794 results for "DMT"
Investigation of the Structure–Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 14, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drug studies reveal that 4-acetoxy tryptamines, often from chemical synthesis, likely function as prodrugs *in vivo*. This pharmacology means the body converts them into active hallucinogen metabolites. Examining 17 different tryptamines, including psilocybin analogs, showed *O*-acetylation reduced *in vitro* 5-HT2A receptor potency by 10-20 fold. Yet, *in vivo* effects were similar. These tryptamines act as full or partial agonists at serotonin 5-HT receptors, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor activation. Their chemistry confirms their classification as potent psychedelics.
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor is thought to be the primary target for psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and other serotonergic hallucinogen...
Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics
Frontiers in Psychiatry – September 10, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD show remarkable therapeutic potential for stress-related disorders, offering antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cognitive benefits. Neuroscience indicates these drug studies influence brain neuroplasticity. Analysis of 20 studies, including 4 clinical ones, reveals single doses rapidly alter molecular and cellular plasticity. Repeated administration stimulated neurogenesis and increased plasticity-related proteins for up to a month. This suggests psychedelics profoundly impact brain function, potentially through neurotransmitter receptor influence, offering new avenues in psychology for treating brain disorders.
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin, and LSD, in stress-related disorders. The...
Can psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?
The British Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 2005
Summary
Ancient wisdom meets modern science: Hallucinogens like Mescaline (a Phenethylamine), Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid derivatives such as Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have been used for thousands of years. Contemporary Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies now investigate their profound Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, with MDMA showing promise for Treatment of Major Depression. This field explores their therapeutic potential and mechanisms.
Abstract
Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-β-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3, 4-met...
Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Insights From 25 Years of Research
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – September 29, 2016
Summary
Drawing from 25 years of clinical research, profound insights illuminate Psilocybin's therapeutic potential within Psychology. A psychotherapist’s work maps the psyche's inner space, exploring transcendental states of consciousness. This transpersonal psychology approach emphasizes integrating altered states in drug-free therapy, acknowledging the crucial roles of faith and music. Understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and the chemical synthesis of alkaloids is vital. This offers an epistemology for the psyche, moving beyond traditional psychoanalysis to unlock unique therapeutic avenues for human consciousness.
Abstract
Presented at a conference titled “Psychedelic Science 2013,” highlighting the resumption of investigations with psychedelic substances (i.e., psilo...
The Consumption of Psychoactive Plants in Ancient Global and Anatolian Cultures During Religious Rituals: The Roots of the Eruption of Mythological Figures and Common Symbols in Religions and Myths
NeuroQuantology – May 31, 2014
Summary
Visions from ancient psychedelic plant consumption profoundly shaped global mythology. For centuries, a vast array of cultures, from Aztec to Hellenic, engaged in ritualistic consumption of psychoactive plants like psilocybin and ibogaine. These powerful experiences, central to ancient history and drug studies, generated vivid illusions. The aesthetics of these "plant trips" directly influenced the creation of countless mythological characters, gods, and demons, impacting literature and religious narratives across numerous societies. This fundamental link between psychedelics and the bedrock of human storytelling remains widely underestimated.
Abstract
Psychoactive plants which contain hallucinogenic molecules that induce a form of altered states of consciousness (H-ASC) have been widely used duri...
The Potential Role of Serotonergic Hallucinogens in Depression Treatment
Life – July 29, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrates remarkable promise for treating depressive symptoms. A review of 14 clinical trials from the last 10 years in Psychedelics and Drug Studies found this serotonergic compound, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, significantly reduced depression. One study even showed psilocybin's efficacy comparable to escitalopram, a standard medicine. No serious adverse effect was reported. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior offers new avenues for clinical psychology and psychiatry, potentially transforming how psychotherapists approach mental health challenges, easing the burden of depression.
Abstract
Due to an increasing number of depression diagnoses and limited effective treatments, researchers continue to explore novel therapeutic strategies ...
Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frontiers in Pharmacology – January 27, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogens, including psilocybin, show surprising potential for autism spectrum disorder, suggesting new avenues in psychiatry. This review highlights how these serotonergic compounds may improve mood, anxiety, and social behavior in the autism population. Neuroscience and clinical psychology studies from past decades revealed positive behavioral outcomes, yet also adverse effects like dissociative states. Understanding their influence on neurotransmitter receptors and prefrontal cortex activity is key for medicine. Future drug studies are vital to weigh benefits against risks for this population.
Abstract
Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin...
Novel antidepressant drugs: Beyond monoamine targets
CNS Spectrums – September 30, 2021
Summary
Millions struggle with Major depressive disorder, yet current antidepressant medicine targeting monoamine neurotransmitters like dopamine often fails on efficacy or tolerability. New pharmacology in psychiatry and psychology is exploring pathways beyond these. For instance, nine glutamatergic and GABAergic drugs are in development. Furthermore, Psychedelics and Drug Studies show promise, with compounds like psilocybin, relevant to tryptophan and brain disorders, offering novel treatment of Major Depression. This expanded strategy aims for superior outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract Treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) including treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major unmet need. Although there are...
