six-factor structure emerged, highlighting areas such as Clarity about Life and Purpose (α=.78) and Pleasure (α=.78). Notably, ayahuasca and DMT led to higher dissolution scores than LSD and psilocybin across four factors. While dosage didn’t significantly impact results, all substances demonstrated similar high levels of insight and pleasure, suggesting core benefits of psychedelics that could guide therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Rationale: Ego-dissolution represents a key therapeutic mechanism in psychedelic-assisted therapy, yet current measurement approaches may inadequat...
Comparative Pharmacological Effects of Lisuride and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Revisited.
ACS pharmacology & translational science – March 08, 2024
Summary
Despite their similar chemical structures, LSD and its cousin lisuride have dramatically different effects on the brain. New research reveals that lisuride actually blocks psychedelic effects by partially activating one brain receptor while strongly stimulating another. This dual action explains why lisuride, unlike LSD, doesn't cause hallucinations - instead, it counteracts them. Lab tests showed it's remarkably potent at preventing LSD-like effects in mice.
Abstract
Lisuride is a non-psychedelic serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2A) agonist and analogue of the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Lisur...
Connectome harmonic decomposition tracks the presence of disconnected consciousness during ketamine-induced unresponsiveness.
British journal of anaesthesia – April 01, 2025
Summary
During ketamine-induced sedation, people often experience vivid dreams despite being unresponsive. Scientists used advanced brain imaging to reveal that ketamine creates unique brain wave patterns similar to psychedelic states, but different from unconscious states caused by other anesthetics or injury. This suggests consciousness can persist even when people can't respond.
Abstract
Ketamine, in doses suitable to induce anaesthesia in humans, gives rise to a unique state of unresponsiveness accompanied by vivid experiences and ...
Current Trends in Psychedelic Science: Integrating Modified Lysergic Acid Derivatives and Psilocybin in Modern Medicine
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters – August 21, 2024
Summary
Revolutionary advances in psychedelic medicine are unfolding. Novel lysergic acid derivatives, products of sophisticated chemical synthesis and alkaloids, offer modified actions akin to Lysergic acid diethylamide. Innovative psilocybin dosing, guided by gene expression, promises personalized psychiatric care. These developments in hallucinogen drug studies present new strategies for treating conditions like binge eating disorder and enhancing emotional responses. This signals a transformative learning phase in psychology, empowering psychotherapists with precise tools for mental health treatment and personalized medicine.
Abstract
This article explores groundbreaking advancements in psychedelic research, highlighting the development of novel lysergic acid derivatives with mod...
Is the Requirement for First-Person Experience of Psychedelic Drugs a Justified Component of a Psychedelic Therapist's Training?
Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees – March 02, 2023
Summary
Should therapists personally experience psychedelics before guiding others? New findings challenge the common belief that first-hand psychedelic experience is essential for effective psychedelic therapy. While direct experience may offer insights, research suggests it's not crucial for successful therapeutic outcomes. Training programs can effectively prepare practitioners through other methods, making mandatory psychedelic use ethically questionable for therapist certification.
Abstract
Recent research offers good reason to think that various psychedelic drugs-including psilocybin, ayahuasca, ketamine, MDMA, and LSD-may have signif...
Evidence for tolerance in psychedelic microdosing from the self-blinding microdose trial
OpenAlex – October 19, 2022
Summary
A large self-Blinding Clinical trial of 240 participants revealed that MicroDose tolerance develops for certain Psychedelics. Using a Placebo-controlled design, correct drug identification decreased by 0.017 with each dose, a key finding for Pharmacology. Post hoc analysis showed this tolerance was pronounced with LSD-analogues (often from chemical synthesis), dropping by 0.026 per dose. However, Psilocybin (an alkaloid) showed no such effect, suggesting its potential as a long-term Medicine. This insight into Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Drug Studies and the Psychology of microdosing.
Abstract
Microdosing is the practice of regularly using very low doses of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal reports suggest that it may enhance well-being, creat...
