A Transformative Trip? Experiences of Psychedelic Use

Psychedelic experiences can be transformative, changing how people think and behave. In interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats, 20 reported insights or experiences they believed were inaccessible without the drugs' psychoactive effects. All but one participant reported changes in identity, values, beliefs, desires, or behavior, with behavioral changes being most common. Participants felt capable of deciding to use psychedelics partly because they sought information beforehand. Several reported an enhanced ability to make changes in their lives. The findings highlight the importance of subjective embodiment and personal agency in shaping outcomes, raising neuroethical issues about consent and moral psychopharmacology.

Study at a glance

Abstract

Psychedelic experiences are often compared to “transformative experiences” due to their potential to change how people think and behave. This study empirically examines whether psychedelic experiences constitute transformative experiences. Given psychedelics’ prospective applications as treatments for mental health disorders, this study also explores neuroethical issues raised by the possibility of biomedically directed transformation—namely, consent and moral psychopharmacology. To achieve these aims, we used both inductive and deductive coding techniques to analyze transcripts from interviews with 26 participants in psychedelic retreats. Results indicate that psychedelic experiences can constitute transformative experiences. Twenty participants reported experiences or insights that were seemingly inaccessible or impossible to attain if not for the psychoactive effects of psychedelics. All participants besides one reported some change in identity, values, beliefs, desires, and behavior—changes in behavior being the most common. Participants also reported feeling capable deciding to use psychedelics in part due to information seeking prior to their retreats. Finally, several participants reported an enhanced capacity for enacting changes in their lives. Our results underscore both the importance of subjective embodiment to transformation and the role of transformative agency in shaping outcomes of the psychedelic experience. We examine our results relative to neuroethical issues and advocate for centering the person in psychedelic research and neuroethical inquiry about psychedelics to avoid pitfalls associated with psychedelics’ potential as moral psychopharmacological agents.