Drug-drug interactions between classic psychedelics and psychoactive drugs: a systematic review
OpenAlex – June 01, 2023
Summary
Serious adverse events are rare when classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, or Mescaline combine with other psychoactive drugs. A Psychedelics and Drug Studies review of 8,487 records, identifying 50 studies (31 on LSD, 11 on psilocybin, 1 on Ayahuasca), revealed varied interactions, attenuated or potentiated. Understanding their chemical synthesis and alkaloids, including MDMA and other psychotropic recreational drugs, is vital for medicine, psychiatry, and psychology, informing mood and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Classic psychedelics, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, mescaline and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are potent psychoactive substances tha...
Dissolving the self
Philosophy and the Mind Sciences – March 24, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin profoundly alter consciousness, often dissolving the self – a phenomenon of deep philosophical and psychological interest. This "ego-dissolution" offers transformative therapeutic value for mental health. A cognitive science framework explains this via three mechanisms: the self arises from an embodied, generative model of reality; psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies, lower high-level prior precision; and this cognitive psychology shift collapses the model's "temporal thickness," disrupting normal phenomenology and our epistemology of self-consciousness, with implications for psychosis.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and DMT are known to induce powerful alterations in phenomenology. Perhaps of most philosophical and scie...
Race, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in Prevalence of and Trends in Hallucinogen Consumption Among Lifetime Users in the United States Between 2015 and 2019
Frontiers in Epidemiology – March 23, 2022
Summary
Asian females exhibit the highest past-year hallucinogen use (35.06%), over twice that of White males/females. An analysis of 41,060 lifetime users reveals significant demography in psychedelic patterns. Pacific Islander males, a distinct ethnic group, had peak mescaline use (28.27%). Black, Asian, and Multiracial individuals had greater odds (1.20–2.06) of recent hallucinogen use than White people. Females generally had lower odds, except for MDMA. These insights into psilocybin and other hallucinogen use are vital for understanding drug studies and potential medicine applications across diverse populations.
Abstract
Background The current study is one of the first to examine race, ethnic, and sex differences in the prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen use a...
Could Hallucinogens Induce Permanent Pupillary Changes in (Ab)users? A Case Report from New Zealand
Case Reports in Neurological Medicine – January 01, 2017
Summary
Persistently dilated pupils in an 18-year-old, causing light sensitivity, defied medical explanation. Ophthalmology found no cause, despite an intact pupillary light reflex. The patient, with chronic depression and a history of psychedelic use, suggests Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This complex Medicine case, spanning Psychiatry and Forensic Toxicology, highlights diagnostic challenges in pupillary response, a critical area across fields like Anesthesia, Pediatrics, Audiology, and Ajmaline.
Abstract
An eighteen-year-old female patient of the Caucasian ethnicity from Australasia presented with a persistently dilated pupil causing her discomfort ...
The Potential Role of Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Health Care of the Future
Pharmacopsychiatry – May 12, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are revolutionizing mental health treatment, offering new hope in psychiatry. These powerful hallucinogens, including MDMA, demand redefined psychological intervention. Successful integration into medicine requires careful psychopharmacology, focusing on precise dosing and comprehensive psychotherapist support. Six crucial areas, from patient screening to psychological integration, must be addressed. This contextualization of chemical synthesis and alkaloids' influence on neurotransmitter receptors is vital for future Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, ensuring safe, effective care.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or dimethyltryptamine (DMT), as well as psychoactive drugs...
Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New PharmacologicalTargets
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry – December 02, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduced obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in a small sample, highlighting the potential of psychedelics and hallucinogens in psychiatry. Ayahuasca, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin show promise for depression and anxiety, with psilocybin also aiding tobacco addiction and LSD assisting alcohol use disorders. These substances, explored in drug studies, appear safe. Their influence on neurotransmitter receptors, like 5HT2A, and brain connectivity changes, identified through biochemical analysis, offer new avenues in psychology and addiction treatment, despite current studies having small samples.
Abstract
Background: The therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between ef...
Psychedelics and mindfulness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – September 16, 2022
Summary
A systematic review of 13 studies, from 1805 screened, compellingly shows that ingesting psychedelics, such as psilocybin and Ayahuasca, significantly enhances mindfulness. These hallucinogens, impacting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, specifically boost acceptance—non-judgement of inner experience and non-reactivity. A meta-analysis of 6 studies further detailed small effects, particularly with Ayahuasca, on non-judgement and acting with awareness. This insight from psychology and drug studies offers promising avenues for clinical psychology and psychotherapist approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely know...
Does the Nervous System Have an Intrinsic Archaic Language? Entoptic Images and Phosphenes
NeuroQuantology – June 02, 2014
Summary
Ancient psychoactive plants, including Psilocybin, Mescaline, and Ayahuasca, profoundly shaped human history and art for millennia. Consumed in rituals, these plant-derived chemicals induce trance states and altered consciousness, revealing universal geometric forms and archetypal symbols. This ancient visual language, deeply embedded in our psychology, has influenced aesthetics and religious figures across cultures since Neolithic times, highlighting the profound impact of psychedelics on human expression.
Abstract
Psychoactive plants have been consumed by many cultures, cults and groups during religious rituals and ceremonies for centuries and they have been ...
