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5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)

A fast-acting tryptamine from Bufo alvarius secretion and synthetic sources, studied for treatment-resistant depression and for the whole-dose mystical experiences it reliably occasions.

State of the evidence

Synthesized

Synthesized from 6 studies in the library · AI-generated, grounded in the abstracts below

Found by searching the library for 5-MeO-DMT, 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-MeO, bufo alvarius, incilius alvarius, then ranked by relevance.

Research on 5-MeO-DMT is limited but suggests that a single inhalation in naturalistic settings is associated with sustained improvements in life satisfaction, mindfulness, and reduced psychopathological symptoms. In vitro evidence indicates that 5-MeO-DMT, like DMT, can modulate inflammatory responses via the sigma-1 receptor. However, a fatal intoxication case highlights potential risks, especially when combined with MAO inhibitors like harmaline, which can increase exposure and risk of serotonin toxicity. Overall, the evidence is preliminary, based on small or single studies, and lacks controlled clinical trials.

Confidence in the evidence

Low
  • Only one observational study (article_id 8472) directly examines 5-MeO-DMT's effects in humans, with no control group and a single dose.
  • A single case study (article_id 10357) reports a fatal intoxication, indicating potential severe risks but limited generalizability.
  • In vitro and review studies (article_ids 10111, 10169) provide mechanistic insights but do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.
  • No randomized controlled trials on 5-MeO-DMT were identified in the provided studies.
How we rate confidence

Confidence reflects the strength of the underlying evidence, not whether the result is favorable. It weighs the number and size of studies, their design (randomized trials count for more than observational or single-case work), how consistently they point the same way, and their risk of bias.

Tiers run from Insufficient to High. High is rare in this field: small, early, or open-label studies land lower even when their direction is encouraging.

Evidence by study

Direction is each study's finding relative to your question: Supports, Opposes, No effect, Mixed, or Unclear. Synthesized from the 6 strongest of 25 matching studies in the library.

A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms.

observational study

NN-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T-cell activation in human dendritic cells via the sigma-1 receptor, demonstrating immunomodulatory potential.

in vitro study

Concurrent use of harmaline with 5-MeO-DMT reduces deamination metabolism, increasing exposure to both the parent drug and its active metabolite bufotenine, which may lead to serotonin toxicity.

review

The cause of death was hallucinogenic amine intoxication from herbal extracts containing beta-carbolines and hallucinogenic tryptamines, including 5-MeO-DMT.

case study Sample size: 1

Three indole alkaloids with psychedelic activity—DMT, bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT—have been detected as endogenous substances in human body fluids, but past methods have limitations that newer findings may overcome.

systematic review

Recent patent applications disclose selective 5-HT2A receptor activators, precision aerosol delivery technologies for psychedelic compounds, and structured 5-MeO-DMT treatment regimens for depression, indicating a convergence toward scalable and safer neuropsychiatric therapies.

review

Points of agreement

  • 5-MeO-DMT and DMT share similar serotonergic mechanisms and immunomodulatory effects via sigma-1 receptors.
  • Both compounds have been detected endogenously in humans.
  • There is interest in developing 5-MeO-DMT-based therapies for psychiatric conditions.

Conflicts

  • One observational study reports positive effects on well-being, while a case study documents a fatal intoxication, highlighting a potential risk-benefit conflict.
  • The review on endogenous detection notes methodological limitations, while other studies assume endogenous roles without definitive proof.

Gaps

  • No randomized controlled trials on 5-MeO-DMT in humans.
  • Durability of effects beyond a single inhalation is not established.
  • Safety profile, especially regarding serotonin toxicity and cardiovascular effects, is poorly characterized.
  • Dose-response relationships and optimal dosing regimens are unknown.
  • Effects in clinical populations (e.g., depression, anxiety) have not been studied in controlled settings.
Browse these studies in the library
How we analyze this

This synthesis reads the 15 most-cited and 10 most recent studies whose primary subject is 5-MeO-DMT, up to 25 in all. The most-cited set anchors the established evidence, and the recent set surfaces work that is too new to have gathered citations yet.

A study qualifies only when 5-MeO-DMT or a known alias appears in its title or keywords, so broad reviews that mention it only in passing are left out. Each study is read from its abstract, strongest evidence first, and the summary reports the direction of the results along with any conflicts and gaps.

1,054 articles · 319 from the last two years · 778,412 participants across 283 studies reporting sample size

Common study designs

review 171 experimental study 182 observational study 38 observational cohort 40 theoretical or philosophical paper 46

PHARMACOKINETICS OF N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE FUMARATE IN HUMANS

Meghan Good, Tiffanie Benway, Zelah Joel et al. 4 citations

DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is being developed as a treatment for major depressive disorder. In a phase I trial, 24 healthy adults received escalating intravenous doses of DMT fumarate (SPL026) that were safe and well-tolerated. DMT exposure increased proportionally with dose over the 9–21.5 mg range. Peak plasma concentration occurred at about 10 minutes, and the mean elimination half-life was 9–12 minutes. In vitro experiments showed that DMT is cleared by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and modified by the enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. The unbound fraction of DMT in plasma was approximately 70%. These findings support the development of DMT infusion regimens for treating major depressive disorder.

Rapid Isolation and High-Purity Characterization of N, N-Dimethyltryptamine from Mimosa tenuiflora for Analytical Standard Development and Regulatory Insight

Zhang Ming

A rapid and straightforward method for extracting the psychedelic compound DMT from the inner bark of Mimosa tenuiflora was developed, yielding a reference chemical suitable for chromatography. The isolated compound's identity was confirmed through mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, melting-point analysis, and FTIR, with results matching earlier reports. UV absorption spectrometry indicated purity above 95% compared to a standard tryptamine reference. Creating accessible analytical standards can support controlled scientific research, improve forensic and pharmaceutical drug identification and quality control, and inform regulatory policies.

Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians—5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)

Burton J. Tabaac, Kenneth Shinozuka, Anne Weisman et al. preprint

5-MeO-DMT, a psychedelic found in toad venom and some plants, shows rapid antidepressant effects in early clinical trials. A Phase 2b trial reported that 57.5% of participants with treatment-resistant depression achieved remission within eight days. Other Phase 2a and 2b trials suggest it may reduce depressive symptoms more effectively than existing treatments like SSRIs. The substance appears low-risk in controlled settings, though most studies are small and only two double-blind randomized controlled trials have been conducted in clinical populations. Long-term effects need further study, and its possible link to near-death experiences remains debated.

Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians – Part III. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Ayahuasca

Kenneth Shinozuka, Burton J. Tabaac, Alejandro Arenas et al. preprint

DMT, the psychedelic in ayahuasca, is being studied for depression. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ayahuasca led to remission in 36% of patients with treatment-resistant depression within one week. A Phase IIa trial reported that 57% of patients with major depressive disorder experienced remission 12 weeks after a single dose of DMT. DMT is naturally produced in the body, but likely at insignificant levels. The idea that DMT is released during death remains unproven. Ayahuasca can cause temporary vomiting but appears generally safe. More research is needed on DMT's therapeutic and biological roles.

Therapeutic properties of ayahuasca component N,N-Dimethyltryptamine in a pre-clinical model of Parkinson's disease.

Experimental neurology September 1, 2026 Javier Calleja-Conde, Víctor Echeverry-Alzate, Marina Sanz-Sancristóbal et al.

In a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease, the compound N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), the main psychoactive ingredient in ayahuasca, reduced neuroinflammation and preserved neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Treated animals also showed improvements in behavior. These results suggest DMT may have disease-modifying potential for Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by loss of dopaminergic neurons and chronic inflammation, for which current treatments only relieve symptoms.

Visionary art and the limits of social constructivism

Visual Studies July 16, 2026 Orsolya Bajusz

Visionary art, influenced by a shift toward (hyper)spatial perspectives, breaks from postmodernism by creating portals to other ontological realms and non-human visual paradigms rather than remixing cultural symbols. This paper proposes a methodology for analyzing visionary images from N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) use and Artificial Intelligence (AI) generation, focusing on the agency of non-human entities and dimensions. It shifts analysis from semiotics and representation to the topology of non-human spaces, examining how the constellation of agency between humans and non-humans is changing. The paper advocates for visual studies to accommodate these new epistemics and take such images seriously.

Sex-dependent effects of psychedelics: review of evidence from rodent models

Frontiers in Psychiatry July 15, 2026 Rafał Marecki, Wiktoria Zaniewska, Adam Hamed et al.

Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, and DOI work primarily by activating 5-HT2A receptors, causing widespread brain and behavior changes relevant to psychiatric research. Evidence from rodent studies shows that these effects differ by sex across pharmacokinetics, physiology, neuroplasticity, behavior, and disease models. Females often show stronger or qualitatively distinct behavioral responses, including head twitch, locomotor activity, prepulse inhibition, stress reactivity, and social behavior, with ovarian cycle phase further modulating some effects. Disease model studies also find sex-dependent outcomes, such as psilocybin's effects on alcohol consumption and DMT microdosing on mood and neuroplasticity. The review concludes that sex is a critical biological variable shaping psychedelic effects in rodents, and integrating sex-specific analyses is essential for improving translational validity and guiding clinical applications.

Combined DMT-harmine formulation reduces negative self-referential emotions during social self-evaluation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers.

Psychopharmacology July 14, 2026 Helena D Aicher, Joëlle Dornbierer, Luzia Caflisch et al.

A combination of harmine and DMT, the active ingredients in ayahuasca, reduces feelings of embarrassment and shame in healthy men. In a randomized trial with 28 participants, those who received the combination reported significantly less embarrassment when listening to recordings of their own singing compared to those who received a placebo. The treatment also lowered overall shame scores. Harmine alone did not produce these effects. The findings suggest that this compound may help treat psychiatric disorders where negative self-focused emotions play a key role.

ProliferativeEffects of the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine(DMT) in Human Neural Stem Cells

Figshare July 10, 2026 José Alexandre Salerno, Elizabeth R. Dominguez, Karina Karmirian et al.

A brief 24-hour exposure to the serotonergic psychedelic DMT increases proliferation of human neural stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. The effect was concentration-dependent, with half-maximal effect at 59.7 nM. DMT treatment also altered trophic gene expression, decreasing neurotrophin-3 while increasing nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts and intracellular BDNF protein. After DMT was removed, the primed stem cells formed larger neurospheres, with progenitor and early neuronal marker composition matching controls by day 10. These findings demonstrate that brief DMT exposure engages proliferative and neurotrophin-associated responses in human neural stem cells at concentrations consistent with those reported for DMT-induced plasticity in other systems.

Advancing Next-Generation Psychedelic Therapeutics through Selective 5-HT2A Activation, Precision Aerosol Delivery, and Optimized 5-MeO-DMT Treatment Paradigms

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters July 10, 2026 Anna C. Renner, Robert B. Kargbo

The psychedelic therapeutics field is moving beyond classical hallucinogens to integrated treatment platforms that combine optimized pharmacology, drug delivery, and clinical implementation. Recent patent applications describe selective 5-HT2A receptor activators, precision aerosol delivery technologies for psychedelic compounds, and structured 5-MeO-DMT treatment regimens for depression. These innovations represent a convergence toward scalable, safer, and clinically practical neuropsychiatric therapies that may reshape the future of serotonergic medicine.

Clinical trials

All 5-MeO-DMT trials →