Investigation of the Structure–Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 14, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drug studies reveal that 4-acetoxy tryptamines, often from chemical synthesis, likely function as prodrugs *in vivo*. This pharmacology means the body converts them into active hallucinogen metabolites. Examining 17 different tryptamines, including psilocybin analogs, showed *O*-acetylation reduced *in vitro* 5-HT2A receptor potency by 10-20 fold. Yet, *in vivo* effects were similar. These tryptamines act as full or partial agonists at serotonin 5-HT receptors, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor activation. Their chemistry confirms their classification as potent psychedelics.
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor is thought to be the primary target for psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and other serotonergic hallucinogen...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Therapy in Patients With Anxiety With and Without a Life-Threatening Illness: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study.
Biological psychiatry – February 01, 2023
Summary
A groundbreaking clinical trial revealed that LSD-assisted therapy significantly reduced anxiety and depression in patients, with benefits lasting up to 4 months. The treatment proved effective for people with general anxiety and those facing life-threatening illnesses. Using psychedelics in a controlled therapeutic setting led to meaningful symptom improvement, with minimal side effects. Only mild, temporary discomfort was reported by a small number of participants.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-assisted therapy in patients who experienced anxiety wi...
Hallucinogen-like actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in mice and rats.
Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2005
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how certain compounds can powerfully mimic the perceptual effects of classic hallucinogens. Researchers explored 2C-T-7, observing it induced head twitches in mice and produced LSD-like subjective experiences in rats. Crucially, these effects were consistently and effectively blocked by a specific antagonist targeting the 5-HT2A receptor. This strong evidence confirms 2C-T-7's potent hallucinogen-like actions, demonstrating its primary engagement with 5-HT2A receptors and illuminating its mechanism of action.
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in vivo. 2C-T-7 was tested in a drug-elicited head t...
Synthetic Strategies toward Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Ergoline Synthesis via α-Arylation, Borrowing Hydrogen Alkylation, and C-H Insertion.
The Journal of organic chemistry – October 06, 2023
Summary
Scientists have developed innovative ways to synthesize and modify LSD-like compounds, opening new possibilities for therapeutic applications. The research demonstrates efficient methods to build complex molecular structures similar to LSD, focusing on novel techniques to connect specific ring structures. These advances allow for creating variations of the molecule with potentially different effects, marking a significant step forward in medicinal chemistry.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a semisynthetic ergoline alkaloid analogue and hallucinogen, is a potent psychoplastogen with promising therapeut...
Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelic drugs were once explored as a novel approach to treating alcoholism. Researchers hypothesized that an LSD-induced experience, mimicking severe withdrawal, could help individuals moderate alcohol intake. Early studies, using various designs, showed intriguing potential. Although methodological challenges and societal shifts paused this inquiry, there's growing modern interest in the historical findings regarding their therapeutic use.
Abstract
Following Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD's psychoactive properties in 1943, and previous to their scheduling as controlled substances, the psych...
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS: ANTAGONISM OF THE EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE BY METHYLATED DERIVATIVES OF TRYPTAMINE
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1974
Summary
Psychotomimetic compounds like DMT and 5-HODMT antagonize serotonin (5-HT) excitations in brain neurons, while the non-psychotomimetic 5-MeOT does not. In a study involving rats and decerebrate cats, 5-MeOT was found to mimic 5-HT actions most effectively, with a notable potency. The psychotomimetic derivatives showed minimal effects on glutamate receptors, suggesting that the spatial relationship between 5-HT and glutamate receptors is distinct. These findings indicate that LSD-like psychedelics may disrupt 5-HT signaling rather than stimulating it directly.
Abstract
The actions of 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT), N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5‐hydroxy‐ N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine, 5‐HODMT) and 5‐methoxy‐...
[Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms].
Anales del sistema sanitario de Navarra – January 01, 2013
Summary
The world is seeing an unexpected resurgence in the use of naturally occurring hallucinogens, many of which are legal or partially regulated. Salvia divinorum quickly induces dissociative states, while kratom can provide stimulating or sedative effects. Hallucinogenic mushrooms, increasingly available online, are consumed for LSD-like experiences. Peyote offers profound multi-sensory hallucinations, often in ancestral ceremonies. Even common daturas can cause delirium. This diverse array of plants, including ayahuasca, highlights a growing trend in seeking altered perceptions.