The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies
Frontiers in Pharmacology – September 29, 2021
Summary
Tryptamine hallucinogens like Psilocybin strongly modulate key brain regions, holding therapeutic promise in Psychology. A quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies revealed changes in cortical activation and connectivity align with high densities of the 5-HT2A receptor, a crucial 5-HT receptor. Neuroscience shows these psychedelics, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence behavior. Affected areas include the anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and temporal cortex. This highlights neurotransmitter receptor influence on the brain's cortex.
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by t...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—Historical Perspective and Overview
American Journal of Therapeutics – March 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA, a synthetic drug, demonstrates superiority over existing treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in two completed Phase III clinical trials. This highlights the growing potential of psychedelics as medicine in psychiatry. While psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, shows a 25-29% depression remission rate in larger trials (100+ participants)—comparable to standard antidepressants at 30%—other compounds like lysergic acid diethylamide and the dissociative Esketamine are also being explored. Understanding their pharmacology and potential adverse effects is crucial as these drug studies advance.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic drugs have recently emerged as plausibly effective pharmacological agents for the management of depression, anxiety, and ot...
Advances in Psychedelic Medicine
OpenAlex – January 01, 2019
Summary
Psychedelics are rapidly transforming Medicine, with the U.S. government lifting its testing ban over a decade ago. Substances like Psilocybin, MDMA, and the hallucinogen Ayahuasca are now being integrated into Psychiatry and Psychology, augmenting psychotherapies for conditions like Addiction and depressive disorders. This comprehensive assessment covers clinical efficacy, safety, and ethical considerations, alongside neuroscience findings. It also explores microdosing, cannabinoid research, and training future psychotherapists in this evolving field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Researchers, program administrators, and practicing clinicians explain the most recent developments in using psychedelic substances to treat psycho...
Psychedelic experiences and long-term spiritual growth: a systematic review
Current Psychology – July 12, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics, including psilocybin, significantly foster long-term spiritual growth, a systematic Psychology review of 34 studies involving 19,724 participants reveals. These substances, often associated with profound religious experience and Mysticism, enhance feelings of unity and Transcendence, deepen spiritual Faith, and boost Social connectedness. Individuals report stronger divine connections, increased meaning, and greater engagement in Spirituality. This suggests a powerful link between certain Chemical synthesis and alkaloids and an individual's Religiosity and overall well-being, influencing their religious orientation.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic substances, which can occasion mystical experiences, are sometimes used for religious and spiritual reasons. Despite strong li...
Macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics: Clinical, social, and cultural perspectives
Transcultural Psychiatry – August 29, 2022
Summary
Microdosing classical hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide is a burgeoning trend, despite limited formal drug studies. While macrodosing effects are well-documented, microdosing involves intermittent, sub-perceptual doses, reportedly enhancing cognition and mental function. Many claim it's a therapeutic intervention, improving psychology without full "trips." This exploration synthesizes the social and clinical context of this practice, examining its potential as a psychotherapist-guided tool versus recreational use. Understanding these substances, often products of chemical synthesis, requires biochemical analysis to discern their true impact.
Abstract
To date, the clinical and scientific literature has best documented the effects of classical psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)...
The psychedelic religion of mystical consciousnessReviews
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 10, 2018
Summary
Psychedelic substances, from "schizotoxic" to "entheogenic," are profoundly mind-disclosing. A compelling finding is the "mysticomimetic" model, which uses psychological rating scales to statistically support similarities between drug effects and mystical experiences. Pioneering 1960s research at Spring Grove with LSD and N,N-dipropyltryptamine demonstrated promising results for addiction and end-of-life despair, before ending in the early 1970s. Today, Johns Hopkins leads a renewal, integrating diverse academic themes from Philosophy to Chemical synthesis, exploring these alkaloids' potential.
Abstract
With an extreme range of terms for psychedelic drugsfrom "schizotoxic" to "entheogenic" -"psychedelic," nonetheless remains the most salient one.Th...
Mapping Pharmacologically-induced Functional Reorganisation onto the Brain’s Neurotransmitter Landscape
OpenAlex – July 13, 2022
Summary
Mind-altering drugs profoundly reorganize brain function by engaging intricate neurotransmitter systems. Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research demonstrates that psychoactive substances, including 10 diverse drugs like psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin) and anesthetics, exert their effects based on the brain's molecular makeup. By mapping 19 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, a clear link emerged between specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and drug-induced changes. This work in Psychology and Medicine highlights how pharmacology precisely targets brain regions, revealing patterns that even mirror those seen in brain disorders.
Abstract
Abstract To understand how pharmacological interventions can exert their powerful effects on brain function, we need to understand how they engage ...
Psychedelics and Mindfulness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
OpenAlex – October 11, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, including alkaloids like psilocybin and ayahuasca, significantly boost mindfulness, particularly acceptance, non-judgement of inner experience, and non-reactivity. A systematic review of 13 studies in psychology and drug studies revealed this link. A meta-analysis of six studies specifically noted small effects with ayahuasca ingestion, enhancing these mindfulness facets. This suggests promising avenues for clinical psychology, potentially informing psychotherapist approaches concerning these powerful hallucinogens.
