Acute Effects of Cannabis on Alcohol Craving and Consumption: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Smoking cannabis acutely reduces alcohol consumption in people who drink heavily and use cannabis at least twice weekly. In a double-blind crossover trial, 157 participants were randomized to smoke cannabis cigarettes with 7.2% THC, 3.1% THC, or placebo (0.03% THC) across three days. After smoking, they were exposed to alcohol cues and given a choice to consume alcohol. Those who smoked 3.1% THC reduced alcohol consumption by 19%, and those who smoked 7.2% THC reduced it by 27%, compared to placebo. No significant effects on overall craving were found, though the higher dose reduced alcohol urge immediately after smoking. Further research on various cannabinoids is needed to inform alcohol treatment guidelines.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Cannabis use is strongly linked with heavy drinking and worse alcohol treatment outcomes; however, it may also contribute to decreased alcohol consumption. To date, no human studies have established a causal effect of cannabis on alcohol motivation. The aim of this double-blind crossover randomized clinical trial was to examine dose-dependent acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on alcohol craving and consumption. Across three experimental days, 157 participants reporting heavy alcohol use and cannabis use two or more times weekly were randomized to smoke cannabis cigarettes containing 7.2% THC, 3.1% THC, or 0.03% THC (placebo), followed by exposures to neutral and personalized alcohol cues and an alcohol choice task for alcohol self-administration. A total of 138 participants completed two or more experimental sessions (mean age, 25.6 years [SD=5.1]; 35% women; 45% racial/ethnic minorities). Primary outcomes included craving, Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Short Form, Revised (ACQ-SF-R), and an alcohol urge question; the secondary outcome was percent of total available milliliters of alcohol consumed. There were no significant effects of cannabis on ACQ-SF-R ratings after smoking and during alcohol cue exposure, but 7.2% THC reduced alcohol urge immediately after smoking. Participants consumed significantly less alcohol after smoking cannabis with 3.1% THC and 7.2% THC, reducing consumption by 19% and 27%, respectively. Following overnight cannabis abstinence, smoking cannabis acutely decreased alcohol consumption compared to placebo. Further controlled research on a variety of cannabinoids is needed to inform clinical alcohol treatment guidelines.