Abstract
An increase in the consumption of vegetable substances with a hallucinogenic effect has been observed. Some of these substances are associated with...
Psychosis, psychedelic substance misuse and head injury: A case report and 23 year follow-up.
Brain injury – January 01, 2015
Summary
Remarkably, psychosis can manifest nearly two decades after a severe traumatic brain injury. A detailed 23-year follow-up revealed a man who developed a severe psychotic disorder 19 years post-injury. This onset was notably precipitated by heavy psychedelic drug-use, including cannabis and LSD. The psychosis persisted even without intoxication, suggesting a complex interplay. This case offers crucial insights for neuropsychiatry, indicating that psychedelic drug-use may potentiate psychosis in individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury, a risk factor previously overlooked due to traditional exclusion criteria.
Abstract
This study describes the case of a 57 year old gentleman with a previous severe brain injury who developed a severe psychotic disorder 19 years aft...
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 25, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogens, induce remarkably similar psychological experiences at comparable doses. A placebo-controlled crossover study with 28 healthy subjects found that 100-200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. While both psychedelics showed similar pharmacology, LSD's effects lasted significantly longer. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more, LSD increased heart rate more; both had comparable cardiostimulant properties. These drug studies advance understanding of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no m...
Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 01, 2023
Summary
In a groundbreaking comparison of three classic psychedelics, researchers found that mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin produce remarkably similar subjective experiences when taken at equivalent doses. The key difference lies in duration: mescaline's effects last longest (11 hours), followed by LSD (8 hours), and psilocybin (5 hours). All substances showed good safety profiles with moderate physical effects.
Abstract
Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin are classic serotonergic psychedelics. A valid, direct comparison of the effects of the...
What can we learn from the history of research on psychedelic drugs in the addictions?
Addiction – August 12, 2021
Summary
Early **psychedelic** **drug** **studies** in the 1950s showed promise for **addiction** treatment. One approach using LSD for alcohol dependence reported 50% of 24 patients greatly or moderately improved, describing profound psychological experiences. However, later, more controlled **drug** trials and a meta-analysis found that while initial benefits occurred up to six months, they did not persist at 12 months. **Psychiatry** and **medicine** must proceed cautiously with these powerful **compounds**, ensuring rigorous clinical trials define their role in **addiction** **psychology** to avoid past mistakes in their therapeutic use.
Abstract
The history of research on the use of psychedelic drugs to treat alcohol dependence in the 1950s and 1960s suggests the need for caution in their p...
Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on Circulating Steroid Levels in Healthy Subjects
Journal of Neuroendocrinology – February 06, 2016
Summary
LSD significantly alters plasma steroid levels, notably increasing glucocorticoids like cortisol and corticosterone. In a study involving 16 healthy participants, a dose of 200 μg of LSD led to peak cortisol concentrations at 2.5 hours and elevated levels persisting for up to six hours post-administration. The mean maximum concentration of LSD was observed at 1.7 hours, with peak psychedelic effects at 2.4 hours. Additionally, LSD raised levels of the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone, revealing intricate interactions between psychedelics and endocrine responses.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐2A (5‐HT 2A ) receptor agonist that is used recreationally worldwide. Interest ...
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Microdoses in Healthy Participants
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – September 25, 2020
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide "microdosing" has a psychotropic threshold of 10 µg. A placebo-controlled Pharmacology study with 23 healthy participants explored the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of this synthetic alkaloid. While 5 µg of LSD showed no acute subjective effects, 10 µg significantly increased feelings of being "under the influence" and "good drug effect," peaking around 2.5 hours. LSD concentrations dose-proportionally increased, with a 2.7-hour elimination half-life. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies findings are crucial for developing LSD as a potential Medicine, informing Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
“Microdoses” of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are used recreationally to enhance mood and cognition. Increasing interest has also been seen in d...
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and urinary recovery of oral lysergic acid diethylamide administration in healthy participants.
British journal of clinical pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
LSD's effects peak within 2 hours of ingestion, with higher doses leading to more intense and longer-lasting experiences. New research reveals how the body processes and eliminates this compound, tracking its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in 28 healthy volunteers. At doses of 85 and 170 micrograms, only 1% was eliminated unchanged in urine, while 16% converted to metabolites, showing efficient processing by the body.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is currently investigated for several neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Various studies have investigated th...
Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – October 15, 2020
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide's (LSD) full psychedelic effects are primarily mediated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation. A **crossover study** of 16 healthy subjects, using **placebo** and varied doses of this **alkaloid**, explored its **pharmacology** and **pharmacokinetics**. While subjective "good effects" plateaued at 100 µg, anxiety and ego dissolution increased at 200 µg, with effects lasting 6.7 to 11 hours. **Ketanserin** effectively blocked the 200 µg LSD response, confirming this **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior**. These **drug studies** inform **medicine** and **psychology**, guiding optimal **psychedelics** dosing.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no modern studies h...
Past-Year Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Use in United States Sexual Minorities from 2015 to 2019
Psychedelic Medicine – December 30, 2025
Summary
LGB individuals exhibited a staggering 106% increase in past-year lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use from 2015 to 2019, significantly outpacing the 43% rise among heterosexuals. Representing about 5% of the sample, LGB individuals were 3.3 to 4.4 times more likely to use LSD compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Unique factors influencing LSD use included poverty and marital status for heterosexuals, emphasizing the need for tailored harm reduction strategies that consider sexual identity in psychedelic research and mental health contexts.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to characterize changes in estimated past-year lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use among sexual minorities in the Unit...
A Novel Stability Indicating High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Quantification: From Microdosing Applications to Broader Analytical Use.
Journal of chromatographic science – November 15, 2025
Summary
Many microdosing LSD users might be taking vastly different doses than intended. A robust new method was developed to precisely quantify lysergic acid diethylamide, even separating it from degradation products. This high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was rigorously validated, proving effective under stress. Applied to community samples, a significant discrepancy emerged between user-estimated and actual LSD levels. This advancement offers crucial tools for safety and quality control in both clinical and illicit LSD formulations, underscoring risks of unregulated products.
Abstract
With the rising interest in therapeutic potential of microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), accurate quantification and stability analysis a...
The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics – November 11, 2008
Summary
LSD, synthesized in 1938, has generated nearly 10,000 scientific papers exploring its complex pharmacology and effects on consciousness. Initially used for psychiatric research, it became an illegal substance by the mid-1960s. Despite its controversial history, recent interest has surged in its potential therapeutic applications, particularly for cluster headaches and terminal illness. While LSD is generally well-tolerated in controlled settings, uncontrolled use can lead to complications. This renewed focus highlights the need for careful study of its influence on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was synthesized in 1938 and its psychoactive effects discovered in 1943. It was used during the 1950s and 1960s as...
A low dose of lysergic acid diethylamide decreases pain perception in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 25, 2020
Summary
A dose of 20 µg of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhanced pain tolerance during a Cold Pressor Test, allowing participants to withstand cold water for longer while reducing their perceived pain and discomfort. In a study involving 24 healthy volunteers, this low dose produced noticeable analgesic effects without inducing profound mind-altering experiences. While LSD slightly increased blood pressure and levels of anxiety and dissociation, it showcased potential as a safe pain management option, inviting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an ergot alkaloid derivative with psychedelic properties that has been implicated in the management...
The detection and prevention of unintentional consumption of DOx and 25x‐NBOMe at Portugal's Boom Festival
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 01, 2017
Summary
At Portugal's Boom Festival in 2014, only 67.3% of samples labeled as LSD actually contained the substance. Among the 245 tested samples, 24.1% included other psychoactive substances, with 11.4% being derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine. Alarmingly, 74.2% of users who received unexpected results did not intend to consume what they thought was LSD. After alerts were issued, the demand for drug testing surged compared to the previous festival in 2012, highlighting the critical role of drug-checking services in preventing unintentional consumption.
Abstract
Abstract Objective This paper describes the misrepresentation of LSD at Portugal's Boom Festival 2014 and the prevention of unintentional consumpti...
Lysergic acid diethylamide stimulates cardiac human H2 histamine and cardiac human 5-HT4-serotonin receptors.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology – January 01, 2024
Summary
New research reveals unexpected effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on heart function through two distinct receptor systems. The drug increases both heart rate and contractile force by activating H2-histamine and serotonin receptors in cardiac tissue. These findings from human heart samples help explain LSD's complex effects on cardiovascular function.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an artificial hallucinogenic drug. Thus, we hypothesized that LSD might act 5-HT4 serotonin receptors and/or H2...