Abstract
Background and Aims: The benefits of classic serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. psilocybin, LSD, DMT, ayahuasca) are becoming more widely known with t...
Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, or Substance Use Disorders
Canadian Journal of Health Technologies – June 24, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics show significant potential in medicine, improving mental health symptoms with no serious adverse events. One randomized controlled trial found psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy efficacious for mood disorders like depression. Across two systematic reviews and three randomized controlled trials, various hallucinogens, including MDMA, combined with psychotherapist support, demonstrated clinical effectiveness for conditions like anxiety. This growing area in clinical psychology and psychiatry, part of broader drug studies, explores how these compounds, often from chemical synthesis, influence behavior. Sample sizes were typically under 20, warranting further investigation.
Abstract

 Two systematic reviews, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 2 single-arm safety trials were identified that evaluated several combinations o...
Hallucinogenic Drugs
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences – August 15, 2012
Summary
Hallucinogens, used for millennia in spiritual practices, are now central to modern psychology and pharmacology. Potent psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psilocybin, and Mescaline exert their powerful influence on behavior by primarily modulating serotonin neurotransmitter receptors, leading to profound perceptual and cognitive shifts. These substances, including MDMA, are popular recreational drugs, but their chemical synthesis and unique effects are driving renewed drug studies, revealing their psychotomimetic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Hallucinogens constitute one of the oldest classes of drugs used by humanity, often in the context of spiritual practices. Classic halluci...
Psychedelics for treating psychiatric disorders: Are they safe?
Current Psychiatry – December 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are rapidly gaining prominence in Medicine, with some compounds designated "breakthrough therapies" by the FDA, expediting their development. Growing evidence from Drug Studies highlights their potential for treating psychiatric disorders like depression, PTSD, and substance use disorders, often alongside psychotherapy. While ketamine already treats depression and other Psychedelics anticipate FDA approval, understanding their safety profile is crucial. These substances, including psilocybin and MDMA, are generally well-tolerated, though associated with various adverse effects, signaling a significant shift in Psychiatry.
Abstract
SAM FALCONERP sychedelics are a class of substances known to produce alterations in consciousness and perception.In the last 2 decades, psychedelic...
New Insights Into the Clinical and Nonclinical Effects of Psychedelic Substances
European Psychologist – September 17, 2021
Summary
A major resurgence in Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveals Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), powerful hallucinogens, show promise in Clinical psychology. Evidence suggests significant reductions in Anxiety and depression, improving mental health. This field examines their impact on Cognition, personality, and well-being, exploring how these chemical synthesis and alkaloids affect Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. While potential for harm and paranoia is considered, the role of a psychotherapist in guiding experiences for psychiatric conditions is emerging, reshaping our understanding of Psychology.
Abstract
Abstract. After decades of stagnation, research on psychedelic substances (such as lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD], psilocybin, or N,N-dimethyltry...
Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Frontiers in Pharmacology – September 16, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca use may enhance executive cognition, a compelling finding from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies (N=539) identified via databases like MEDLINE. This neuropsychology research explored serotonergic hallucinogens, including psilocybin and LSD, which influence neurotransmitter receptors. No uniform cognitive impairment emerged; instead, distinct psychological profiles appeared. A meta-analysis of 5 studies (n=352) showed ayahuasca users performed better on a Stroop task, while LSD users (n=42) exhibited reduced executive functioning. This informs clinical psychology, medicine, and psychiatry regarding these chemically diverse psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) like LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline are a heterogeneous group of substances that share agonism at ...
A Comparative Review of the Neuro-Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogen-Induced Altered States of Consciousness: The Uniqueness of Some Hallucinogens
NeuroQuantology – June 01, 2012
Summary
Hallucinogens like psilocybin and mescaline profoundly alter consciousness, inducing euphoriant states or challenging perceptions. Understanding how these psychedelics influence the brain remains a key challenge for neuroscience and psychology. While neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, including systems like Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, offers partial explanations, cognitive psychology and psychoanalysis suggest deeper mechanisms. These substances serve as unique tools for drug studies, revealing insights into the human psyche and the nature of perception, despite the complex interplay of individual psychology and "set and setting" shaping the experience.
Abstract
Altered states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens (H-ASC) is still a vaguely understood phenomenon. Taken the diverse psychological effects ...
Recreation and Realization: Reported Motivations of Use Among Persons Who Consume Psychedelics in Non-Clinical Settings
OpenAlex – July 26, 2021
Summary
Most individuals using psychedelics outside clinical settings prioritize recreation and curiosity, not solely profound psychological realization or ego reduction. Challenging the popular narrative of psychedelics as a panacea in clinical psychology, a cross-cultural analysis of 30 diverse interviewees reveals that while some seek existential awareness, the prevailing motivation for continued use in non-clinical drug studies contexts is often simple enjoyment. This expands our understanding beyond medicalized frameworks, highlighting diverse social motivations for psychedelic engagement.
Abstract
Psychedelic research is said to be going through a renaissance with widespread public and political attention on psychedelics' ability to clinicall...