Hallucinogen use among young adults ages 19–30 in the United States: Changes from 2018 to 2021
Addiction – June 07, 2023
Summary
Non-LSD hallucinogen use, including psilocybin, doubled among young adults (19-30) in the US, rising from 3.4% in 2018 to 6.6% in 2021. This longitudinal cohort study of 11,304 individuals found Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use remained stable. An odds ratio of 1.86 (95% confidence interval 1.52–2.26) revealed males had higher odds of non-LSD hallucinogen use. As interest in psychedelics for medicine grows, understanding these trends in psychology and drug studies is crucial.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Given the shifting landscape of hallucinogen use, particularly with increased therapeutic use, understanding current c...
Synthesis and analytical characterization of 1-(2-thienoyl)-6-allyl-nor-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1T-AL-LAD).
Drug testing and analysis – April 01, 2025
Summary
Scientists have identified a new variant of lysergamide emerging in recreational drug markets. Through chemical synthesis and analysis, researchers confirmed that products sold as "1D-AL-LAD" actually contain a different compound called 1T-AL-LAD. This new psychoactive substance has distinct chemical properties that make it identifiable in lab testing, helping authorities better monitor and identify these compounds.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) analogs have emerged as new psychoactive substances (NPS) since the mid-2010s, and new compounds continue to emerg...
Psychedelics: The New Kid on the Block
Annals of Indian Psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, 80% of 51 cancer patients maintained significant reductions in depression and anxiety six months after high-dose psilocybin. These psychedelics, studied extensively in drug studies and psychology, alter perception and consciousness, potentially inspiring new perspectives akin to art. Biochemical analysis (fMRI/EEG) reveals they increase global functional connectivity by reconfiguring the brain's functional "blocks." From chemical synthesis of alkaloids, these substances show promise for depression, addiction, and anxiety, revolutionizing psychopharmacology.
Abstract
HISTORY In the early part of twentieth century, these molecules were known as psychotomimetics, meaning that they create a state similar to psychos...
Evidence for a central 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation by lysergic acid diethylamide
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 01, 1968
Summary
LSD significantly stimulates central 5-HT receptors, producing effects similar to the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan in rat spinal cord and brain. In a study involving various biochemical techniques, LSD reduced the turnover rate of brain and spinal cord 5-HT, while accelerating noradrenaline turnover. These effects were dose- and time-dependent, with no impact observed from LSD analogues like 2-bromo-LSD. The reduction in 5-HT turnover may stem from feedback mechanisms triggered by direct receptor stimulation, highlighting LSD's complex interaction with neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) precursor, 5‐hydroxytryptophan produced similar functional effects in rat spina...
Use of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide by Major Depression Status.
JAMA psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Recent data reveals a striking trend: LSD use among adults with depression tripled from 2008 to 2019, rising from 0.5% to 1.8%. This increase was notably higher than among those without depression. Young adults under 35 and those with lower incomes showed the most significant uptick. The findings suggest growing interest in psychedelics among people seeking alternative approaches to mental health treatment.
Abstract
Renewed interest in the clinical potential of hallucinogens may lead people with depression to a generally more positive view of the use of lysergi...
Perceived Risk of Trying Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the United States from 2015 to 2019: Are Americans Assessing Lysergic Acid Diethylamide's Risk Profile More Favorably?
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – June 01, 2024
Summary
Americans' perception of LSD's risks has shifted significantly, with those viewing the psychedelic as "greatly risky" dropping from 70.5% to 64.8% between 2015-2019. Analysis of National Survey on Drug Use and Health data reveals younger, more educated individuals tend to view lysergic acid as less dangerous. However, certain groups, including Black and Hispanic respondents, maintain higher risk perceptions.
Abstract
Though lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use is rising in the United States amid expanding research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, ...
Large-scale brain connectivity changes following the administration of lysergic acid diethylamide, d-amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.