Philosophical Perspectives on Psychedelic Psychiatry
OpenAlex – September 13, 2024
Summary
A compelling re-evaluation of psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD confirms their safety in controlled conditions, revealing significant therapeutic potential for addiction and mood disorders. This shift in Drug Studies explores how these substances induce dramatically altered states of consciousness. Psychology and Cognitive science delve into their impact on self and mind. Psychotherapists are actively debating the precise mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted therapy, with Psychoanalysis offering insights into interpreting these profound experiences. Ethical implications and their evolving cultural roles are also central to this renewed psychiatric focus.
Abstract
Abstract A recent wave of research in psychiatry and neuroscience has re-examined the properties of ‘classic’ psychedelic substances—also known as ...
Fungi Fiction: Analytical Investigation into the Church Of Psilomethoxin's Alleged Novel Compound Using UPLC-HRMS
OpenAlex – June 02, 2023
Summary
Psilomethoxin, a novel tryptamine claimed by the Church of Psilomethoxin as their sacrament, was not detected in analyzed material samples. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and advanced chemistry techniques, only psilocybin, baeocystin, and psilocin – known tryptamine alkaloids – were unambiguously identified. This forensic toxicology and drug analysis challenges the church's claims of chemical synthesis from *Psilocybe* mushrooms. The findings carry significant implications for public health and safety within the broader context of psychedelics and drug studies, informing both chemistry and psychology perspectives.
Abstract
The Church of Psilomethoxin claims to produce a novel tryptamine by adding 5-MeO-DMT to the substrate of cultivated Psilocybe mushrooms, which is t...
Psychedelic drugs and the law: What’s next?
Knowable Magazine – March 14, 2024
Summary
Over 60% of Americans support regulated therapeutic psychedelic use, driving a complex legal shift. Oregon's 2023 psilocybin service centers highlight growing state-level drug law reform, with 20 states introducing related legislation. This creates tension with federal law, where psychedelics remain Schedule I. While 5.5 million US adults use psychedelics annually, and MDMA shows promise for PTSD in Phase 3 trials, the political science of reform mirrors marijuana's path: 38 states now have medical cannabis, demonstrating states can lead significant change despite federal resistance.
Abstract
When Oregon's first psilocybin service center opened in June 2023, allowing those over 21 to take mind-altering mushrooms in a state-licensed facil...
Minorities’ diminished psychedelic returns: Depression, suicide, distress, and serious mental illness
Drug Science Policy and Law – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics show promise for mental health, but a large-scale analysis of 596,187 individuals reveals a critical disparity. While non-Hispanic Whites often experience better mental health outcomes, including reduced depression and distress, after psychedelic use, Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations gain fewer benefits. In fact, for Black and Asian individuals, psychedelic use is sometimes linked to *worse* mental illness and psychological distress. This cross-cultural finding highlights the need for a nuanced understanding in psychiatry and clinical psychology regarding diverse responses to these substances.
Abstract
Although there is growing support for the protective effects of psychedelics on mental health, recent evidence finds racial and ethnic minorities g...
A lasting impact of serotonergic psychedelics on visual processing and behavior
OpenAlex – July 06, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin and other Serotonergic psychedelics can yield therapeutic effects lasting weeks, profoundly shifting perception. This Neuroscience and Psychology research, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals how these Hallucinogens alter the Sensory system. People using 5-HT2A-agonist psychedelics showed slowed responses to a visual Stimulus and increased visual cortex involvement. Mice exhibited altered visual cortex activity, indicating a shift from top-down to bottom-up processing. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, explored via Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, persists.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin) have shown potential for treating psychiatric disorders, with therapeutic effects lasting wee...
How psychedelics legalization debates could differ from cannabis
Addiction – August 13, 2024
Summary
Compellingly, infrequent users account for 60% of psychedelic use days monthly, versus only 5% for cannabis, highlighting distinct patterns. Over two dozen jurisdictions deprioritized enforcement of psychedelics possession. Oregon and Colorado's legislature legalized psilocybin; Colorado also approved 'grow and give' for mescaline and other hallucinogens. Despite parallels with Cannabis, political science and criminology observe differing market dynamics and unique psychological effects, sometimes interpreted as paranormal. Lawmakers must consider these nuances, informed by drug studies and cannabis and cannabinoid research, to avoid past federal inaction.
Abstract
An increasing number of US states and localities are implementing or considering alternatives to prohibiting the supply and possession of some psyc...
Pattern of psychedelic substance use: a comparison between populations in Spain and South America using the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS)
Current Psychology – November 21, 2024
Summary
MDMA use is strikingly higher in Spain (78.5%) than in Spanish-speaking South America (37.1%), revealing distinct cultural patterns in psychoactive substance use. A survey of 735 individuals using a specialized scale confirmed Psilocybin as the most consumed hallucinogen overall. Conversely, Mescaline was more common in South America (31.9% vs. 24.0%). Individuals under 30 faced double the risk (OR=2.01) of adverse effects from substance use, highlighting important demography in clinical psychology relevant to psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic use has increased in the last decade. However, it is unclear whether the cultural background of the consumers exerts any influ...
Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study
PLoS ONE – August 08, 2012
Summary
Regular Ayahuasca use is linked to improved mental well-being and cognition. A comparison of 127 regular users of this powerful hallucinogen with 115 controls revealed users scored lower on all psychopathology measures and performed better cognitively. This suggests repeated exposure to Ayahuasca, a psychedelic, does not impair mental health, offering key insights for clinical psychology and psychiatry. These findings inform drug studies on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, providing perspectives distinct from areas like Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. Impulsivity, a concept often explored with tools like the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, was also positively affected.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage containing the serotonergic 5-HT(2A) agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxida...
Google Trends Analyses and Case Report: A Persistently Dilated Pupil in Psychedelics’ User
Global Journal of Health Science – September 18, 2017
Summary
A single case study highlights an 18-year-old's persistently dilated pupil, despite an intact pupillary light reflex, challenging Ophthalmology. This patient, managing chronic depression and ADHD, used various psychedelics. Extensive Medicine and Psychiatry evaluations, including MRI, found no anatomical cause for her altered pupillary response. The case, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests potential Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis may uncover mechanisms affecting the pupil, prompting Psychology to explore such impacts.
Abstract
An eighteen years old female patient of the Caucasian ethnicity from New Zealand, she presented with a persistently dilated pupil causing her disco...
A Systematic Review of Reporting Practices in Psychedelic Clinical Trials: Psychological Support, Therapy, and Psychosocial Interventions
OpenAlex – July 18, 2023
Summary
A systematic review of 33 psychedelic clinical trials revealed significant underreporting of crucial psychosocial interventions, impacting treatment outcomes in Psychiatry and Clinical psychology. For example, 82% of trials did not assess treatment fidelity. Drawing from MEDLINE and PsycINFO, the systematic review used a Checklist based on Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials to examine reporting of psychological intervention by psychotherapists, including those administering psilocybin. Such reporting gaps hinder standardization in Medicine and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, crucial for Mental Health Research Topics.
Abstract
Background: Psychedelic-assisted therapy has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical clarity on the rol...
Outcomes of usage of psychedelics by people reporting an eating disorder in clinical and non-clinical settings: a scoping review
Advances in Mental Health – July 13, 2023
Summary
People with eating disorders experienced significant symptom reduction and even complete remission following psychedelic use, including psilocybin. This review of six studies suggests a promising role for hallucinogens in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Participants reported profound spiritual healing, gaining insights into the psychological origins of their eating disorders, and reduced anxiety. While preliminary, these findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in medicine. Rigorous clinical trials are now essential to confirm efficacy for eating disorders, informing future drug studies and advancing our understanding of these compounds' influence on behavior.
Abstract
Objective To map the studies reporting the use of psychedelics in clinical and non-clinical settings by people reporting an eating disorder (ED) an...
Psilocybin and the Evolutionary Significance of Altered Neural States: Interaction-Based Perspectives Beyond Deterrence Models
OpenAlex – January 28, 2026
Summary
Convergent evolution reveals psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, likely evolved not just as a fungal defense but to alter neural states, influencing ecological interactions. Integrating biology, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience, this perspective suggests psilocybin, alongside at least three other chemical synthesis alkaloids, represents a broader biological mechanism. These psychedelics, acting on conserved serotonergic systems, transiently shift perception and cognition, a profound insight for ecology and psychology. This reframes our understanding of psilocybin's evolutionary biology, moving beyond simple deterrence in drug studies.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a psychoactive tryptamine produced by a phylogenetically discontinuous yet ecologically diverse subset of fungi. Despite decades of c...
IS PSYCHEDELIC TREATMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS READY FOR PRIME TIME?
Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society – June 30, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like Psilocybin and MDMA are transforming Psychiatry, offering hope for millions with mental health challenges. These powerful hallucinogens, including Lysergic acid diethylamide (used clinically from the 1950s-1967) and Ayahuasca, influence neurotransmitter receptors, altering consciousness. Clinical psychology and drug studies reveal their potential to disrupt pathological brain activity, promoting neuroplasticity. Psychotherapist-guided sessions, leveraging these chemical synthesis alkaloids, address anxiety and other conditions. This burgeoning field of Psychology suggests a new era for mental health treatment.
Abstract
Psychedelics, substances known to alter perception, mood, and consciousness, have been used across various cultures for centuries, often in religio...
Neuroplasticity and Psychedelics: a comprehensive examination of classic and non-classic compounds in pre and clinical models
arXiv (Cornell University) – November 29, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics demonstrate remarkable potential for rapid, lasting treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuroscience reveals these compounds, often natural alkaloids or products of chemical synthesis, profoundly enhance brain neuroplasticity—the nervous system's adaptive capacity. Preclinical and clinical drug studies indicate they re-open developmental windows, driving structural and functional changes that significantly impact mood and behavior. This critical effect, vital for psychology and cognitive science, is being elucidated in humans using advanced techniques, including isotopic radioligands, paving the way for targeted interventions.
Abstract
Neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to adapt throughout an organism's lifespan, offers potential as both a biomarker and treatment t...
Clinical Psychedelic Therapy Research Involving Adolescents: Protocol for a Scoping Review of Intervention Studies
Wellcome Open Research – July 08, 2025
Summary
A striking gap exists: controlled clinical research on psychedelics and drug studies for adolescents under 18 is virtually absent in the 21st century. While compounds like psilocybin, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence neurotransmitter receptors, there are no reported sample sizes or effect sizes for youth. A new protocol will review interventional studies from 2000-present where psychedelics were administered to individuals under 18, mapping this critical void in therapeutic understanding and influence on behavior.