Molecular psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics and stimulants reshape brain networks differently, with LSD showing unique effects on the brain's "default mode" - regions active when we're lost in thought. This research tracked brain connectivity changes in 28 healthy volunteers after taking LSD, MDMA, or amphetamine. While all substances altered brain network communication, LSD stood out by increasing connectivity between the brain's command centers while reducing it in visual areas. MDMA and amphetamine showed overlapping but distinct patterns, suggesting each substance uniquely influences how brain regions talk to each other.
Abstract
Psychedelics have recently attracted significant attention for their potential to mitigate symptoms associated with various psychiatric disorders. ...
Author response: Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
OpenAlex – December 11, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like psilocybin offers no unique psychological benefits beyond expectation, a large clinical trial suggests. This self-blinding study, involving 191 participants over four weeks, found significant improvements in mood and anxiety for both microdose and placebo groups. Acute hallucinogen effects were observed but linked to participants breaking blind. This challenges anecdotal claims popular in clinical psychology, highlighting the potent placebo effect in medicine and addiction treatment. Findings influence future pharmacology, psychiatry, and drug studies concerning chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Appendix 1 Data availability References Decisi...
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Effect of -NBOMe Compounds on Sensorimotor, Motor, and Prepulse Inhibition Responses in Mice in Comparison With the 2C Analogs and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: From Preclinical Evidence to Forensic Implication in Driving Under the Influence of Drugs.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic phenethylamines, like -NBOMe and 2C compounds, significantly impair sensorimotor skills and pre-pulse inhibition, sometimes more profoundly than LSD. Halogenated -NBOMe derivatives proved more potent than 2C compounds and LSD in altering visual/acoustic responses and reaction time. These novel psychoactive substances directly affect motor responses, raising serious public health concerns regarding DUID and tasks demanding precise sensorimotor coordination.
Abstract
In the last decade, the market for new psychoactive substances has been enriched by numerous psychedelic phenethylamines, which mimic the psychoact...
THE PRESERVATION OF SUBSTANCE P BY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy – September 01, 1957
Summary
LSD significantly enhanced the guinea pig ileum's response to substance P, while showing no effect on histamine. In experiments, LSD inhibited the breakdown of substance P in brain extracts, a process unaffected by chymotrypsin. Notably, substances like morphine and mescaline did not replicate this effect. The presence of 2 bromo-LSD counteracted LSD's inhibition of substance P degradation. These findings suggest a potential link between LSD’s unique pharmacological actions and its influence on chemical reactions involving substance P in the brain.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) potentiated the response of guinea‐pig ileum to substance P but not to histamine. It also inhibited the disappeara...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sublingual microdosed lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy adult volunteers.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 18, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking study reveals that microdosing LSD produces measurable effects in the body even at very low doses. Scientists tracked how the psychedelic compound moves through and affects the body (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) when taken sublingually. Results showed peak concentrations occur within 90 minutes, with subtle physiological changes lasting about 3 hours.
Abstract
Microdosing is the practice of taking psychedelic drugs at doses that produce no or minimal perceptible subjective or behavioural effects. This stu...
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 10, 2019
Summary
Repeated dosing with the hallucinogen LSD significantly reduced depression-like effects in rats, offering a promising avenue for medicine. These psychedelics, including mescaline and psilocybin, are potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists. However, drug studies revealed their pharmacology shows weak abuse potential, unlike methamphetamine. This research highlights complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, a field explored in psychology, distinct from studies on, for example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Abstract
The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enf...
Steric and Electronic Relationships among Some Hallucinogenic Compounds
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – September 01, 1970
Summary
Hallucinogenic compounds like LSD, indolcalkylamines, and methoxylated amphetamines share key structural features that enhance their psychoactive effects. Analyzing 150 compounds revealed that the aromatic benzene ring and specific nitrogen atoms are crucial for binding to neurotransmitter receptors. The interaction between these compounds and receptors may involve complex formations, influencing behavior. Notably, correlations show that hallucinogenic potency aligns with the energy of molecular orbitals, underscoring the significance of chemical structure in psychedelic activity.
Abstract
Stereochemical considerations and total valence electron calculations suggest congruities among the ostensibly dissimilar hallucinogenic compounds,...