Abstract
Background Recent years have seen renewed clinical interest in the therapeutic potential of classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, a...
Beyond prohibition: A public health analysis of naturalistic psychedelic use
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – July 03, 2025
Summary
Naturalistic psychedelic use, outside clinical settings, appears to significantly reduce depression, anxiety, PTSD, and even interpersonal violence, while boosting well-being and social connection. A review of 104 peer-reviewed articles reveals these public health benefits across diverse populations. Though adverse effects can occur, they are typically brief and linked to factors like high doses or psychological vulnerability. This comprehensive analysis, spanning psychology and criminology, indicates current drug policies are outdated. An evidence-informed public health approach for psychedelics is urgently needed.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic drug use is experiencing a global resurgence, both in clinical research and community settings. This paper presents a comprehe...
Trip Reports
OpenAlex – October 27, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic intoxication follows observable patterns, challenging notions that such experiences are purely mystic. Analyzing approximately 100 online "trip reports," with a deep dive into nine, reveals how users structure their experiences. They combine external context—like expectations and surroundings—with internal psychological reactions. This approach to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, using firsthand accounts, suggests intoxication is a structured experience. These insights could refine harm reduction strategies and further explore the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, moving beyond purely religious interpretations.
Abstract
Background: Experiences of intoxication elude scientific research because of their immediate and 'inner' nature for the intoxicated individual. In ...
Acute Biphasic Effects of Ayahuasca
PLoS ONE – September 30, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, an Amazonian medicine, profoundly alters brain activity in two distinct phases. Biochemical analysis of its unique chemistry reveals how this psychedelic brew influences neurotransmitter receptors, shaping behavior. After 50 minutes, brain activity shows reduced alpha power (8-13 Hz). Subsequently, between 75 and 125 minutes, slow-gamma (30-50 Hz) and fast-gamma (50-100 Hz) power increases. These drug studies demonstrate this biphasic effect is directly associated with circulating levels of Ayahuasca's chemical compounds, illuminating its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ritual use of ayahuasca, an amazonian Amerindian medicine turned sacrament in syncretic religions in Brazil, is rapidly growing around the world. B...
Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: An overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies
European Psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal a remarkably low 0.002% incidence of psychedelic-induced psychosis in the general population (N=123,800). However, among individuals with schizophrenia, 3.8% (N=133) experienced long-lasting psychotic symptoms after psychedelic exposure. Furthermore, 13.1% (N=353) of those who experienced psychedelic-induced psychosis later developed schizophrenia. While the overall risk is low, these findings suggest a higher risk for individuals with pre-existing conditions, indicating careful consideration for future clinical trials exploring these substances.
Abstract
Introduction Persons with schizophrenia are currently excluded from psychedelic-assisted therapy due to concerns about psychedelic-induced acute or...
Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)
Psychiatry Research – December 29, 2025
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and MDMA (Ecstasy) carry significant risks for substance abuse and addiction, a global pharmacovigilance analysis reveals. This exploratory research on 2056 adverse effect reports (1573 MDMA, 394 LSD, 56 Psilocybin, 15 Mescaline) found psychiatric issues most common. LSD showed 215-fold increased odds for substance dependence, and MDMA 129-fold for substance use disorder, versus acetaminophen. Overdoses were rare (1.1-1.7%). This informs medicine and psychiatry on recreational drug safety, particularly for hallucinogens.
Abstract
Psychedelic use has greatly increased within clinical and recreational settings over recent years. While demonstrating a favorable safety profile w...
Four Weekly Ayahuasca Sessions Lead to Increases in “Acceptance” Capacities: A Comparison Study With a Standard 8-Week Mindfulness Training Program
Frontiers in Pharmacology – March 20, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca sessions can be as effective as an 8-week meditation course for enhancing psychological acceptance. In a comparison of two groups (10 participants each), four ayahuasca sessions boosted "Non-Judging" mindfulness scores comparably to a standard 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. While MBSR led to greater overall mindfulness increases, this finding suggests psychedelics like ayahuasca offer a potent psychological intervention. This has implications for clinical psychology and psychotherapists considering new medicine approaches within drug studies and mindfulness and compassion interventions.
Abstract
Background: The therapeutic effects of the Amazonian plant tea ayahuasca may relate to its ability to enhance mindfulness capacities. Ayahuasca ind...
Psychedelic Drugs: A Mind-expanding Hallucinogens
Indian Journal of Behavioural Sciences – March 22, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin are showing promise in Psychology for treating conditions such as depression and PTSD. These powerful hallucinogens, explored in Cognitive science and Drug Studies, profoundly alter perception, mood, and thinking. Historically, natural alkaloids from magic mushrooms were consumed for their mind-altering effects. Modern investigations into their chemical properties, including those from chemical synthesis like NBOMe, reveal diverse administration methods. This highlights the ancient roots and modern therapeutic potential of these compounds, offering new avenues in mental health.
Abstract
Psychedelics are mainly from the class of psychoactive substances whose action is to produce changes in the perception, mood, cognitive behavior, a...
Everything old is new again: are psychedelic medicines poised to take mental health by storm?
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – October 26, 2018
Summary
A compelling storm is transforming mental health. Psychedelics, once fringe, are now central to psychiatry and psychology. Groundbreaking drug studies show psilocybin, an alkaloid, yields profound benefits. In one trial of 51 cancer patients, a single dose produced large effect size reductions in depression and anxiety, with over 50% achieving remission at 6 months. Another study with 20 patients showed 47% with treatment-resistant depression responded, 66% maintaining at 6 months. These findings highlight a unique neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering hope for new treatments.
Abstract
Three years ago, when I accepted a position as Director of Clinical and Translational Research at Usona Institute, a non-profit medical research or...
The therapeutical role of psychedelic drugs in treatment of mental disorders
Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry – September 15, 2021
Summary
Psychedelics, historically used in spiritual practices, are now demonstrating significant therapeutic promise in modern Psychiatry. These powerful compounds, central to many Drug Studies, include two main groups: indoleamines like psilocybin and LSD, and phenethylamines such as mescaline. Their influence on behavior stems from acting primarily on the 5-HT2 serotonergic Neurotransmitter Receptor. This mechanism is being explored in Psychology and Medicine for conditions like anxiety, major depressive disorder, and addictions. The chemical synthesis of certain alkaloids offers new tools for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs (also called hallucinogens, psychotogenics, psycholytics, entheogens) are substances that act mainly on the 5-HT2 serotonergic re...
Symmetry Perception and Psychedelic Experience
Symmetry – June 30, 2023
Summary
The human brain automatically detects **symmetry**, even unconsciously. Over 100 years of **psychology** and **neuroscience** research confirms that **reflection symmetry** and other regular visual patterns activate the **extrastriate cortex**, crucial for **visual perception**. This automatic **perception** likely underpins its **aesthetic appeal**. Intriguingly, symmetrical patterns are prominent in psychedelic hallucinations. This suggests the **extrastriate cortex** can spontaneously generate complex symmetrical representations, a new frontier in **cognitive psychology** and **neuroscience** relevant to **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**.
Abstract
This review of symmetry perception has six parts. Psychophysical studies have investigated symmetry perception for over 100 years (part 1). Neurosc...
Behavioral Changes Over Time Following Ayahuasca Exposure in Zebrafish
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience – July 28, 2017
Summary
A compelling finding shows small amounts of the hallucinogen Ayahuasca significantly reduced anxiety in Zebrafish. With 14 individuals per group, a 0.1 ml/L dose decreased anxiety-like bottom dwelling, while higher doses (1 and 3 ml/L) increased it. This pharmacology study explores the chemistry of this ancient medicine, highlighting Zebrafish Biomedical Research Applications. Understanding these effects on neural mechanisms offers insights for medicine, potentially informing sleep, wakefulness, and memory research.
Abstract
The combined infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi stem and Psychotria viridis leaves, known as ayahuasca, has been used for centuries by indigenous tri...
Psychedelics 2.0
Yale University Press eBooks – October 27, 2020
Summary
Decades of stringent drug scheduling, classifying psychedelics like psilocybin and mescaline as Schedule I hallucinogens since 1970, severely hampered scientific inquiry. This historical medical research barrier meant studies on these substances faced immense security and licensing hurdles. Yet, by the mid-2010s, a new front emerged in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Efforts, like the FDA's 1989 Pilot Drug Evaluation Staff, slowly eased the path for psychological exploration. Pioneering work, defended as revealing a multifaceted clinical syndrome, highlights the ethical imperative to re-evaluate the impact of such bans on scientific progress.
Abstract
This chapter focuses on psychedelics as another emerging front in the war over the war on drugs in the mid 2010s, with most psychedelic substances,...
Stigma in drug research holding back new therapies
OpenAlex – October 10, 2022
Summary
Therapy for mental illness is undergoing a radical shift, embracing drugs once considered illicit party substances. Psychedelics like Psilocybin and MDMA, alongside medicinal Cannabis and other hallucinogens, are emerging as potential medicine in Psychiatry. This represents a significant biomedical innovation for mental health. Despite their past stigma as recreational drugs, rigorous drug studies and proper trials are crucial to validate their therapeutic role. Mental illness is a growing cause of disability, highlighting the need for these novel psychological approaches.
Abstract
Therapy is turning to drugs previously known for being illicit party substances. But there’s no reason to abandon proper trials. A range of new the...
Candyflipping and Other Combinations: Identifying Drug–Drug Combinations from an Online Forum
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 30, 2018
Summary
Sedative-hypnotics are most commonly mentioned with hallucinogens and stimulants in discussions about novel psychoactive substances. Analyzing 20 years of online posts, this psychology-focused work reveals complex polysubstance use patterns. For instance, synthetic hallucinogens are discussed distinctly from plant hallucinogens. Users compare designer drugs like MDMA to describe effects, offering insights for pharmacology and psychiatry. This large-scale data contributes to drug studies, providing valuable information for forensic toxicology regarding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) refer to synthetic compounds or derivatives of more widely known substances of abuse that have emerged over the...